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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2017 Oct;31(10):1225–1230. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201612117

自体肋骨捆绑移植重建胸椎结核病灶清除术后骨缺损

The autologous bundled multi-segment rib graft reconstruction for bone defects after thoracic spinal tuberculosis debridement

Shuang XU 1, Gaoju WANG 1, Jin YANG 1, Jun LI 1, Yi DUAN 1, Yilin XIONG 2, Qing WANG 1,*
PMCID: PMC8498127  PMID: 29806325

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the effectiveness of bundled multi-segment autologous rib graft reconstruction for bone defects after thoracic spinal tuberculosis debridement.

Methods

The anterior debridement, multi-segment autologous rib interbody fusion, anterior or posterior internal fixation were used for treating the bone defect after thoracic spinal tuberculosis debridement in 36 cases between January 2006 and December 2013. There were 20 males and 16 females with an average age of 50.5 years (range, 21-60 years), and an average disease duration of 6.8 months (range, 5-11 months). The thoracic vertebral tuberculosis located at T4, 5 in 1 case, T5, 6 in 4 cases, T6, 7 in 4 cases, T7, 8 in 4 cases, T8, 9 in 9 cases, T9, 10 in 8 cases, T10, 11 in 5 cases, and T11, 12 in 1 case. Neurological impairment of 34 patients was assessed as grade B in 2 cases, grade C in 8 cases, and grade D in 24 cases according to Frankel classification. The pre- and post-operative erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP), visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and kyphosis Cobb angle were evaluated. The fusion rate was analysed based on CT three-dimensional reconstruction.

Results

The cross-sectional area of the bundled multi-segment rib graft was 136.8-231.2 mm2 (mean, 197.1 mm2); the endplate surface area of adjacent upper and lower vertebral bodies was 425.0-677.6 mm2 (mean, 550.6 mm2); and the cross-sectional area of rib graft accounted for 29%-50% (mean, 33.6%) of the endplate surface area. The operation time was 95-160 minutes (mean, 125 minutes) and the intraopeartive blood loss was 280-850 mL (mean, 450 mL). All the patients were followed up 2-8 years (mean, 4.4 years). The postoperative complications included intercostals neuralgia in 2 cases, pleural effusion in 1 case, and liver function damage caused by antituberculosis drugs in 2 cases, who were all cured after symptomatic treatment. The rest patients had no respiratory complications and wound infection; and there was no fracture, displacement, absorption of rib support, tuberculosis recurrence, internal fixation loosening, and kyphosis occurred in all patients. CT three-dimensional reconstruction showed that the fusion rate was 86.1 (31/36) at 6 months after operation and was 97.2% (35/36) at 12 months after operation. The ESR, CRP, VAS scores, and kyphosis Cobb angle at 3 months after operation and last follow-up were significantly improved when compared with preoperative values (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between at 3 months after operation and last follow-up (P>0.05). Neurological deficits were all improved at last follow-up according to Frankel classificaiton, including 2 cases with grade B recovered to grade D, 8 cases with grade C to grade D in 1 case and to grade E in 7 cases, 24 cases with grade D all to grade E.

Conclusion

Bundled multi-segment autologous rib graft reconstruction is an alternative method for less than 2 discs and vertebral bone defect created by radical debridement for thoracic spinal tuberculosis.

Keywords: Thoracic tuberculosis, debridement, rib graft, internal fixation


胸椎结核大多破坏胸椎椎体和椎间盘,导致脓肿、死骨形成并造成椎间盘坏死,从而产生脊柱不稳、后凸畸形和/或脊髄压迫。无论采用前路、后路还是前后联合入路或后前联合入路行病灶清除、脓肿引流、脊髓减压畸形矫正、植骨融合及内固定术,病灶清除术后前方骨缺损的重建材料和重建方法都是学者们关注的重点[1-6]。其中自体骨支撑是首选,术中截取带三面皮质骨的大块髂骨行结构性支撑,其支撑力强、支撑面积宽大,填充大部分骨缺损区域可获得满意融合率,是目前最常使用的前柱骨缺损支撑植骨材料;但取髂骨导致的并发症依然不可忽视。2006 年 1 月—2013 年 12 月,我们采用前路病灶清除、捆绑肋骨椎间植骨融合,前路或后路内固定术治疗 36 例胸椎结核术后骨缺损,取得满意疗效。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

