Abstract
Data regarding COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and adverse events (AE) in patients with autoimmune and inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD) have been published recently although these mostly include the mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) and the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 (Oxford-AstraZeneca). This research aimed to study the prevalence of AE presented with six different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines {ChadOX1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222), Ad5-nCoV2, Ad26.COV2.S, mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, and CoronaVac} in Mexican patients with AIIRD. We performed a cross-sectional study about vaccine history. Two hundred and twenty five consecutive patients were recruited, mean age was 50.7 years and the majority (n = 213; 94.6%) were females. One hundred and seven (47.5%) received BNT162b2 mRNA, 34 (15.1%) Ad5-nCoV, 29 (12.8%) mRNA-1273, 28 (12.4%) ChAdOX1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222), 22 (9.7%) CoronaVac and 5 (2.2%) Ad26.COV2.S. The vaccines that had the most AE proportionally to the number of patients vaccinated were Janssen (5; 100%) followed by Pfizer-BioNTEch (86; 80%) and CanSinoBIO (27; 79.4%). Localized pain was the most frequent (158; 70.2%) AE. Fatigue (78; 34.7%), headache (69; 30.6%) and muscle ache (66; 29.3%) were the most common systemic symptoms. No serious AE that required medical attention or hospitalization were reported. The current results support the safety of different COVID-19 vaccines in patients with AIIRD. This information can help fight vaccine hesitancy in this population.
Keywords: COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccine hesitancy, Autoimmune rheumatic diseases, Drug-related side effects and adverse reactions
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic continues worldwide, and some countries are already experiencing their third wave. As of September 14, 2021, 225,545,060 cases of COVID-19 and 4,644,078 deaths have been reported globally [1]. In Mexico, 3,516,043 cases of COVID-19 have been confirmed, and 267,969 deaths have been declared as of this same date [2]. The symptoms and disease severity of COVID-19 vary greatly from asymptomatic individuals to respiratory failure and death. Common symptoms include fever, cough, myalgias, diarrhea, anosmia, ageusia and dyspnea [3, 4].
COVID-19 vaccination prevents infection, reduces disease severity, and may prevent person-to-person transmission [5]. Despite this, vaccine hesitancy remains an alarming problem worldwide. Data regarding COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and adverse events (AE) in patients with autoimmune and inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD) have been published recently although these mostly include the mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) and the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) [6–9]. Many other vaccines are being administered worldwide and data in AIIRD population are limited.
In Mexico, many different vaccines are approved and administered including BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 (Oxford-AstraZeneca), Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen), Ad5-nCoV (CanSinoBIO), Coronavac (Sinovac), BBV152 COVAXIN (Bharat Biotech India), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), and Sputnik V (The Gamaleya National Center). This research aimed to study the prevalence of AE presented with six different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (ChadOX1 nCoV-19/AZD1222, Ad5-nCoV2, Ad26.COV2.S, mRNA-1273, BNT162b2 and CoronaVac) in Mexican patients with AIIRD.
Methods
We performed a cross-sectional study from May 3 to July 21, 2021 about vaccine history in patients of the outpatient rheumatology clinic of the University Hospital “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, UANL. All the patients with a history of COVID-19 vaccination attending the clinic were invited to participate. All the participants were informed of the purpose of the survey and verbal consent was obtained before their inclusion. The institutional ethics and research committee approved the protocol as part of the Rheumatology Integral Care Program (No: RE 20-00013). The survey included demographic data (age, sex, rheumatic disease diagnosis), SARS-CoV-2 infection history (severity of illness, inpatient/outpatient management), and vaccine AE (local or systemic reactions). No identifiable data were recorded. The survey contained checkboxes and open-ended questions. The survey was applied to a pilot group of ten patients to ensure clarity. Patients without AIIRD, without COVID-19 vaccination, or who could not recall the vaccine administered were excluded. Statistical analyses were done with IBM SPSS v.23 (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
We recruited 225 consecutive patients. Mean age was 50.7 years and the majority (n = 213; 94.6%) were females. One hundred thirty two (58.6%) had rheumatoid arthritis, 25 (11.1%), systemic lupus erythematosus, 22 (9.7%) axial spondyloarthritis, 12 (5.3%) primary Sjögren’s syndrome, 8 (3.5%) inflammatory myopathies, and 25 (11.1%) others. Forty-two (18.5%) patients had COVID-19 of which 29 (69%) had mild symptoms while 12 (28.6%) moderate and only 1 (2.4%) severe. A total of 5 (11.9%) subjects required inpatient treatment.
