The Prognostic Impact of Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging Prominent Veins in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Purpose

We aimed to determine the prognostic impact of prominent veins (PVS) after an acute ischemic stroke identified on susceptibility-weighted imaging (PVS-SWI).

Methods

We searched for studies published in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database. Poor functional prognosis, early neurological deterioration, and hemorrhagic transformation were evaluated. Risk ratios (RR) were pooled implementing a random effect model. We performed a subgroup analysis by treatment, location (cortical/medullary) and a sensitivity analysis by follow-up time.

Results

Sixteen studies were included (a total of 1605 patients) in the quantitative meta-analysis. PVS-SWI were related with a poor functional outcome (RR 1.62, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.10), especially in the patients receiving thrombolysis (RR 2.19, 95% CI 1.53 to 3.15) and an augmented risk of early neurological damage (RR 2.85, 95% CI 2.31 to 3.51). Both cortical and medullary prominent veins were accompanied by a poor functional outcome (RR 1.82, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.56/RR 2.59, 95% CI 1.98 to 3.38). PVS-SWI were not associated with poor functional outcomes when patients were treated conservatively (RR 1.35, 95% CI 0.82 to 2.22), or with an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.47).

Conclusion

PVS-SWI were related to a poor functional prognosis and an increased risk of early neurological damage. In patients treated conservatively, PVS-SWI were not accompanied by a poor prognosis. PVS-SWI were not associated with an augmented risk of hemorrhagic transformation.

Introduction

In the last three decades, stroke mortality has increased dramatically.^1–3 The most common stroke subtype is acute ischemic stroke, accounting for 87% of all strokes.⁴ Early prognostic assessment aids the selection and implementation of interventions. Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is a useful magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that allows a clearer visualization of the ischemic brain.^5,6 A prominent vessel sign (PVS) is one of the most pertinent aspects, representing the abnormally dilated cortical and medullary veins in the hypoperfusion tissue. Around 81% of patients who were investigated by SWI show prominent veins.⁷ Although prominent veins on SWI correlate with the amount of deoxyhemoglobin in venous blood⁸ and venous dilatation,⁹ indirectly reflecting an increased oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) in brain tissues, its prognostic significance has not been clarified and remains controversial. Of the 16 studies which have so far investigated the prognosis of patients with PVS on SWI (PVS-SWI), 11 studies concluded that PVS-SWI-positive patients had a worse prognosis than PVS-SWI-negative patients.^10–20 The remaining 5 studies found no differences between the two groups.^21–25 Potential reasons for the different results in previous studies include small sample sizes, different treatment approaches, and diverse PVS-SWI definitions or assessment methods.

We hypothesized that PVS-SWI may be associated with poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation to study the relationship between PVS-SWI and functional prognosis, early neurological deterioration, and hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke.

Methods

The protocol followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Evaluation and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines²⁶ and has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021244358).

Search Strategy

Our search strategy was conducted across relevant databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database) based on the following combinations of terms or keywords for medical subject terms: [“hypointense” OR “prominent” OR “asymmetric*” OR “cortical” OR “medullary” OR “deep cerebral”] AND [“SWI” OR “susceptibility-weighted”] AND [“cerebrovascular disease” OR “stroke” OR “cerebral infarction”] (Supplementary Appendix 1). We searched from inception to March 31, 2021 without language restrictions. In addition, we manually searched articles in the reference list of all retrieved studies and previous reviews.

Eligibility Criteria

We included cohort studies conducted in patients ≥ 18 years of age. A baseline MRI was performed in the acute stroke phase, with the time window varying up to 1 week. Eligible studies reported prognostic outcomes for patients with and without PVS-SWI. We excluded: editorials, letters, reviews, case series, conference abstracts, guidelines, technical notes, and book chapters. If studies overlapped, we only included the study with the largest number of patients.

Study Selection and Data Extraction

The titles and abstracts of identified studies were screened by two authors (LP and CL) and eligible studies were included in our analysis. Quality of such studies was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), with Level A (≥ 6) or Level B (< 6). Data were extracted for pre-determined outcome measures using a standardized form. The data extraction form was categorized into subsections: (a) study characteristics (b) demographic, clinical, and imaging features of patients with and without PVS-SWI (c) outcome definitions (d) outcome metrics (see below). Any disagreement was resolved by discussion or negotiation.

