Table 1.
Main patient characteristics of the derivation Chinese cohort and external validation cohorts
| Variables | Country | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Derivation cohort (N=390) | French cohort (N=448) | Turkish cohort (N=172) | Malaysian cohort (N=270) | Egyptian cohort (N=61) | Spanish cohort (N=138) | P value | |
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age (years) | 41·06±11·98 | 57·45±11·68 | 48·43±11·15 | 52·57±11·36 | 44·79±9·16 | 52·72±10·92 | P<0.05 |
| Sex (male) | 299 (76·7%) | 278 (62·1%) | 91 (52·9%) | 137 (50·7%) | 21 (34·4%) | 54 (39·1%) | P<0.05 |
| Body measurements | |||||||
| Height (cm) | 167·90±8·39 | 167·53±9·60 | 164·5±11·00 | 161·12±8·71 | 165·80±7·29 | 166·70±9·72 | P<0.05 |
| Weight (kg) | 76·25±13·39 | 93·50±19·69 | 90·84±16·51 | 78·64±14·82 | 93·86±13·23 | 89·35±18·12 | P<0.05 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26·92±3·35 | 33·26±6·17 | 33·53±4·91 | 30·21±4·64 | 34·07±4·68 | 32·00±5·38 | P<0.05 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91·97±8·76 | 113·13±14·74 | 108·33±10·91 | 98·71±10·75 | 108·43±12·25 | 105·13±12·85 | P<0.05 |
| WHR | 0·92±0·06 | 1·03±0·09 | 0·98±0·07 | 0·93±0·07 | NA | NA | / |
| Laboratory parameters | |||||||
| AST (U/L) | 46·49±31·98 | 44·59±32·69 | 51·55±36·12 | 43·65±23·51 | 48·30±40·04 | 50·52±28·49 | P=0.06 |
| ALT (U/L) | 76·78±72·98 | 61·18±39·36 | 79·66±65·81 | 66·55±42·29 | 55·75±34·43 | 76·48±47·40 | P<0.05 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 85·36±29·29 | 77·69±28·78 | 88·92±46·59 | 82·39±30·88 | 108·55±41·03 | 106·19±59·70 | P<0.05 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 46·39±3·88 | 42·73±3·56 | 45·35±3·58 | 42·16±3·76 | 4·15±0·45 | 44·45±4·34 | P<0.05 |
| Platelet count (x109/L) | 244·81±57·98 | 223·16±64·32 | 227·44±64·79 | 271·00±69·28 | 245·95±68·82 | 228·57±61·74 | P<0.05 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5·69±1·54 | 7·00±2·54 | 6·63±2·12 | 6·96±2·59 | NA | 6·94±2·81 | P<0.05 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6·12±1·38 | 6·49±1·21 | 6·25±1·20 | 6·97±2·44 | 6·60±0·85 | 6·59±1·48 | P<0.05 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 67·15±14·24 | 72·01±15·60 | 67·34±15·55 | 73·05±19·16 | 66·85±16·03 | 71·76±14·80 | P<0.05 |
| e-GFR (CKD-EPI) | 110·37±14·46 | 92·68±15·73 | 101·67±14·66 | 92·52±20·80 | 100·11±19·18 | 89·22±18·55 | P<0.05 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 14·25±6·62 | 11·19±6·60 | 16·38±14·75 | 11·89±6·41 | 13·02±6·00 | 12·13±7·99 | P<0.05 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5·10±1·16 | 4·94±1·22 | NA | 4·77±1·10 | 5·65±1·22 | 5·09±1·31 | P<0.05 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2·28±1·37 | 1·91±1·22 | 2·03±1·06 | 1·71±0·83 | 1·89±0·84 | 1·85±0·97 | P<0.05 |
| Concomitant diseases | |||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 126 (32·3%) | 315 (70·3%) | 77 (44·8%) | 168 (62·2%) | 21 (34·4%) | 50 (36·2%) | P<0.05 |
| Type 2 diabetes (%) | 111 (28·5%) | 231 (51·6%) | 93 (54·1%) | 209 (77·4%) | 15 (24·6%) | 58 (42·0%) | P<0.05 |
| Non-invasive models | |||||||
| ION | 55·85±72·06 | 107·97±239·94 | 61·04±45·67 | / | / | / | / |
| Histological characteristics | |||||||
| Steatosis | P<0.05 | ||||||
| 1 | 156 (40·0%) | 214 (47·8%) | 25 (14·5%) | 80 (29·6%) | 23 (37·7%) | 47 (34·1%) | |
| 2 | 94 (24·1%) | 137 (30·6%) | 62 (36·0%) | 148 (54·8%) | 22 (36·0%) | 54 (39·1%) | |
| 3 | 140 (35·9%) | 97 (21·7%) | 85 (49·4%) | 42 (15·6%) | 16 (26·2%) | 37 (26·8%) | |
| Ballooning | P<0.05 | ||||||
| 0 | 37 (9·5%) | 93 (20·8%) | 6 (3·5%) | 67 (24·8%) | 35 (57·4%) | 63 (45·7%) | |
| 1 | 210 (53·8%) | 215 (48·0%) | 86 (50·0%) | 139 (51·5%) | 19 (31·1%) | 61 (44·2%) | |
| 2 | 143 (36·7%) | 140 (31·3%) | 80 (46·5%) | 64 (23·7%) | 7 (11·5%) | 14 (10·1%) | |
| Lobular inflammation | P<0.05 | ||||||
| 0 | 23 (5·9%) | 70 (15·6%) | 3 (1·7%) | 3 (1·1%) | 32 (52·5%) | 47 (34·1%) | |
| 1 | 285 (73·1%) | 325 (72·5%) | 67 (39·0%) | 168 (62·2%) | 13 (21·3%) | 75 (54·3%) | |
| 2 | 79 (20·3%) | 53 (11·8%) | 69 (40·1%) | 96 (35·6%) | 16 (26·2%) | 14 (10·1%) | |
| 3 | 3 (0·8%) | 0 | 33 (19·2%) | 3 (1·1%) | 0 | 2 (1·4%) | |
| NAS | 4·39±1·41 | 3·80±1·38 | 5·55±1·54 | 4·22±1·31 | 4·77±1·37 | 3·36±1·48 | P<0.05 |
| Fibrosis stage | P<0.05 | ||||||
| 0 | 114 (29·2%) | 47 (10·5%) | NA | 71 (26·3%) | NA | 46 (33·3%) | |
| 1 | 191 (49·0%) | 98 (21·9%) | NA | 115 (42·6%) | NA | 33 (23·9%) | |
| 2 | 65 (16·7%) | 132 (29·5%) | NA | 22 (8·1%) | NA | 25 (18·1%) | |
| 3 | 14 (3·6%) | 135 (30·1%) | NA | 53 (19·6%) | NA | 27 (19·6%) | |
| 4 | 3 (0·8%) | 36 (8·0%) | NA | 9 (3·3%) | NA | 7 (5·1%) | |
Abbreviations: ALT = alanine aminotransferase, AST = aspartate aminotransferase, BMI = body mass index, e-GFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, GGT = γ-glutamyl transferase, HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, NA = not available, NAS = NAFLD activity score, P3NP = procollagen-3 N-terminal peptide, WHR = waist to hip ratio.
Notes: Inter-group difference analysis of continuous variables was evaluated by one-way ANOVA analysis and of categorical variables was evaluated by chi-square test.