Table 9.

Regression models examining how the built environment relates to headache before and during COVID-19.

Variables	Headache (Athens)
	Before COVID-19		During COVID-19		Change (During - Before COVID-19)
	1	2	1	2	1	2
Built environment
Distance to city center	0.003	0.020	−0.015	−0.001	0.025	−0.025
Neighborhood density	−0.016	−0.101	−0.033	−0.053	0.027	0.046
Public transport		0.182a		0.010		−0.199a
Local facilities		−0.081		0.053		0.169a
Park area		−0.020		−0.034		−0.023
Tree cover		0.018		−0.020		−0.048
Apartment		−0.030		−0.022		0.004
Dwelling size		−0.016		−0.031		−0.025
Summary statistics
N	470	465	470	465	470	465
Adjusted R-squared	0.069	0.064	0.064	0.056	0.009	0.005

Variables	Headache (Thessaloniki)
	Before COVID-19		During COVID-19		Change (During – Before COVID-19)
	1	2	1	2	1	2
Built environment
Distance to city center	0.008	−0.038	−0.007	0.045	0.018	0.101
Neighborhood density	−0.026	−0.052	0.021	−0.078	−0.056	−0.036
Public transport		0.044		0.176		0.169
Local facilities		0.006		0.078		0.090
Park area		−0.091		−0.064		0.026
Tree cover		−0.056		−0.035		0.023
Apartment		−0.093		−0.109a		−0.028
Dwelling size		−0.067		−0.038		0.030
Summary statistics
N	510	504	510	504	510	504
Adjusted R-squared	0.088	0.084	0.061	0.071	−0.002	0.000

All coefficients shown are standardized. The models are adjusted for individual sociodemographic variables: age, gender, unemployment, cohabitation status, citizenship, income, education level, presence of children in household, religiosity, and disability. The models are also adjusted for area socioeconomic status: mean household income, proportion of immigrants, and unemployment rate. ⁎ p < 0.05. ⁎⁎ p < 0.01. ⁎⁎⁎ p < 0.001.

^ap < 0.10.