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. 2019 May 30;47(5):703–727. doi: 10.1007/s15010-019-01325-2

Table 1.

Asia

Country Region Total case number (n) Prevalence (n/105) Incidence (n/105/year) Period covered by data Particulars of the population S I US CT MRI HP DNA References
China Gansu (Zhang and Min Counties) 84 3400 1994–1997 Han Chinese population (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Bartholomot [126], Shi [127]
Gansu 119b 3390 1996–1997, 2003 (+) (+) (+) n/a n/a n/a n/a Shi [36]
Gansu (Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture) 3 1 2007–2013 (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Ma [128], Wang [129]
Gansu (Minle County) 9b n/a Han Chinese population (+) (+) (+) (+) n/a (+) (+) Han [130]
Gansu 1 450 Sep 2011–Jun 2012, 2017 Tibetan rural population + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Wang [131]
Ningxia 263 1985–2001 (+) + + (+) n/a (+) n/a Li [132]
Ningxia 11 1730 2002 + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Li [133]
Ningxia (Xiji, Guayan, Haiyuan Counties) 82 3700 1985–2001 n/a (+) (+) (+) n/a (+) n/a Yang [35]
Ningxia (Xiji County) 9 g 2001–2002 Hui rural population (113 inhabitants of Nanwan village)g (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Yang [134]
Ningxia 96 2000 2002–2003 (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Yang [135]
Ningxia 79 2200 2002 Schoolchildren, 7–18 years (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Yang [87], Yang [135]
Ningxia 96 3000 2002–2003 Non-student subset of data of [135] (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Pleydell [136], Yang [135]
Ningxia (Xiji County) 15 2006–2007 Children/Adolescents, 6–20 years (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Fang [137]
Qinghai (Xinghai County) 1 160 Jun–Jul 1999 + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Wu [138]
Qinghai and Sichuan 108 1400 Jun 1997–Aug 1998 + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Qiu [139]
Qinghai (Chindu, Zeko, Gade Counties) 31 800 1997–1998 + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Schantz [140]
Qinghai (Yushu County) 4 500 2001 + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a He [141]
Qinghai 125 1910 1995–2005 + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Wang [142]
Qinghai (Jiuzhi County) 39 2250 Sep–Oct 2005 + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Wu [143]
Qinghai (Zhiduo County) 200 2006 (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Wu [144]
Qinghai (Jiuzhi County) 39 2500 2005 Tibetan population (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Yu [145]
Qinghai 141 8200 Aug–Sep 2007 + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Han [146]
Qinghai 114 1000 1990–2010 Children, 6–15 years/Tibetan rural population + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Cai [147]
Qinghai 114 600 2000–2010 Children, 6–15 years (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Cai [148]
Qinghai and Sichuan 577 3700 2002–2008 (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Giraudoux [149]
Qinghai 17 2006–2014a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a + Ma [150]
Qinghai (Maqên County) 34 2200 n/a (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Ma [151]
Qinghai (Banma County) 170 9430 Jul–Aug 2014 + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Ren [17]
Qinghai (Banma and Dari Counties) 16 1670 2015 R; Children, 3–17 years + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Hou [152]
Qinghai (Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture) 1 2780 2016 Tibetan rural population + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Cai [153]
Quinghai (Maqin, Gander, Dari, Jiuzhi, Banma Counties) 146 1300 2011 Schoolchildren, 6–16 years + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Cai [86]
Qinghai (Yushu and Guoluo Prefectures) 221 1130 2012–2014 Children, 6–12 years/Tibetan rural population + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Han [154]
Qinghai (Huangnan Prefecture) 29 1150 2012–2014, 2017 Tibetan rural population + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Niang [155]
Qinghai 222 1100 2010–2011 Schoolchildren, 6–18 years (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Han [156]
Sichuan (Shiqu County) 60 8500 2001–2002 Village-based study population n/a + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Wang [31]
Sichuan (Shiqu County) 180 5740 2001–2003 n/a + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Budke [157]
Sichuan (Shiqu County) 198 6200 2000–2002 Village-based study population (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Li [158]
Sichuan (Baiyü, Seda, Batang, Litang Counties) 37 1230 2002–2003 (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Yu [159]
Sichuan 85 2540 2004–2005 n/a + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Renqingpengcuo [160]
Sichuan (Ganzi and Shiqu Counties) 223 3100 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003 + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Wang [161]
Sichuan 311 3050 2001–2008 (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Li [162]
Sichuan (Aba Prefecture) 19 40 Apr–Dec 2008 + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Li [163]
Sichuan (Shiqu County) 3028 3570 Nov 2015–May 2017 n/a + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Yu [18]