纳入标准:① 结核病灶位于 T4~12;② 采用前路病灶清除,自体肋骨支撑植骨内固定术;③ 随访时间 2 年以上且影像学资料齐全。

本组男 20 例,女 16 例;年龄 21~60 岁,平均 50.5 岁。病程 5~11 个月,平均 6.8 个月。临床表现为胸背痛、低热、盗汗、疲劳和体质量下降。所有患者术前均行常规 X 线片、CT 三维重建和 MRI 检查。胸椎结核位于 T4、5 1 例,T5、6 4 例,T6、7 4 例,T7、8 4 例,T8、9 9 例,T9、10 8 例,T10、11 5 例,T11、12 1 例。伴有神经损害 34 例,根据 Frankel 分级为 B 级 2 例、C 级 8 例、D 级 24 例。合并肺结核 3 例,HIV 感染 2 例。术前胸椎后凸 Cobb 角、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、C 反应蛋白(C reactive protein,CRP)见表 1

表 1.

Comparison of clinical indexes at different time points (n=36, Inline graphic)

患者手术前后各临床指标比较(n=36, Inline graphic

时间
Time
ESR (mm/1 h) CRP (mg/L) VAS 评分
VAS score
胸椎后凸 Cobb 角(°)
Kphosis Cobb angle (°)
*与术前比较 P<0.05,#与术后 3 个月比较 P<0.05
* Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05;# compared with postoperative value at 3 months, P<0.05
术前
Preoperative
64.2±18.6# 18.6±5.3# 6.5±1.8# 17.3±5.1#
术后 3 个月
Postoperative at 3 months
15.6± 5.3* 5.6±3.1* 3.5±1.6* 7.8±2.8*
末次随访
Last follow-up
12.3± 3.4* 4.6±2.5* 1.8±0.6* 8.2±3.0*

1.2. 治疗方法

术前给予营养支持,积极纠正患者贫血及低蛋白血症。常规使用异烟肼 、利福平、乙胺丁醇、吡嗪酰胺抗结核治疗 4~8 周。3 例神经功能呈损害进行性加重的患者,经强化抗结核治疗 3~5 d 后紧急手术。

手术采用气管插管全麻,患者取 90° 侧卧位,腋下垫小软枕。一般以右侧卧位取左侧切口,或于结核破坏较重一侧入路。T6 以上病灶采用肩胛下入路,T6 以下病灶采用常规胸椎前方倒“八”字切口入路,切口平行于病椎对应上 2 根肋骨,长 15~25 cm。切开肋骨骨膜,在直视下使用线锯从肋骨头到腋前线完整锯断肋骨(病椎上方第 2 根肋骨),本组切取肋骨长度 15~20 cm,平均 17.1 cm。常规行结核病灶清除,28 例采用前入路,于相邻正常椎体上植入螺钉,适当撑开矫正后凸畸形。8 例采用后前路联合入路,首先行 Wiltse 入路椎弓根螺钉内固定,病椎植短钉、矫正畸形、病椎节段行椎板间和关节突间融合,再常规行前路病灶清除手术,骨缺损两端不再植钉。测量椎体间骨缺损长度为 1.5~4.6 cm,平均 3.7 cm。用线锯将肋骨切成 2~4 节,每节肋骨两端用电钻钻孔,用 0#vicryl 线捆绑使其成为一个坚强的整体(图 1)。将捆绑肋骨置于椎体间骨缺损处,保持肋骨弧度与胸椎生理后凸一致以矫正后凸畸形,如有剩余肋骨,将其咬成颗粒状置于肋骨支撑体侧方,硬膜囊与支撑体之间放置明胶海绵防止颗粒骨进入椎管。T4~6 骨缺损釆用 2 节肋骨捆绑,T6 以下采用 3~4 节肋骨捆绑。术毕局部放置链霉素 1.0 g,异烟肼 0.3 g。彻底止血,常规放置胸腔闭式引流管,关胸逐层缝合切口。

图 1.

