Abstract
目的
探讨髌骨保留型人工全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)中外侧支持带松解与否对临床疗效的影响。
方法
采用前瞻性随机对照研究,将 2012 年 10 月—2014 年 10 月收治并符合选择标准的 132 例单侧膝关节退变性关节炎患者随机分为 2 组(n=66),试验组 TKA 术中行髌骨外侧支持带松解,对照组术中不松解外侧支持带。试验组 2 例患者失访,对照组 4 例患者术中发现需松解外侧支持带,排除研究;试验组和对照组最终纳入 64 例和 62 例。两组患者性别、年龄、体质量指数、侧别、病程及术前髌骨形态、髌股关节炎分级、髌骨软骨退变等级、髌骨位置不良、髌骨轨迹不良、髌骨评分、膝关节学会评分系统(KSS)等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。记录两组患者手术时间、术后引流量、住院时间、术后并发症及患者主观满意度;术后膝前痛采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评估,采用 KSS 评分、髌骨评分评价膝关节功能;在 X 线片上测量股骨角、胫骨角、股骨屈曲角及胫骨后倾角评价假体力线;观察术后髌骨轨迹及髌骨位置,以及有无骨溶解、假体松动、髌骨骨折和髌骨坏死等并发症发生。
结果
术后两组患者均随访 24 个月。两组患者手术时间、术后引流量、住院时间、患者主观满意度比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);试验组术后膝前痛发生情况优于对照组(P=0.033)。两组术后 24 个月 KSS 评分及髌骨评分均较术前显著改善(P<0.05);术后 24 个月时两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后发生血肿 3 例(试验组 2 例、对照组 1 例),轻度切口裂开 4 例(各 2 例),切口皮缘坏死 1 例(试验组),切口表浅感染 2 例(各 1 例),均经保守治疗痊愈;两组均未发生髌骨坏死、髌骨骨折、膝外侧痛等并发症;两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.392)。随访期间两组患者假体力线均满意,两组股骨角、胫骨角、股骨屈曲角及胫骨后倾角比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组骨水泥-骨界面均无透光带及骨溶解。试验组和对照组分别有 3 例和 5 例发生髌骨轨迹不良,比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.488);但试验组髌骨位置不良发生率(18.8%)明显低于对照组(35.5%)(χ2=0.173,P=0.034)。
结论
髌骨保留型 TKA 术中行外侧支持带松解能够降低术后膝前痛发生率,并且不增加术后并发症发生风险。
Keywords: 人工全膝关节置换术, 外侧支持带松解, 膝前痛
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the effect of lateral retinacular release on the clinical outcomes after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) without resurfacing of the patella.
Methods
A prospective randomized controlled study was performed on 132 patients with unilateral degenerative knee arthritis undergoing TKA bewteen October 2012 and October 2014, who met the selection criteria. During TKA, lateral retinacular release was used in 66 cases (trial group) and was not used in 66 cases (control group). Two patients were excluded from the study due to missing the follow-up in trial group. Four patients were excluded from the study due to lateral retinacular release in control group. Finally, 64 patients and 62 patients were included in the trial group and in the control group. There was no significant difference in gender, age, body mass index, side, disease duration, preoperative patellar morphology, grading of patellofemoral arthritis, grade of patellar cartilage degeneration, patellar malposition, patellar maltracking, patellar score, and Knee Society Score (KSS) between 2 groups (P>0.05). The operation time, postoperative drainage volume, hospitalization time, postoperative complications, and patient satisfaction were recorded. Postoperative anterior knee pain was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS), and the knee joint function was evaluated by KSS score and patellar score. The femoral angle, tibial angle, femoral flexion angle, and tibial posterior slope angle were measured on the X-ray film for postoperative prosthetic alignment. The postoperative patellar tracking and patellar position, as well as the presence of osteolysis, prosthesis loosening, patellar fracture and patellar necrosis were observed.