The extracted data include:

(1) First author name, year and type of publication, type of study, inclusion criteria, study population, clinical and imaging features of recruited patients; (2) study treatment administered (thrombolysis, conservative therapy, or a combination of them); (3) There are four methods of extracted data in literatures: Visual assessment method, which classified patients as with PVS if hypointense vessels were observed in the ipsilateral hemisphere compared to the contralateral side. Patients were graded with the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS), in which a quantitative score was utilized to classify patients into the SWI-PVS-positive group. The slice assessment method (≥ 5 slice planes defined a SWI-PVS-positive patient on 10 consecutive slices containing the MCA region) and the pixel comparison method (SWI-PVS-positive patients were classified through the difference in venous signal intensity of bilateral cerebral hemispheres); (4) primary outcome and other outcomes in patients with and without PVS-SWI on baseline MRI.

In the absence of data, we contacted the authors identified in the article.

Outcomes

The primary outcome was the functional prognosis evaluated with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) or the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). The mRS is an ordinal scale that ranges from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (death). Other outcomes included early neurological deterioration, and hemorrhagic transformation.

Statistical Analysis

The combined risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes was estimated using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effect model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I² statistics and Labbè plots. Subgroup analyses of primary outcomes were conducted according to treatment of patients, and type of PVS-SWI defined by location. Our meta-analysis explored whether clinical and radiological findings influenced the appearance of baseline PVS-SWI, expressed as RR. Funnel plots were visually examined to assess potential publication bias. A two-sided p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using the Stata software (v.16.0).

Results

Study Selection and Characteristics

The literature search provided a total of 461 articles (Figure 1). After titles and abstracts screening, 38 studies were reviewed in-full. Ten studies were conference abstracts, 11 studies did not meet the eligibility criteria. Two studies had overlapping cohort populations, therefore only the study with the largest population was included in the systematic review.^19,27 Sixteen cohort studies met the inclusion criteria,^10–25 involving 1605 patients. The included studies were published between 2011 and 2019, with stenosis and infarction of the larger cerebral arteries in the anterior circulation as the predominant lesions. Fourteen studies involving 1356 patients assessed functional outcomes,^{10–17,21–25,27} eleven of them (1216 patients) reported the outcome at 90 days.^{10–15,21–24,27} Three studies performed thrombolysis (n = 230).^13,15,19 Five studies (n = 251) reported the risk of hemorrhagic transformation,^{13,16,24,25,27} while 4 studies (n = 875) reported early neurological deterioration.^10,18–20 Thirteen studies (n = 1338) reported baseline NIHSS scores at admission.^{10,11,13–16,20–25,27} Six studies (n = 365) reported infarct volume at admission.^{14–16,21–23} Data from 13 studies (n = 1399) were pooled for predicting the prognostic impact of PVS-SWI.^{10,11,13–16,20–25,27} Two out of 16 studies were of low quality, with a high risk of bias (Table 1, Appendix Table 1).^18,25

Figure 1.

Selection process of the studies included in the review.

Table 1.

Overall Study Characteristics and Quality Assessment Aspects of the Included Cohort

