Abstract
Background
This study aims to compare emergency trauma visits’ severity, emergency surgical needs, and characteristics between the pandemic and pre-pandemic periods.
Methods
This retrospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary training and research hospital between 1 and 30 April 2020 (pandemic group) and compared with the previous year’s same dates (pre-pandemic group). Trauma patients aged 18 and over were included in the study. Emergency Severity Index (ESI) levels, trauma surgery needs, and injury characteristics were compared.
Results
A total of 2097 patients (592 pandemic and 1505 pre-pandemic) were included. There was an approximately 60% reduction in total and daily visits. ESI levels 1 (0.2% vs. 1.4%) and 2 (0.8% vs. 1.9%) patients increased during pandemic period. Trauma surgery needs (1.6% vs. 2.2%), intensive care unit (ICU) admission (0.4% vs. 0.2%), and ward admission (6.3% vs. 7.9%) did not change during pandemic period.
Conclusion
Despite the decrease in the visit frequency of adult trauma patients during the pandemic period, the needs for trauma surgery, ICU, and ward admission did not change. Trauma teams should continue their duties during the pandemic period.
Keywords: COVID-19, Emergency surgery, Pandemic, Trauma, Wounds and injuries
Introduction
In December 2019, unusual pneumonia cases began to appear in Wuhan, China, and a new coronavirus species was detected as the causative agent. Later, this virus was named COVID-19 and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its rapid spread [1]. Over 216 million confirmed cases and over 4.4 million deaths had been reported so far [2]. Treatment and vaccination studies are still ongoing for this rapidly spreading disease which has high morbidity and mortality.
As the number of cases increased rapidly, all countries took some measures to protect their citizens and prevent the spread of the disease. However, both the disease itself and its indirect effects had negative consequences on health systems and patients. Emergency department (ED) presentations of all patients, especially critically ill patients, have decreased during the pandemic period [3]. Also, there have been delays in the admission and treatment of surgical emergencies [4, 5]. During the pandemic period, decreases have been reported in acute coronary syndrome and acute stroke patients [6–8]. Similarly, decreases were reported in orthopedic and pediatric trauma cases during the pandemic period [9–12].
Emergency departments have been the first presentation areas of patients during the pandemic period as well as in the pre-pandemic period. When the first COVID-19 case was seen in Turkey in the second week of March, COVID-19 patients started to present to EDs in addition to non-COVID patients. At the same time, since it is a tertiary trauma center, trauma patients continued to present to our ED. Studies evaluating trauma cases during the pandemic period were mostly conducted for a specific region or a specific specialty. Studies evaluating all traumas and emergency surgeries together are limited.
This study aims to compare adult trauma visits’ severity, emergency surgical needs, and characteristics between the pandemic and pre-pandemic periods.
Methods
Study design
This retrospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary training and research hospital after the approval of the local ethics committee (Approval ID: 2021/56). The ED where the study was conducted is also a tertiary trauma center with approximately 350,000 applications annually in Turkey’s most populous city, Istanbul. It is also a primary percutaneous coronary intervention and thrombolytic center. After the first COVID-19 case was seen on March 11, 2020 in our country, patients with suspected COVID-19 started to be accepted to the study center along with non-COVID patients.
Patient selection and groups
Adult trauma patients aged 18 years and over and presented to the ED between 1 and 30 April 2020 (pandemic group) were included in the study. Patients who transferred from another center and whose medical records could not be reached were excluded from the study. To reflect the pre-pandemic period and make the comparison reliable, patients on the same period of the previous year (1–30 April 2019) were included as the control group (pre-pandemic group). The same inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for the control group as well. The flow diagram of the study is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Flow diagram of the study
The data of the patients included in the study were obtained from electronic medical records and ED files. Patients’ demographic information, way of arrival, injury type and region, trauma and emergency surgery needs, accident location, presence and location of fractures, consulted specialties, ED length of stay (LOS), and dispositions were recorded.
Emergency surgery need was defined as urgent surgeries within 1 h of arrival to the ED. Trauma surgery need was defined as surgeries that were done within 24 h of arrival. Elective surgery needs of the patients were not recorded since not the aim of the study.