Results
All patients were followed up for 24 months. There was no significant difference in operation time, postoperative drainage volume, hospitalization time, and patient satisfaction between 2 groups (P>0.05). The incidence of anterior knee pain in the trial group was better than that in the control group (P=0.033). KSS score and patellar score were significantly improved in both groups at 24 months after operation when compared with preoperative scores (P<0.05), but no significant difference was found between 2 groups (P>0.05). Complications included hematoma (2 cases in the trial group, and 1 case in the control group), mild wound dehiscence (2 cases in each group respectively), skin-edge necrosis (1 case in the trial group), and superficial wound infection (1 case in each group respectively), which were cured by conservative treatment. No patellar necrosis, patella fracture, or knee lateral pain occurred in 2 groups. There was no significant difference in complication rate between groups (P=0.392). Satisfactory implant alignment was observed in both groups during follow-up. There was no significant difference in femoral angle, tibial angle, femoral flexion angle, and tibial posterior slope angle between 2 groups (P>0.05). No radiolucent line at the bone-implant interface was seen around the tibial components and femoral components in both groups. The patellar maltracking was observed in 3 patients of the trial group and 5 patients of the control group, showing no significant difference (P=0.488). However, the incidence of patellar malposition in the trial group (18.8%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (35.5%) (χ2=0.173, P=0.034).
Conclusion
Lateral retinacular release during primary TKA without resurfacing of the patella can reduce postoperative knee pain without increasing complications.
Keywords: Total knee arthroplasty, lateral retinacular release, anterior knee pain
髌骨保留型人工全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)可减少髌骨假体松动、髌骨骨折等并发症,但也有学者认为其术后易发生膝前痛[1-3]。为降低髌骨保留型 TKA 术后膝前痛发生率,一些学者建议使用旋转活动平台或髌骨友好型假体,但术后膝前痛发生率仍高达 19%~38%[1-3]。既往研究表明[4],膝前痛常由髌骨运动轨迹不良导致髌股关节接触应力增加引起,采用髌骨外侧支持带松解术治疗非 TKA 术后膝前痛,疗效满意;也有学者将髌骨外侧支持带松解术用于 TKA 术中,以降低 TKA 术后膝前痛发生率[5-6]。但外侧支持带松解可引起血肿形成、切口愈合不良、膝外侧痛、髌骨坏死及髌骨骨折等并发症[7-8]。另外,有研究表明 TKA 术中松解与不松解外侧支持带,术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义[9-10]。为此,本研究通过前瞻性随机对照研究,探讨髌骨保留型 TKA 术中行外侧支持带松解术能否降低术后膝前痛发生率,是否会增加术后并发症,为防治髌骨保留型 TKA 术后膝前痛提供参考。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 患者选择标准
纳入标准:① 膝关节退变性骨关节炎者;② 单膝手术者;③ 临床资料完整者。排除标准:① 对侧膝关节存在有症状性关节炎者;② 随访期间行人工全髋关节置换术、对侧 TKA 及假体周围骨折者;③ 同侧有腰部疼痛、足部疼痛及髋关节疼痛者;④ 同侧存在手术史者;⑤ 膝关节内翻或外翻畸形超过 15°者;⑥ 有精神障碍者。
2012 年 10 月—2014 年 10 月,共 132 例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。采用计算机随机分配法将患者分为 2 组,每组 66 例,试验组 TKA 术中行髌骨外侧支持带松解术,对照组术中不行外侧支持带松解术。其中试验组 2 例患者失访,对照组 4 例患者术中发现需松解外侧支持带,均排除研究;试验组和对照组最终纳入 64 例和 62 例。本研究获南京市中心医院医学伦理委员会批准,所有患者均签署知情同意书。
1.2. 一般资料
试验组:男 18 例,女 46 例;年龄 59~85 岁,平均 68.9 岁。体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)21~30 kg/m2,平均 24.7 kg/m2。左侧 31 例,右侧 33 例。病程 2~11 年,平均 5.6 年。术前根据 X 线片检查评价髌骨形态[11]:Ⅰ 型 5 例,Ⅱ 型 43 例,Ⅲ 型 16 例。髌股关节炎等级[12]:Ⅰ 级 32 例,Ⅱ 级 21 例,Ⅲ 级 11 例。髌骨软骨退变评估采用 Outerbridge 标准[13]:Ⅰ 级 5 例,Ⅱ 级 14 例,Ⅲ 级 17 例,Ⅳ 级 28 例。髌骨位置不良评价采用 Gomes 等[14]的方法:其中髌骨倾斜 22 例,髌骨移位 11 例;髌骨轨迹不良评价采用 Bindelglass 等[15]方法:其中髌骨移位>5 mm 6 例,髌骨倾斜角度>5° 1 例。
对照组:男 17 例,女 45 例;年龄 58~86 岁,平均 67.5 岁。BMI 20~30 kg/m2,平均 23.3 kg/m2。左侧 29 例,右侧 33 例。病程 2~12 年,平均 5.9 年。术前根据 X 线片检查评价髌骨形态[11]:Ⅰ 型 6 例,Ⅱ 型 43 例,Ⅲ 型 13 例。髌股关节炎等级[12]:0 级 2 例,Ⅰ 级 32 例,Ⅱ 级 22 例,Ⅲ 级 6 例。髌骨软骨退变评估采用 Outerbridge 标准[13]:Ⅰ 级 5 例,Ⅱ 级 14 例,Ⅲ 级 15 例,Ⅳ 级 28 例。髌骨位置不良评价采用 Gomes 等[14]方法:其中髌骨倾斜 20 例,髌骨移位 10 例;髌骨轨迹不良评价采用 Bindelglass 等[15]方法:其中髌骨移位>5 mm 3 例,髌骨倾斜角度>5° 1 例。
两组患者性别、年龄、BMI、侧别、病程及术前髌骨形态、髌股关节炎分级、髌骨软骨退变分级、髌骨位置不良、髌骨轨迹不良、髌骨评分[16]、膝关节学会评分系统(KSS)[17]评分等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表 1、2。
表 1.