One hundred and seven (47.5%) received BNT162b2 mRNA, 34 (15.1%) Ad5-nCoV, 29 (12.8%) mRNA-1273, 28 (12.4%) ChAdOX1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222), 22 (9.7%) CoronaVac and 5 (2.2%) Ad26.COV2.S. None of the patients referred vaccination with Sputnik V. The vaccines that had the most AE proportionally to the number of patients vaccinated were Janssen (5; 100%) followed by Pfizer-BioNTech (86; 80%) and CanSinoBIO (27; 79.4%). Localized pain was the most frequent (158; 70.2%) AE. Fatigue (78; 34.7%), headache (69; 30.6%) and muscle ache (66; 29.3%) were the most common systemic symptoms. Fifty-two (23.1%) patients did not present any AE. None of the symptoms was severe enough to require medical attention or hospitalization (Table 1).
Table 1.
Results of adverse events (AE) in each vaccine against SARS-COV-2
| Adverse events | ChadOX1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) | Ad5-nCoV2 | Ad26.COV2.S | mRNA-1273 | BNT162b2 | CoronaVac |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Oxford-AstraZeneca) | (CanSinoBIO) | (Janssen) | (Moderna) | (Pfizer-BioNTech) | (Sinovac) | |
| 28 (12) | 34 (14.6) | 5 (2.1) | 29 (12.5) | 107 (46.1) | 22 (9.5) | |
| Local n (%) | 17 (60.7) | 27 (79.4) | 5 (100) | 20 (69) | 81 (75.7) | 8 (36.4) |
| Pain | 17 (100) | 27 (79.4) | 5 (100) | 20 (69) | 81 (75.7) | 8 (36.3) |
| Redness | 2 (7.1) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (20) | 3 (10.3) | 9 (8.4) | 0 (0) |
| Swelling | 1 (3.5) | 1(2.9) | 1(20) | 4 (13.7) | 10 (9.3) | 0 (0) |
| Systemic n (%) | 14 (50) | 20 (58.8) | 4 (80) | 13 (44.8) | 49 (45.8) | 7 (31.8) |
| Headache | 10 (35.7) | 11 (32.3) | 3 (60) | 8 (27.5) | 34 (31.7) | 3 (13.6) |
| Muscle ache | 9 (32.1) | 11 (32.3) | 3 (60) | 7 (24.1) | 32 (29.9) | 4 (18.1) |
| Fever | 4 (14.2) | 7 (20.5) | 1 (20) | 3 (10.3) | 9 (8.4) | 1 (4.5) |
| Chills | 3 (10.7) | 2(5.8) | 3 (60) | 4 (13.7) | 18 (16.8) | 2 (9) |
| Fatigue | 14 (50) | 12 (35.2) | 3(60) | 6 (20.6) | 40 (37.3) | 3 (13.6) |
| Nausea | 3 (10.7) | 2 (5.8) | 1 (20) | 1 (3.4) | 9 (8.4) | 2 (9) |
| Abdominal pain | 0 (0) | 2 (5.8) | 1 (20) | 3 (10.3) | 8 (7.4) | 0 (0) |
| Leg pain | 5 (17.8) | 5(14.7) | 2 (40) | 1 (3.4) | 11 (10.2) | 2 (9) |
| Dyspnea | 1 (3.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.4) | 1(0.9) | 1 (4.5) |
| Total of patients with AE n (%) | 22 (78.5) | 27 (79.4) | 5 (100) | 21 (72.4) | 86 (80) | 12 (54.5) |
Discussion
Vaccine hesitancy is defined as the “delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services” [10]. Vaccine hesitancy is a complex phenomenon that actively threatens global health. Regarding the COVID-19 vaccines, the rates of vaccines acceptance and vaccine hesitancy greatly vary among populations and countries. A review of low- and middle-income countries found a COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate of 80.3% compared to 64% in the United States and 30.4% in Russia (classified as an upper-middle-income country) [11]. In Latin America, COVID-19 vaccine intention rates are high in Mexico (88.4%) and Brazil (83.1%), two countries with a high case and mortality rate, and low in Haiti (43.2%) and Paraguay (64.6%) [12]. Despite the high vaccination intention rates, fear to AE of the COVID-10 vaccine rates is very high in Latin America (81.2%) [12].