Study	Design	Control for Confounders	Inclusion Criteria (AIS with Occlusion/Stenosis or Without)	Analysis Method of PVS-SWI	All	Outcomes	N-S	I–V	NOS
Sun W et al 201410	P	N- Control	Without SILASO	Visual assessment	572	90-day MRS, 72-hour NI≥2	★	-	8
Yu J et al 201711	R	N- Control	With MCA occlusion or stenosis	Visual assessment	124	90-day MRS	★	-	6
Wang Y et al 201812	R	Not reported	With MCA occlusion	Visual assessment	40	90-day MRS	-	-	7
Zhao G et al 201713	R	Control	Without SILASO	Pixel assessment	60	90-day MRS, HT	★	-	6
Yu X et al 201614	P	N- Control	Without SILASO	Pixel assessment	33	90-day MRS	★	★	8
Zhang X et al 201715	R	N- Control	Without SILASO	Pixel assessment	109	90-day MRS	★	★	7
Jing L et al 202116	R	N- Control	Without SILASO	ASPECT assessment	47	7-day MRS, HT	★	★	6
Vural A et al 201617	R	Not reported	With MCA occlusion	Slice assessment	50	Discharge MRS	-	-	6
Li W et al 202018	R	Not reported	With SILASO	Visual assessment	109	72-hour NI≥2	-	-	3
Liu YL et al 202027	P	Control	With SILASO	Visual assessment	55	90-day MRS, HT	☆	-	8
Liu YL et al 2020”19				ASPECT assessment	61	48-hour NI≥2
Hu Zongji et al 202020	R	Control	Without SILASO	Visual assessment	133	7-day NI≥2	☆	-	3
Liu H et al 201821	R	N- Control	With MCA occlusion or stenosis	ASPECT assessment	30	90-day MRS	☆	☆	6
Chen CY et al 201522	P	Not reported	Without SILASO	ASPECT assessment	22	90-day MRS	★	★	6
JIA Ya-Nan et al 201923	P	N- Control	Without SILASO	Visual assessment	125	90-day MRS	★	☆	8
Wang C et al 201724	R	Control	With MCA occlusion	Visual assessment	46	90-day MRS, HT	★	-	7
P H et al 201125	P	Control	Without SILASO	Visual assessment	44	180-day MRS, HT	★	-	8

Notes: ★:The PVS-SWI group was larger than the no-PVS-SWI group; ☆:The no-PVS-SWI group was larger than PVS-SWI the group; -:Not reported; “: The Liu YL et al 2020 and Liu YL et al 2020” cohort populations overlapped, and the two studies were combined.

Abbreviations: PVS, prominent vessel sign; SWI, susceptibility-weighted imaging; AIS, acute ischemic stroke; MCA, middle cerebral artery; SILASO, severe intracranial large artery stenosis or occlusion; P, prospectively; R, retrospective; NI, NIHSS, national institutes of health stroke scale; NI≥2, an increase in total NIHSS score of ≥2, early neurological deterioration; MRS, modified Rankin scale; HT, hemorrhagic transformation; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale; ASPECT, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score; N-S, NIHSS score on admission; V-S, infarct volume on admission.

Association of PVS-SWI with Functional Prognosis

Severe stenosis/occlusion of the larger cerebral arteries was significantly associated with PVS-SWI (RR 2.51, 95% CI 1.48 to 4.26; p <0.001 I²=77%)(Table 2). Overall, PVS-SWI were related to a poorer prognosis (RR 1.62, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.10; p <0.001 I²=70.41%)(Figure 2). In patients treated with thrombolytic therapy, a significant association between a poor prognosis and PVS-SWI was observed (RR 2.19, 95% CI 1.53 to 3.15; p <0.001 I²=0%), but not in patients treated with conservative therapy (RR 1.35, 95% CI 0.82 to 2.22; p=0.12 I²=72.43%). Similar results were observed with the 90-day functional outcome (RR 1.78, 95% CI 1.34 to 2.78; p=0.04 I²=66.81%)(Appendix Figure 1). In subgroup analysis, corticomedullary differentiation correlated with a poor functional prognosis (RR 1.82, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.56; p <0.001 I²=68.65%/ RR 2.59, 95% CI 1.98 to 3.38; p <0.001 I²=0%)(Figure 3A).

Table 2.

Meta-Analysis of the Associations of Baseline Factors with the Presence of PVS-SWI

Factors	Studies (Patients)	Risk Ratio or Mean Difference (95% CI)	Heterogeneity I2 (%)	Reference Number of Included Studies
Age (with PVS-SWI vs without, year)	12(1266)	−1.48[−3.48, 0.51]	20	[10,11,13–16,21–25,27]
Male vs female	13(1400)	1.06 [0.93, 1.21]	0	[10,11,13–16,20–25,27]
Smoking vs no	7(1087)	1.00 [0.81, 1.24]	18	[10,13–15,20,23,27]
With prior stroke/TIA vs without	5(482)	1.20 [0.94, 1.54]	24	[13,15,20,23,27]
With organic heart disease vs without	4(890)	1.02 [0.78, 1.34]	0	[10,13,20,23]
With AF vs without	8(1224)	1.12 [0.95, 1.31]	0	[10,11,13,15,20,23,24,27]
With dyslipidemia vs without	6(969)	1.19 [0.89, 1.59]	34	[10,13,14,20,23,24]
With DM vs without	10(1301)	0.96 [0.83, 1.11]	0	[10,11,13–15,20,23–25,27]
With hypertension vs without	10(1301)	0.96 [0.78, 1.17]	41	[10,11,13–15,20,23–25,27]
With SILASO vs without	7(1143)	2.51 [1.48, 4.26]	77	[10,11,14–16,20,23]