The first evaluation of the patients was made by a registered nurse who received triage training given by the Ministry of Health in the triage field. The severity levels of the patients were determined by the Emergency Severity Index (ESI), which achieved successful results in the triage of adult patients [13].
Outcomes
The primary outcomes of the study were the change in emergency visits and severity levels of adult trauma patients during the COVID-19 outbreak. Secondary outcomes are the changes in patients’ emergency surgical needs, ward and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, injury types, regions, and ED LOS.
Statistical analysis
Quantitative variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (IQR: interquartile range). The relationship between quantitative variables was evaluated by independent t-test or Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables were presented with numbers and percentages. The relationship between categorical variables was evaluated by the chi-square test. The distribution of the groups was determined by the Shapiro-Wilks or Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Spearman’s or Pearson’s test was used in correlation analysis according to the distribution of the data. In univariate analysis, variables with a p-value less than 0.05, sample size greater than 20, and not correlating with each other were included in the multivariate analyzes. Odds ratios are presented with a 95% confidence interval. SPSS® for Windows version 23.0 program (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance level was accepted as p < 0.05.
Results
A total of 2097 patients (592 in the pandemic group and 1505 in the pre-pandemic group) were included in the analysis, and 725 (34.6%) of them were women. The median age of the patients was 35 (IQR: 25–49). Age and gender of the patients were similar between the pandemic and pre-pandemic periods (p > 0.05).
Approximately 60% reduction was found in trauma patients’ total and daily visits during the pandemic period. The frequency of critically ill trauma patient visits at ESI levels 1 and 2 increased significantly during the pandemic. There were no changes in the trauma and emergency surgery needs, ward, and ICU admissions. Patients preferred to arrive at the ED by ambulance at a higher rate during the pandemic period (p < 0.001). The ED LOS did not change in the pandemic period. The demographic data, ESI levels, and disposition of the patients are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Pre-pandemic and pandemic characteristics of the patients
| Pre-pandemic | Pandemic | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total ED visits, n | 1505 | 592 | |
| Daily visits, mean ± SD | 50.17 ± 17.36 | 19.73 ± 9.24 | < 0.001* |
| Demographics | |||
| Female, n (%) | 539 (35.8) | 186 (31.4) | 0.057** |
| Age, median (IQR) | 35 (25–50) | 35 (26–47) | 0.858*** |
| Arrival, n (%) | |||
| Ambulatory | 1183 (78.6) | 416 (70.3) | < 0.001** |
| EMS, ambulance | 322 (21.4) | 176 (29.7) | |
| Emergency Severity Index, n (%) | |||
| Level 1 | 3 (0.2) | 8 (1.4) | 0.001** |
| Level 2 | 12 (0.8) | 11 (1.9) | 0.036** |
| Level 3 | 722 (48) | 206 (34.8) | < 0.001** |
| Level 4 | 579 (38.5) | 184 (31.1) | 0.002** |
| Level 5 | 189 (12.6) | 183 (30.9) | < 0.001** |
| Disposition, n (%) | |||
| Trauma surgery | 24 (1.6) | 13 (2.2) | 0.347** |
| Emergency surgery | 8 (0.5) | 5 (0.8) | 0.411** |
| ICU admission | 6 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 0.412** |
| Ward admission | 95 (6.3) | 47 (7.9) | 0.182** |
| Discharge | 1297 (86.2) | 459 (77.5) | < 0.001** |
| Against medical advice | 73 (4.9) | 72 (12.2) | < 0.001** |
| Referral to another hospital | 23 (1.5) | 7 (1.2) | 0.548** |
| Exitus | 3 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0.886** |
| ED LOS, min, median (IQR) | 48 (23–118) | 53 (20–156) | 0.381*** |
ED emergency department, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, EMS emergency medical service, ICU intensive care unit, LOS length of stay
*Independent t test; **Chi-square test; ***Mann–Whitney U test; p < 0.05 considered significant
When the injury characteristics were evaluated, the frequency of blunt trauma decreased significantly during the pandemic period. Falls from height and motorcycle accidents increased significantly. While the frequency of multiple trauma decreased, the frequency of upper and lower limb injuries increased (p < 0.05). When accident locations were evaluated, there was no significant change in in-home injuries, but the frequency of street injuries decreased (p = 0.015). The injury characteristics of the patients during pre-pandemic and pandemic periods are shown in Table 2.