图 1

Four segments rib bundled firmly together with 0#vicryl thread

4节肋骨用0#vicryl线捆绑成为一个坚强的整体

1.3. 术后处理及随访指标

术后患者接受异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺、乙胺丁醇抗结核药物治疗 15~18 个月。术后常规行临床及影像学随访,记录患者术后 3 个月及末次随访时的 ESR、CRP、VAS 评分及胸椎后凸 Cobb 角。行胸椎三维 CT 评价有无内固定物松动断裂、脊柱后凸畸形、捆绑肋骨松动移位发生,并观察肋骨融合情况(成功融合标准为 CT 片上观察到肋骨和椎体间有骨小梁通过)。术后利用 3D-CT 工作站(GE Healthcare 公司,美国)测量捆绑肋骨的横截面积及相邻上、下位椎体终板表面积,并计算捆绑肋骨占终板表面积百分比,公式为:捆绑肋骨的横截面积/相邻上、下位椎体终板表面积/2×100%。

1.4. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS17.0 统计软件进行分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,手术前后比较采用配对 t 检验;等级资料比较采用秩和检验;检验水准取双侧 α=0.05。

2. 结果

术后测量本组捆绑肋骨的横截面积为 136.8~231.2 mm2,平均 197.1 mm2;相邻上、下位椎体终板表面积为 425.0~677.6 mm2,平均 550.6 mm2;肋骨占终板表面积百分比为 29%~50%,平均 33.6%。本组手术时间 125~160 min,平均 125 min;术中出血量 280~850 mL,平均 450 mL。术中发生胸膜破裂 7 例,予以修补 5 例、不能修补 2 例,术后均安置胸腔闭式引流。患者均获随访,随访时间 2~8 年,平均 4.4 年。术后出现肋间神经痛 2 例,使用非甾体抗炎对症治疗后好转;出现胸腔积液 1 例,经胸腔闭式引流后治愈;随访过程中出现结核药物导致肝功能损害、黄疸 2 例,经感染科调整药物、保肝治疗后治愈。其余患者未发生任何呼吸道并发症及伤口感染,无肋骨支撑体骨折、移位和吸收,无结核病灶复发,无内固定物松动断裂、脊柱后凸畸形。术后 6 个月三维 CT 示融合率为 86.1%(31/36),术后 12 个月为 97.2%(35/36)。术后 3 个月及末次随访时 ESR、CRP、VAS 评分及胸椎后凸 Cobb 角均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后 3 个月及末次随访间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 1。所有神经功能障碍患者术后均得到较大改善,术前 Frankel 分级 B 级 2 例均恢复至 D 级,术前 C 级 8 例恢复至 D 级 1 例、E 级 7 例,术前 D 级 24 例及恢复至 E 级。见图 2

图 2.

A 59-year-old female patient with T8, 9 tuberculosis, using autologous bundled multi-segment rib graft reconstruction for bone defects after thoracic spinal tuberculosis debridement

患者,女,59岁,T8、9 结核,行自体肋骨捆绑移植重建结核病灶清除术后骨缺损

a. 术前侧位 X 线片示 T8、9 椎体间隙狭窄;b. 术前 CT 示 T8、9 椎体破坏,椎体间隙狭窄;c、d. 术前 MRI 示 T8、9 椎体高信号,T7~11 椎旁梭形脓肿形成;e、f. 术后 3 个月正侧位 X 线片示椎体后凸畸形纠正,内固定物位置良好,捆绑肋骨支撑体位置良好;g、h. 术后 1 年 CT 三维重建示捆绑肋骨与上下椎体完全融合

a. Lateral X-ray film before operation, showing T8, 9 intervertebral space stenosis; b. CT before operation, showing T8, 9 vertebral body destruction with intervertebral space stenosis; c, d. MRI before operation, showing T8, 9 vertebral bodies high signal and paravertebral abscess at T7-11; e, f. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 3 months after operation, showing kyphosis deformity corrected without displacement of rib graft and instrumentation; g, h. CT three-dimensional reconstruction at 1 year after operation, showing complete fusion of bundled rib with vertebral body up and down

图 2

3. 讨论

胸椎结核常合并有周围脓肿、后凸畸形和脊髓受压等,需要手术干预。手术治疗目标是彻底清除病灶,脊髓减压和重建脊柱稳定性。前路手术可在直视下彻底清除病灶和脊髓减压,目前已被广泛用于胸椎结核的治疗。然而,前路彻底清除病灶会进一步破坏脊柱的生物力学稳定性,需要前柱支撑植骨重建稳定性和预防后凸畸形进展[7-8]。目前常用的是自体髂骨、同种异体骨、钛网等[69-12]。自体髂骨是最常使用的前柱支撑植骨材料,可获得满意的融合率。