Sichuan 165 May–Oct 2016 (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Gao [164]
TAR (Changdu Prefecture) 4 2001–2005 n/a + n/a + n/a n/a n/a Feng [34]
TAR (Dingqing County) 12 5200 2007 (+) + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Feng [34]
TAR (Nyingchi City) 5 990 Aug–Oct 2016 Tibetan rural population + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Wang [165]
Xinjiang 84 4000 1993–2003 + + + + + (+) n/a Gao [166]
Xinjiang (Nileke County) 13 6360 2004 + + + n/a n/a n/a n/a Dingmu [32], Meng [33]
Xinjiang (Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County) 2 300 2007 (+) + + n/a n/a + n/a Wang [167]
Xinjiang (Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County) 4 800 Apr–May 2013 n/a + + n/a n/a + n/a Li 168]
India Chandigarhe 1 n/a C + + + n/a n/a + n/a Nagesh [23]
1 n/a C + + + + n/a + n/a Shaw [24]
Maharashtra 1 n/a C – +f – +f +f + n/a Tyagi [25]
Maharashtra 1 n/a C + + n/a + + + n/a Bhatia [26]
1 n/a C n/a + + + n/a + n/a Prabhakar [27]
4 (4) Mar 2010–May 2016 + + + + (+) n/a n/a Goja [28]
3 n/a C (+) + (+) (+) n/a + n/a Bansal [29]
Iran Razavi Khorasan Province 18 (1) 1997–2012 n/a + + + + + n/a Maddah [20]
Japan Hokkaido 373 (14) 1937–1997 R (+) (+) n/a n/a n/a (+) n/a Ito [169]
Hokkaido 424 1937–2003 R n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Oku [170]
50b (1) 1999–2002 R (+) (+) (+) (+) n/a (+) n/a Arai [171], Arai [172]
Hokkaido 500 1937–2005 R n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Inoue [173]
109 Apr 1999–2005 R n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Taniguchi [39]
0.013 2000–2005 R n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Taniguchi [39]
154 (1) Apr 1999–Mar 2008 R n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Taniguchi [174]
0.013 1999–2008 R n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Taniguchi [174]
Hokkaido 715 1937a–2016 R n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Ito [38]
Kazakhstan Almaty Oblastc 46 2006–2014 n/a + n/a n/a n/a + n/a Abdybekova [82]
Aqmola and Almaty Oblasts 4 2007–2013 R n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Abdybekova [82]
Almaty Oblast 6 2012–2015 n/a + + + + n/a n/a Baimakhanov [175]
Kyrgyzstan Naryn Oblast (Kochkor District) 92 1970 2000–2007 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Bodoshova [176]
186 1996–2007 R n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Bodoshova [78]
Naryn Oblast 7.1 2010–2011 R n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a + n/a Usubalieva [16]
Osh Oblast 122 2000–2013 R n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a + n/a Raimkylov [79]
Osh Oblast 60 6.0 2013 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a + n/a
26 2007 R n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a + n/a
148 2.6 2013 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a + n/a
581 1996–Mar 2016 n/a + + n/a + n/a n/a Omorov [80]
Osh Oblast (Alay District) 104d 6400d 2012 (+) + + n/a n/a (+) (+) Bebezov [21]
Mongolia 4 2002, 2006, 2007, 2009 (+) n/a n/a n/a n/a + + Ito [37]
Pakistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 3 2012–2014a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a + Ali [30]
South Korea Gyeongsangnam-do 1 2001 C + + n/a + n/a + + Kim [40], Jeong [177]
Taiwan 1 (1) n/a C n/a + n/a + + + n/a Huang [41]
Tajikistan Dushanbee 22 2010–2013 n/a + + + + n/a n/a Ahmedov [83]
Thailand 1 (1) n/a C n/a + + + n/a + n/a Warnnissorn [42], Limawongpranee [43]
Turkey Erzurum Provincee 40 Feb 1987–Dec 2000 (+) + + (+) (+) (+) n/a Polat [178]
Southeastern Anatolia 47 1980–2000 (+) (+) n/a n/a n/a (+) n/a Uzunlar [19]
Southeastern Anatolia 18 0.49 1980–1990
Southeastern Anatolia 29 0.63 1991–2000
Southeastern Anatolia 19 0.4 2000
Izmir, Afyonkarahisar, Kütahya, Muş, Erzurum Provinces 8 1980–2001 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a + n/a Canda [179]
Diyarbakır Provincee 47 1980–2002 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a + n/a Kılınç [180]
Erzurum, Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Erzincan, Ardahan, Bayburt, Muş Provinces 22 1999–Jul 2004 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a + n/a Gündoğdu [181]

S serology, I diagnostic imaging (includes US, CT, MRI), US ultrasonography, CT computed tomography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, HP histopathology, DNA DNA testing/genotyping, + positive diagnostic test using the particular method, − negative diagnostic test using the particular method, n/a no information on diagnostic investigation using the particular method; (+) diagnostic test using the particular method possibly positive in some of the cases, aAdditional information obtained by personal communication with the corresponding author of the publication, bcase number includes cases allowing a serological diagnosis without additional findings on imaging, c“a number of cases were referred from other regions”, including 8 cases from eastern Kazakhstan, dcumulative prevalence of 4.2% (n = 68) [US + , S(+), HP(+), DNA(+)] and 2.2% (n = 36) (US + “and no follow-up”), elocation of the institution where all patients have been diagnosed for AE, fimaging of the brain, gtotal case number (20 cases/221 villagers/1950s–2001s) based on additional questionnaires; C: case report; R: data from an official registry