Table 2.
Pre-pandemic and pandemic injury characteristics of the patients
| Pre-pandemic | Pandemic | p value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Injuries, n (%) | |||
| Blunt trauma | 1044 (69.4) | 323 (54.6) | < 0.001 |
| Penetrating trauma | 425 (28.2) | 261 (44.1) | < 0.001 |
| Burn | 36 (2.4) | 8 (1.4) | 0.134 |
| Occupational accident | 137 (9.1) | 62 (10.5) | 0.335 |
| Fractures | 284 (18.9) | 103 (17.4) | 0.434 |
| Open fractures | 3 (0.2) | 4 (0.7) | 0.143 |
| Dislocations | 8 (0.5) | 9 (1.5) | 0.023 |
| Mechanism of injury, n (%) | |||
| Fall from ground level | 449 (29.8) | 160 (27) | 0.202 |
| Fall from height | 29 (1.9) | 30 (5.1) | < 0.001 |
| Motorcycle accident | 43 (2.9) | 40 (6.8) | < 0.001 |
| Motor vehicle accident | 74 (4.9) | 19 (3.2) | 0.087 |
| Pedestrian accident | 79 (5.2) | 12 (2) | 0.001 |
| Gunshot wounds | 16 (1.1) | 11 (1.9) | 0.146 |
| Penetrating object–related injury | 270 (17.9) | 93 (15.7) | 0.224 |
| Sports related injury | 9 (0.6) | 2 (0.3) | 0.458 |
| Direct blow | 87 (5.8) | 31 (5.2) | 0.626 |
| Electrocution injury | 4 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 0.682 |
| Animal bites | 17 (1.1) | 91 (15.4) | < 0.001 |
| Burns | 36 (2.4) | 8 (1.4) | 0.134 |
| Bicycle accident | 7 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 0.322 |
| Hit(ten by) something | 389 (25.8) | 94 (15.9) | < 0.001 |
| Region of injury, n (%) | |||
| Multiple trauma | 325 (21.6) | 62 (10.5) | < 0.001 |
| Head | 178 (11.8) | 80 (13.5) | 0.290 |
| Maxillofacial | 275 (18.3) | 99 (16.7) | 0.404 |
| Cervical | 8 (0.5) | 5 (0.8) | 0.411 |
| Thorax | 112 (7.4) | 38 (6.4) | 0.413 |
| Abdomen | 16 (1.1) | 7 (1.2) | 0.813 |
| Upper limb | 341 (22.7) | 162 (27.4) | 0.023 |
| Lower limb | 177 (11.8) | 112 (18.9) | < 0.001 |
| Vertebra | 62 (4.1) | 23 (3.9) | 0.806 |
| Pelvis | 6 (0.4) | 4 (0.7) | 0.407 |
| Genital region | 5 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0.160 |
| Location of accident, n (%) | |||
| Home | 459 (30.5) | 192 (32.4) | 0.389 |
| Street | 793 (52.7) | 277 (46.8) | 0.015 |
| School | 2 (0.1) | 5 (0.8) | 0.011 |
| Park/playground | 36 (2.4) | 37 (6.2) | < 0.001 |
| Sports field | 29 (1.9) | 5 (0.8) | 0.077 |
| Workplace | 128 (8.5) | 50 (8.4) | 0.965 |
| Unspecified | 58 (3.9) | 26 (4.4) | 0.572 |
*Chi-square test, p < 0.05 considered significant
The majority of the ESI level 1 patients were pedestrian accident (37.5%), fall from height (25%), and penetrating objects–related injury (25%) during the pandemic period. The majority of the ESI level 2 patients were penetrating objects–related injury (63.6%) and fall from ground level (18.2%) during the pandemic period.