Abbreviations: PVS, prominent vessel sign; SWI, susceptibility-weighted imaging; AF, atrial fibrillation; DM, diabetes mellitus; TIA, transient ischemic attack; SILASO, severe intracranial large artery stenosis or occlusion.

Figure 2.

Meta-analysis of associations between modality of treatment and functional prognosis.

Abbreviations: PVS, prominent vessel sign; SWI, susceptibility-weighted imaging; End, unfavorable functional outcome; N-End, without unfavorable functional outcome; *mRS, scores 2–6 was regarded as unfavorable functional outcome.

Figure 3.

(A) Meta-analysis of associations between Cortical/medullary location and functional prognosis. (B) Meta-analysis of associations between PVS-SWI and early neurological deterioration/hemorrhagic transformation.

Abbreviations: PVS, prominent vessel sign; SWI, susceptibility-weighted imaging; End, unfavorable outcome; N-End, without unfavorable outcome; *mRS, scores 2–6 was regarded as unfavorable functional outcome.

Association of PVS-SWI with Other Outcomes

PVS-SWI were associated with early neurological deterioration (RR 2.85, 95% CI 2.31 to 3.51; p <0.001 I²=0%) but not with an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.47; p=0.89 I²=0%) (Figure 3B). The funnel plot showed that there was no publication bias for the meta-analysis’ parameters (Appendix Figure 2). The Labbè plot showed high heterogeneity for overall and 90-days functional prognosis parameters, but low heterogeneity for early neurological deterioration and hemorrhagic transformation parameters (Appendix Figure 3). Patients with PVS-SWI had higher baseline NIHSS scores and a greater initial and subsequent growth of infarct size than controls.

Discussion

We aimed to identify the prognostic impact of PVS-SWI in ischemic stroke. We found that the appearance of PVS-SWI after AIS was associated with severe stenosis or occlusion of large cerebral arteries. Overall, PVS-SWI were related to a poor prognosis in patients treated with thrombolysis, but not in patients treated conservatively. PVS-SWI were also associated with early neurological deterioration, but not with an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation.

PVS Formation and Influencing Factors

There is a consensus about the mechanism of PVS formation. Overall, PVS-SWI are associated with oxygen demand of brain tissue and the dilation of blood vessels. In order to maintain a normal oxygen metabolism, the oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) is increased during an ischemic stroke. The amount of deoxyhemoglobin in the venous blood determines the venous visualization on SWI.^5,8 When the delivery of oxygen falls, the amount of oxygen extracted from the blood increases to meet the metabolic demands of ischemic tissues, leading to the increase of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the venous blood.²⁸ At the same time, the slow flow in the ischemic area further increases the deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration,²⁹ resulting in a characteristic low signal intensity on SWI. The compensatory dilation of small arteries and resistance vessels maintains a relatively constant blood flow, increasing venous blood flow and enhancing veins dilation.^9,25 In acute ischemic stroke, a severe stenosis of the larger cerebral arteries predisposes to a massive hypoperfusion of brain tissues,^11,30 resulting in dilated veins and an increased deoxyhemoglobin/oxygenated hemoglobin ratio. This is consistent with our findings that the key determinants of PVS-SWI after an acute ischemic stroke are severe occlusions of the larger cerebral arteries/occlusion. Severe stenosis/occlusion of large arteries and inadequate oxygen supply result in compensatory dilated veins and larger penumbra volumes,^31–33 causing early neurological deficits and ultimately leading to poor prognostic outcomes. This is similar to the findings of previous studies in which PVS-SWI was associated with poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke.^10–20