Recent reports have analyzed the vaccine intention and hesitancy in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In Italy, the acceptance rate for COVID-19 vaccination in a sample of 344 patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases was 54.9% [13]. Studies from India and Turkey reported an acceptance rate of 54% and 29.2%, respectively [14, 15]. One of the most frequent reasons for vaccine hesitancy in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases is fear or concern to vaccine AE [14, 15]. Reports of AE from different vaccines in patients with AIIRD may help tackle this alarming problem worldwide.
Information regarding AE of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with AIIRD has been increasing. The majority of case series analyze the vaccines most commonly employed in Western Europe and the United States particularly Pfizer-BioNTech, Oxford-AstraZeneca and Moderna vaccines. The adverse event profile of these vaccines has been very similar to the general population and severe adverse events have been very rare [7, 9, 16, 17]. Adverse event data from other vaccines in rheumatic patients predominantly employed in Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe are very limited. In our case series of 225 patients presented herein, none experienced severe AE that required medical attention or hospitalization. The findings are reassuring and accordant with other case series [9, 16].
Our study has several limitations including the cross-sectional design, sample size, descriptive statistical analysis, and lack of survey validation or reliability testing [18]. Additionally, long-term adverse events were not evaluated, and all the subjects included had received the vaccines in the previous 6 months. Strengths include the number of vaccines included and the participation of Latin American Hispanic patients, a population often underrepresented in the literature.
Conclusion
The current results support the safety of different COVID-19 vaccines in patients with AIIRD. No serious AE that required medical attention or hospitalization were reported. This information can help fight vaccine hesitancy in this population. More studies with a higher number of patients and long-term follow-up are needed to improve the current knowledge on the safety of these vaccines in AIIRD.
Author contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Recruitment was performed by IAMA, PLGO, and FdRA-J. Analysis and interpretations were performed by JAEV, IAMA, PLGO, and FdRA-J. Writing of the first draft was performed by JAC-dlG, IAMA, and GGA. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
No external funding was received.
Data availability
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.
Declarations
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Ethical approval
The institutional ethics and research committee approved the protocol as part of the Rheumatology Integral Care Program (No: RE 20-00013).
Consent to participate
Verbal consent was obtained from the patients.
Consent to publication
Patient consent for publication not required.
Footnotes
Publisher's Note
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Contributor Information
Jorge Antonio Esquivel-Valerio, Email: jesquive@yahoo.com, Email: Jorge.esquivelvl@uanl.edu.mx.
Cassandra Michele Skinner-Taylor, Email: casskinner@prodigy.net.mx.
Ilse Andrea Moreno-Arquieta, Email: ilseandrea.moreno@gmail.com.
Jesus Alberto Cardenas-de la Garza, Email: cardenasdelagarza@gmail.com.
Gisela Garcia-Arellano, Email: gga2788@hotmail.com.
Patricia Ludivina Gonzalez-Garcia, Email: ludivina.gonzalezgrc@uanl.edu.mx.
Fatima del Rocio Almaraz-Juarez , Email: rocio.almaraz@icloud.com.
Dioncio Angel Galarza-Delgado, Email: dgalarza@medicinauanl.mx.
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Associated Data
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Data Availability Statement
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.