There was an approximately 60% reduction in the total fracture frequency during the pandemic period. While nasal fracture (n = 70, 20%) was detected most frequently in the pre-pandemic period, rib fracture (n = 15, 11%) was observed most frequently during the pandemic period. The fractures seen in both periods are shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Fracture locations of the patients during the pre-pandemic and pandemic period
During the pandemic period, total trauma consultations requested from the ED were lower than the pre-pandemic period (45.4% vs. 53.7% respectively) (p = 0.001). While orthopedics, otolaryngology, and plastic surgery consultation rates decreased significantly, the consultation rates of anesthesia and other trauma clinics (general surgery, neurosurgery, cardiovascular surgery, ophthalmology, thoracic surgery, gynecology, and urology) did not change.
Factors affecting trauma visits during the pandemic period were arrival by ambulance (OR: 1.66 (95% CI 1.27–2.18), p < 0.001), fall from height (OR: 3.0 (95% CI 1.68–5.36), p < 0.001), and motorcycle accident (OR: 3.43 (95% CI 2.07–5.69), p < 0.001). Factors affecting adult trauma visits during the pandemic period are shown in Table 3.
Table 3.
Factors affecting the adult trauma visits during COVID-19 outbreak
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arrival, ambulance | 1.66 | 1.27–2.18 | < 0.001 |
| ESI, level 4 | 0.87 | 0.68–1.11 | 0.283 |
| Blunt trauma presence | 0.49 | 0.38–0.63 | < 0.001 |
| Dislocation presence | 1.93 | 0.86–1.35 | 0.063 |
| Fall from high level | 3.00 | 1.68–5.36 | < 0.001 |
| Motorcycle accident | 3.43 | 2.07–5.69 | < 0.001 |
| Multiple trauma | 0.27 | 0.18–0.38 | < 0.001 |
| Upper limb injury | 0.73 | 0.53–0.99 | 0.005 |
| Lower limb injury | 0.99 | 0.71–1.38 | 0.980 |
| Location of injury, street | 0.80 | 0.64–1.00 | 0.060 |
| Location of injury, park/playground | 2.37 | 1.43–3.93 | 0.001 |
| Disposition, discharge | 0.67 | 0.51–0.89 | 0.005 |
p < 0.05 considered significant
ESI emergency severity index
Discussion
There was a 60% reduction in the total and daily visits of adult trauma patients during the pandemic period. The visits of critically ill trauma patients at ESI levels 1 and 2 increased significantly. Trauma surgery and emergency surgery needs, ICU, and ward admissions did not change.
In a study conducted by Pintado et al. at a level 1 trauma center, an approximately 80% reduction in orthopedic trauma admissions was detected [14]. In the study conducted by Göksoy et al., there was an approximately 25% decrease in surgical emergency admissions [15]. The inclusion of all kind of trauma patients in our study may have caused this difference in rates. Similar to the studies of Esteban et al. and Göksoy et al., an increase in emergency visits of critical trauma patients was observed in our study [15, 16]. In this case, it can be said that critically ill trauma patient visits have increased during the pandemic period. Also, a decrease was found in the visits of ESI level 3 and 4 patients in our study. However, the visits of ESI level 5 patients increased. In this case, it can be said that while the emergency visit of trauma patients with moderate urgency decreased, the number of critical and non-urgent (minor) trauma visits increased. During the pandemic period, monitored (where critically ill trauma patients could be followed up) and fast-track (where minor trauma patients could be evaluated) units should be established for trauma patients.
In the study conducted by Kamine et al., it was found that there was a decrease in the number of hospitalizations and no change in the number of emergency surgery [17]. In the study conducted by Park et al., while hospital admissions increased during the pandemic period, there was no change in emergency surgical need [18]. In a study by Cano-Valderrama et al., a reduction in the number of emergency surgery was found [4]. In Göksoy et al.’s study, there was no change in the hospitalizations and surgical needs of the patients [15]. There was no change in the trauma and emergency surgery needs, ICU, and ward admissions of the patients during the pandemic period in our study. In this case, although elective surgeries are postponed during the pandemic period, there is still a need for appropriate ward and ICU beds and operating room conditions for trauma patients. In the management of critical trauma patients and surgical applications, recommendations under pandemic conditions should be followed [19]. In addition, while determining the working areas of trauma surgeons, it should be considered that the visits of critical trauma patients have increased, and there may be an urgent need for surgery. Trauma teams should continue their duties during the pandemic period.