Comparison of patellar score between 2 groups at pre- and post-operation (
)
两组患者手术前后髌骨评分比较(
)
组别
Group |
例数
n |
术前
Preoperative |
术后 24 个月
Twenty-four months after operation |
统计值
Statistic |
试验组
Trial group |
64 | 11.6±3.9 | 26.8±3.2 |
t=28.598
P= 0.000 |
对照组
Control group |
62 | 11.5±2.8 | 26.7±3.8 |
t=25.356
P= 0.000 |
统计值
Statistic |
t=0.165
P=0.869 |
t=0.160
P=0.873 |
表 2.
Comparison of KSS score between 2 groups at pre- and post-operation (
)
两组患者手术前后 KSS 评分比较(
)
组别
Group |
例数
n |
膝评分
Knee score |
功能评分
Function score |
|||||
术前
Preoperative |
术后 24 个月
Twenty-four months after operation |
统计值
Statistic |
术前
Preoperative |
术后 24 个月
Twenty-four months after operation |
统计值
Statistic |
|||
试验组
Trial group |
64 | 58.9±18.4 | 87.6±10.7 |
t=10.787
P= 0.000 |
67.6±7.5 | 88.7±11.2 |
t=12.523
P= 0.000 |
|
对照组
Control group |
62 | 56.7±17.6 | 84.5±11.2 |
t=10.493
P= 0.000 |
66.4±9.7 | 86.7±13.4 |
t=9.663
P=0.000 |
|
统计值
Statistic |
t=0.686
P=0.494 |
t=1.589
P=0.115 |
t=0.778
P=0.438 |
t=0.910
P=0.365 |
1.3. 手术方法
两组手术均由同一组医生完成。全麻下,上止血带后手术。采用膝前正中切口,髌旁内侧入路。股骨远端采用髓内定位外翻 6°截骨;胫骨采用髓外定位、垂直胫骨机械轴、后倾 6°截骨。股骨旋转力线选择相对股骨后髁连线外旋 3°截骨,胫骨近端旋转力线以胫骨结节中内 1/3 作为参考。截骨完成后平衡屈伸间隙,满意后安放骨水泥及假体,两组均采用保留髌骨型后交叉韧带替代型骨水泥固定假体 Genesis Ⅱ(施乐辉公司,英国)。行髌骨周围电灼去神经化及髌骨成形术,冲洗切口,放置引流管,缝合包扎切口后松止血带。
试验组术中不采用“无拇指”试验评估髌骨轨迹,在切口暴露时即从股外侧肌腱下 1/3 至髌骨下极,由内向外松解外侧支持带,松解过程中注意保护膝上动脉。对照组采用“无拇指”试验评估髌骨轨迹,如存在髌骨轨迹不良,则行外侧支持带松解;本组4例均已排除研究。
1.4. 围术期处理方法
两组围手术期处理方法一致。麻醉前 30 min 常规静脉使用头孢呋辛 2 g,术后继续使用 2 d,预防感染发生。术后使用低分子肝素钠预防深静脉血栓形成。术后 3 d 静脉使用氟比洛芬酯镇痛,之后口服塞来昔布。术后 24 h 拔除引流管,鼓励患者在助行器辅助下负重行走,卧床期间鼓励患者积极活动关节,加强股四头肌肌力训练。
1.5. 疗效评价指标
两组术后 6 周、6 个月、1 年以及之后每年随访 1 次。观测指标:① 记录两组手术时间、术后引流量、住院时间、手术相关并发症发生情况;② 术后膝前痛采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评估,其中 0 分为无痛,1~2 分为轻度痛,3~4 分为中度痛,5~10 分为重度痛;③ 行患者主观满意度评价,分为非常满意、满意、不确定及不满意;④ 术后 24 个月采用 KSS 评分[17]、髌骨评分[16]评价膝关节功能;⑤ 术后行 X 线片检查,于 2 d 时 X 线片测量股骨角、胫骨角、股骨屈曲角及胫骨后倾角,评价假体力线;观察术后髌骨轨迹及髌骨位置,以及有无骨溶解、假体松动、髌骨骨折和髌骨坏死等并发症发生。
1.6. 统计学方法
采用 SPSS18.0 统计软件进行分析。计量资料若符合正态分布,以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验,否则采用 Chi-square 检验;组内手术前后比较采用配对 t 检验。计数资料采用 χ2 检验或 Fisher 确切概率法,必要时使用 Yates 校正因子。检验水准取双侧 α=0.05。
2. 结果