Modality of Treatment and Functional Prognosis

According to the subgroup analysis related to the modality of treatment, there was a significant association between a poor prognosis and PVS on SWI in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy. An effective perfusion increases the availability of thrombolytic drugs and improves their ability to break blood clots.³⁴ On the other hand, the presence of PVS-SWI indirectly reflects a severe hypoperfusion of brain tissues, resulting in a reduced availability of thrombolytic drugs and an increased risk of poor prognosis.¹³ Noteworthy, it is not thrombolysis per se that leads to poor prognosis, but that thrombolysis increases the difference in poor prognosis between the two groups of people with and without PVS-SWI. More than 80% of patients with PVS-SWI have a poor prognosis if they are not treated with reperfusion therapy, whereas the rate decreases to 42% if they are treated with reperfusion.¹⁵ Animal models show that within minutes of an acute decrease in cerebral perfusion,³⁵ microthrombi are formed in intracranial small veins, leading to a reduced venous blood flow and an increased intracranial pressure, which further decreases cerebral perfusion and enlarges core infarcts,^36,37 a process that may be blocked by an effective reperfusion therapy. In 10 patients with PVS who underwent SWI examination before and after recanalization, PVS-SWI disappeared in all patients after recanalization.³⁸ If PVS-SWI is still present after treatment, the prognosis is poor.²⁶ PVS-SWI can be a valid marker of acute ischemic stroke progression^32,39–42 A timely assessment of the ischemic penumbra and a successful reperfusion therapy are critical to avoid irreversible brain damage.⁴³ Meanwhile, this present study showed that the risk of hemorrhagic transformation after stroke was independent of the presence of PVS-SWI. Therefore, thrombolysis should not be delayed due to the presence of PVS-SWI.

Regarding the conservative treatment group, there was no significant association between PVS-SWI and a poor prognosis. We hypothesize that the following mechanisms explain the prognostic difference between patients with and without PVS-SWI: 1) The over-windowing and the presence of contraindications are probably the main reasons for not performing thrombolysis. This population has more underlying diseases and a worse overall prognosis than the thrombolytic group. 2) Patients with large infarcts and high cranial pressure have a deflated venous lumen, collapsed venous structures and reduced PVS-SWI visualization.^44,45 These two mechanisms may have narrowed the difference in poor prognosis between the two groups of people with and without PVS-SWI.

Cortical and Medullary PVS-SWI

According to the subgroup analysis related to the location, both cortical and medullary veins were related to a poor prognosis. Compared to the cortex, medullary veins were a stronger predictor of poor prognosis. The deep medullary veins originate from the subcortical regions^46,47 and play an important role in motor control and motor learning, functions having a strong impact on MRS scores.^48–50 According to previous studies, patients with both cortical and medullary PVS had higher NIHSS scores and larger infarct sizes compared to patients with cortical PVS alone.¹⁶ It is possible that patients with medullary PVS have a greater need for thrombolytic therapy.

Limitations

This is the first study aimed to synthesize the relationship between PVS-SWI and functional outcomes, early neurological damage, and hemorrhagic transformation after an acute ischemic stroke. The large sample size, along with subgroup and sensitivity analyses ensured the soundness of our conclusions. However, our study has some limitations. First, the included studies are observational studies, which can cause a selection bias. Second, a high degree of heterogeneity was observed in the meta-analysis. Third, the small sample size related to the early neurological deterioration and hemorrhagic transformation may affect our conclusions. Fourth, the number of articles related to Interventional treatment and PVS-SWI was low and none of them met the inclusion criteria.

Conclusion

In conclusion, PVS on SWI were related with a poor functional prognosis in patients treated with thrombolysis. Although the aggressive reperfusion therapy may be less effective in the PVS population, it may reduce the poor functional prognosis. We recommend routine PVS-SWI evaluation in patients with acute ischemic stroke to improve the prognosis of stroke. Large-scale trials are still needed to strengthen our understanding of PVS in ischemic stroke.

Funding Statement

This study is supported by 1) CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2019-I2M-5-029). 2) Beijing Municipal Committee of Science and Technology (Z201100005620010).

Data Sharing Statement

All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information.

Ethics Statement

Not required.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.