In the studies of Qasim et al. and Andreozzi et al., there was no significant change in the ED LOS during the pandemic period similar to our study [20, 21]. In this case, it can be said that the management of trauma patients in our ED is done quickly and effectively as in the pre-pandemic period.
In Andreozzi et al.’s study, patients preferred to arrive at the ED by ambulance at a higher rate similar to our study [20]. Emergency medical services should be supported by additional staff, equipment, and vehicle during the pandemic period.
In the study of Qasim et al., the frequency of penetrating trauma increased, while the frequency of animal bites did not change [21]. In our study, the frequency of penetrating trauma and animal bites increased. There was no change in burns and fracture frequency. Also, there was no significant change in the number of patients consulted to trauma clinics such as general surgery, neurosurgery, cardiovascular surgery, and thoracic surgery. Although all clinical specialties are assigned to combat against COVID-19 during the pandemic period, trauma surgeons are still needed for trauma patients.
While motorcycle accidents decreased by approximately 39% in Chiba et al.’s study, they increased significantly in our study [22]. During the pandemic period, after the closure of restaurants, our government let only motor courier deliveries for restaurants. Additionally, most of the supermarkets started to motor courier deliveries to reduce social contact and protect against contamination. The increase in the number of motor courier deliveries can be shown as the reason for the increase in motorcycle accidents during the pandemic period. Public information should be provided to the prevention of motorcycle accidents.
In the DiFazio et al.’s study, an approximately 75% reduction in motor vehicle accidents was found, similar to our study [23]. In addition, pedestrian injuries decreased during the pandemic period. Curfews and intercity travel bans can be shown as the reason for this decrease.
Similar to the study by Andreozzi et al., the multiple trauma frequency was decreased in our study [20]. Similar to the work of Esteban et al., the incidence of upper and lower limb injuries increased during the pandemic period in our study [16]. With the curfew, people started to spend their time at home. This situation can be shown as the reason for the increase in low-energy upper and lower limb injuries and the decrease in multiple traumas.
In the study by Andreozzi et al., the frequency of in-home injuries increased, but there was no change in our study and the study conducted by Zhu et al. [20, 24]. In the study conducted by Bram et al. in pediatric trauma patients, a reduction in in-home injuries was found [11]. It can be said that adult patients are less exposed to in-home trauma in both pandemic and pre-pandemic periods compared to the pediatric population. While the frequency of park injuries increased during the pandemic period, the frequency of injuries on the street decreased. The increase in park injuries may have been caused by the people spending more time in the parks and playgrounds when there is no restriction.
Limitations
The first limitation of our study is that it was a single-center and retrospective study. Some data were not available due to the retrospective design of the study. The second limitation of our study is that the rabies vaccination program has not yet started in the pre-pandemic period in the study hospital. This program may have caused an imbalance in the number of animal bite cases between groups.
Conclusions
Despite the decrease in the visit frequency of total adult trauma patients during the pandemic period, the needs for emergency surgery, ICU, and ward admission did not change. The frequency of critical trauma patients increased during the pandemic period. The number of patients consulted to various trauma specialties did not change. Surgeon and bed needs for trauma patients should be taken into consideration while planning for pandemics. Since the use of ambulance increases during the pandemic period, emergency medical services should be supported by additional vehicles, personnel, and equipment. Motorcycle accidents increased during the pandemic period. There is a need for public announcements to prevent motorcycle accidents.
Author contribution
Study concept and design (B.İ., G.B.B., H.D.), acquisition of the data (H.A., M.A.E.), analysis and interpretation of the data (B.İ., G.B.B.), drafting of the manuscript (B.İ., G.B.B., H.A., M.A.E., H.D.), critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content (B.İ., G.B.B., H.A., M.A.E., H.D.).
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
Code availability
Not applicable.
Declarations
Ethics approval
The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital (Approval ID: 2021/56; 01/02/2021).
Consent to participate
The informed consent could not be obtained because of the retrospective nature of the study.
Consent for publication
The consent for publication could not be obtained because of the retrospective nature of the study.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
Not applicable.