两组患者均顺利完成手术,无 1 例输血;术后获随访 24 个月。两组患者手术时间、术后引流量、住院时间、患者主观满意度比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后试验组 4 例、对照组 12 例发生膝前痛,两组 VAS 评分比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.033)。见表 3、4。两组术后 24 个月 KSS 评分及髌骨评分均较术前显著改善,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后 24 个月两组间上述评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 1、2。术后共 10 例患者发生并发症,其中血肿 3 例(试验组 2 例、对照组 1 例),轻度切口裂开 4 例(各 2 例),切口皮缘坏死 1 例(试验组),切口表浅感染 2 例(各 1 例),均经对症治疗后痊愈;两组均未发生髌骨坏死、髌骨骨折、膝外侧痛等并发症。试验组及对照组并发症发生率分别为 9.4%(6/64)、6.5%(4/62),比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.392)。
表 3.
Comparison of operation time, postoperative drainage, and hospitalization time between 2 groups (
)
两组患者手术时间、术后引流量及住院时间比较(
)
组别
Group |
例数
n |
手术时间(min)
Operation time(min) |
术后引流量(mL)
Postoperative drainage(mL) |
住院时间(d)
Hospitalization time(d) |
试验组
Trial group |
64 | 94.7±14.6 | 355.8±51.6 | 5.1±1.7 |
对照组
Control group |
62 | 97.8±13.2 | 344.5±61.9 | 4.7±1.4 |
统计值
Statistic |
t=1.249
P=0.214 |
t=1.115
P=0.267 |
t=1.439
P=0.153 |
表 4.
Comparison of anterior knee pain and patient satisfaction between 2 groups
两组患者术后膝前痛及主观满意度比较
组别
Group |
膝前痛
Anterior knee pain |
主观满意度
Patient satisfaction |
||||||
无痛
No pain |
轻度
Mild pain |
中度
Moderate pain |
重度
Severe pain |
满意或非常满意
Satisfied or very satisfied |
不满意
Dissatisfied |
不确定
Unsure |
||
试验组
Trial group |
60 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 53 | 5 | 6 | |
对照组
Control group |
50 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 50 | 10 | 2 | |
统计值
Statistic |
P=0.033 |
χ2=0.230
P=0.753 |
X 线片复查示,随访期间两组患者假体力线均满意;术后 2 d 时两组股骨角、胫骨角、股骨屈曲角及胫骨后倾角比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 5。两组骨水泥-骨界面均无透光带及骨溶解。试验组 3 例发生髌骨轨迹不良,其中髌骨倾斜角度>5° 2 例、髌骨移位>5 mm 1 例;对照组 5 例发生髌骨轨迹不良,其中髌骨倾斜角度>5° 3 例、髌骨移位>5 mm 2 例;试验组及对照组发生率分别为 4.7%(3/64)、8.1%(5/62),比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.488)。试验组 12 例发生髌骨位置不良,包括髌骨倾斜 10 例、髌骨移位 2 例;对照组 22 例发生髌骨位置不良,包括髌骨倾斜 18 例、髌骨移位 4 例;试验组髌骨位置不良发生率为 18.8%(12/64),显著低于对照组的 35.5%(22/62),比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=0.173,P=0.034)。试验组 12 例髌骨位置不良患者中,2 例(16.6%)术后出现膝前痛;对照组 22 例髌骨位置不良患者中,13 例(59.1%)术后出现膝前痛;比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.020)。
表 5.