Hodgson 等[13]采用前路病灶清除自体髂骨植骨治疗脊柱结核 100 例,融合率为 93%;Sawin 等[7]采用自体髂骨植骨获得了 94% 的融合率。虽然自体髂骨植骨能获得较高的融合率,但是取髂骨导致的并发症高达 25%[7-8]。同种异体骨的使用可避免取自体髂骨导致的并发症,但仍存在免疫排斥反应和传播疾病的风险,并且融合率较低。钛网有明显下沉风险及术后干扰影像学判断融合情况。

最理想的前柱支撑材料应具有一定支撑能力和骨传导及骨诱导能力,容易获得且并发症少[10-12]。本研究中,将前路手术中切除的肋骨通过两端钻孔用 vicryl 线捆绑使其成为一个整体,用于胸椎结核病灶清除术后前柱骨缺损的重建。前路手术中切取的肋骨长度平均 17.1 cm,胸椎结核病灶清除后前柱骨缺损长度平均 3.7 cm。术中切取的肋骨能满足前中柱重建需要,术后随访获得了满意的融合率。然而,Rajasekaran 等[2]用肋骨重建胸椎前柱,随访发现仅 41% 患者获得稳定植骨,24% 发生下沉,20% 发生植骨吸收,12% 出现植骨块骨折。融合失败归因于肋骨截面太小与相邻受椎体接触面积有限,骨质力学强度较差容易发生断裂[10-11, 13]。Kubosch 等[14]认为椎体间移植物横截面积小于融合椎体终板表面积的 21% 容易发生移植物骨折。Closkey 等[15]通过生物力学研究建议在胸椎椎体间支撑体的横截面积至少应达到相邻椎体表面积的 30%~40%,才能避免支撑体下沉。

由于胸椎椎体从 T1 至 T12 逐渐变大,椎体的横截面积也逐渐增大,因此在本组患者中 T6 以上节段采用 2 节肋骨捆绑支撑,T6 以下节段采用 3~4 节肋骨捆绑支撑,以保证足够的肋骨与椎体接触面积。术后三维 CT 测量捆绑自体肋骨横截面积占相邻上、下椎体终板表面积百分比平均为 33.6%。术后 6 个月随访融合率为 86.1%,术后 12 个月为 97.2%(35/36),与自体髂骨融合率相似。我们认为捆绑自体肋骨植骨的优势在于:① 在前路手术切口内容易获取肋骨;② 多节肋骨经过捆绑处理转化为一个坚强的肋骨支撑体,增加了与椎体接触面积和肋骨支撑能力,防止肋骨骨折、移位;③ 使用捆绑自体肋骨可获得优秀的融合率,并且与人工材料相比明显降低患者的经济成本。

Vieweg 等[16]认为肋骨可用金属螺钉、吸收线、丝线及钢丝等方法固定增加支撑能力和与相邻椎体接触的横截面积,增加融合率。Li 等[4]使用金属螺钉固定 2 节肋骨支撑胸椎前柱,取得了令人满意的融合。然而,我们认为金属螺钉位于病灶中心可能影响结核病灶愈合,并且金属螺钉产生的金属散射干扰影像判断融合程度。因此,本研究中我们采用 vicryl 线捆绑自体肋骨,既不干扰术后融合程度的判断,也不影响结核病灶的愈合。尽管捆绑肋骨的 vicryl 线在术后 6 周后其张力将下降 75%[17],理论上可能影响支撑体的支撑力及融合效果。实际上,有钉棒系统坚强固定,捆绑肋骨支撑体承担的载荷很小,非常有利于肋骨与椎体间的融合,而不至于发生捆绑肋骨支撑体骨折、移位。

为了确保捆绑肋骨与相邻椎体融合,除了有效的抗结核治疗,还应注意用线锯切断肋骨以确保肋骨两端皮质骨完整。其次,由于术中切取肋骨长度有限,只适用于 2 个椎体范围内的骨缺损重建;尾侧 2 根肋骨由于解剖结构细小不适用于捆绑支撑植骨,如术前 CT 发现其他部位肋骨畸形、细小不适用于捆绑植骨的患者,建议取髂骨植骨。

综上述,对中下胸椎结核病灶清除术后小于 2 个椎体和椎间盘的骨缺损,自体肋骨捆绑支撑移植是可行的。

Funding Statement

四川省科技厅-泸州市科技局课题(Z1411);西南医科大学附属医院支撑项目(16024)

Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province-Luzhou Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology Subject (Z1411); the Support Project of Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University (16024)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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