Comparison of index related to postoperative prosthetic alignment between 2 groups (°,
)
两组患者术后假体力线相关指标比较(°,
)
组别
Group |
例数
n |
股骨角
Femoral angle |
胫骨角
Tibial angle |
股骨屈曲角
Femoral flexion angle |
胫骨后倾角
Tibial posterior slope angle |
试验组
Trial group |
64 | 95.1±2.3 | 88.9±1.9 | 1.3±1.1 | 5.7±2.1 |
对照组
Control group |
62 | 95.4±2.1 | 89.2±2.4 | 1.4±1.2 | 6.1±2.4 |
统计值
Statistic |
t=0.764
P=0.446 |
t=0.779
P=0.437 |
t=0.488
P=0.627 |
t=0.997
P=0.321 |
3. 讨论
髌骨保留型 TKA 术后发生膝前痛的原因仍不清楚,一般认为是由多因素引起,如假体设计、手术技术、患者特征、髌骨软骨退变等级、髌骨周围是否去神经化等。然而经假体及技术改良减少这些因素后,TKA 术后膝前痛发生率仍高达 19%~38%[1-3]。如何有效降低 TKA 术后膝前痛,一直是该领域研究热点。本研究结果显示通过松解髌骨外侧支持带,可显著降低术后膝前痛发生率以及改善髌骨位置,并且不增加术后并发症。
3.1. 外侧支持带松解对膝前痛的影响
研究表明,髌骨外侧支持带松解能够改善髌骨运动轨迹和降低髌股关节间接触应力[18-21],而这两个因素被认为是引起膝前痛的主要原因[6, 22]。Lee 等[22]研究表明髌骨保留型 TKA 术中行髌骨减压,能够显著降低术后膝前痛发生率。Wilson 等[6]通过比较 TKA 术后发生及未发生膝前痛患者的髌骨运动轨迹,发现膝前痛患者均存在髌骨轨迹不良。另外,Leichtle 等[23]比较发现,髌骨保留型 TKA 术后髌骨轨迹正常患者的髌股关节接触应力较正常髌股关节明显增高。因此,我们认为髌骨保留型 TKA 术中行外侧支持带松解,能够在一定程度上抵消因 TKA 引起的髌股关节接触应力增高,从而降低膝前痛发生风险。本研究结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组术后膝前痛发生患者减少,VAS 评分显著降低(P=0.033)。
3.2. 外侧支持带松解对髌骨位置的影响
既往常采用“无拇指”试验或巾钳试验判断髌骨轨迹,并选择性行外侧支持带松解,但这一方法并不精确,导致术后髌骨位置不良发生率较高[24-25]。本研究结果也进一步验证了上述观点,对照组术后髌骨位置不良发生率明显高于试验组(P=0.034)。
3.3. 外侧支持带松解对术后并发症的影响
Weber 等[10]对 1 071 例髌骨保留型 TKA 患者进行随访比较,发现术中行外侧支持带松解不影响临床疗效。Kusuma 等[9]比较了髌骨保留型 TKA 术中松解与不松解外侧支持带患者术后并发症发生情况,发现两组患者并发症发生率相似。本研究两组患者术后总并发症发生率相似(P=0.392),而且均经对症治疗后痊愈,提示髌骨保留型 TKA 术中行外侧支持带松解,不增加术后并发症,与以上研究结果一致。但也有一些学者认为外侧支持带松解会导致术后髌骨骨折、髌骨坏死及切口愈合困难等并发症,但这些研究均基于髌骨置换患者[7-8],而保留髌骨型 TKA 行外侧支持带松解常无此并发症[5]。
Molyneux 等[26]认为相比不松解外侧支持带患者,松解者住院时间延长,而本研究两组患者住院时间相似,我们认为可能与患者出院标准不同有关,Molyneux 等研究患者一般常规延长住院时间,并非因并发症导致住院时间延长;而我们一般根据患者恢复情况决定出院时间,因此住院时间相对较短。Molyneux 等也认为术中行外侧支持带松解会增加术中出血,导致术后输血率增加;而我们患者常规在止血带下手术,并在缝合包扎完毕后松解止血带,术中几乎无出血,且术中采用骨蜡封闭未被假体覆盖的松质骨,因此总体失血量较低,无 1 例需要输血。综上述,髌骨保留型 TKA 术中行外侧支持带松解能够降低术后膝前痛发生率,并且不增加术后并发症发生风险。
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