Real world effectiveness of benralizumab on respiratory function and asthma control

Abstract

Background

Biological drugs have been recognized as a breakthrough in the treatment of severe refractory asthma. This retrospective real-life observational study aims to evaluate the effect of add-on benralizumab on lung function, exacerbation rate, oral corticosteroids (OCS) reduction and asthma control questionnaire (ACQ) score after 52-weeks.

Methods

In this observational study, a cohort of 18 patients with severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA) according to the ERS / ATS and GINA 2020 classifications, with reference to the Pulmonology Unit of the Azienda USL - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy, were enrolled from 1 September 2019 to 31 August 2020. For each patient, the following data were collected: demographic data (age, sex, age of onset of asthma, history of smoking and atopy); comorbidity; clinical data (lung function, exacerbations, emergency room visits and hospitalizations); asthma control questionnaire (ACQ); biomarkers (blood eosinophil count and total serum IgE); asthma control drugs as high-dose inhaled corticosteroids / long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonists (ICS / LABA), long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA), leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA), theophylline, OCS. The benralizumab 30 mg treatment schedule was based on the currently recommended dosing regimen.

Results

After end-of-treatment (EOT), a complete weaning of all patients from OCS was confirmed. After 26 weeks, the number of exacerbations decreased from 2.90 to 0.05 (p<0.0001), hospitalizations and ACQ score decreased from 3.37 to 0.97 (p<0.0001). At EOT, the number of exacerbations was unchanged, while no hospitalizations had occurred. Overall, lung function markedly improved over the study period. After 52 weeks, the increase in FEV₁ from baseline was 26,8% (p=0.0002). The subset of patients with nasal polyposis (NP) had an increase of nearly 50% (1008 ml) and patients with blood eosinophils count (BEC) greater than 500 cells / μl showed an increase of 68% (1081 ml) in FEV₁ at EOT.

Conclusions

The notable improvement in respiratory function is a significant result in this study and it is much higher than what has emerged to date. This result, together with the OCS sparing effect and the excellent clinical control of asthma, makes benralizumab a reliable and safe therapeutic option for SEA.

Introduction

Biological drugs have been recognized as a breakthrough in the treatment of severe refractory asthma, with very evident results in terms of reducing exacerbations, improving quality of life and reducing the use of oral corticosteroids (OCS) [1,2]. This also has an impact on the OCS-related complications with a consequent reduction in the related economic costs, thanks to the significant steroid-sparing effect of biologics [2-4]. In the field of severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA), two important pharmacological options have been available for a few years, namely mepolizumab and benralizumab, and more recently also dupilumab has become usable [5]. These are effective and safe monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), but for which there have been no head-to-head comparative studies yet. Consequently, the outcomes of real-life studies about adequate follow up on available biologics are particularly important in order to correctly prescribe these drugs. As a result of the publication of the new Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines on the use of real-world data (RWD) and real-world evidence (RWE) to make regulatory decisions and monitor post-market safety, the use of RWD has become increasingly important [6]. Nowadays, it is no longer just a topic of academic discussion, but it has become a relevant issue in which choices could have a direct impact on citizens’ health. The reason is the idea that real-life studies can overcome some limitations of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This is a fundamental step to validate data obtained in more artificial environments, such as the ones from RCTs. Regarding benralizumab, several studies are currently available in real-world settings. For this reason, it is important to present long-term data on efficacy and safety of benralizumab in a real-world study of severe refractory asthma patients. This retrospective real-life observational study aims to evaluate the effect of add-on benralizumab on lung function, asthma control and quality of life (QoL) after a treatment period of 52 weeks in a group of patients with OCS-dependent SEA.

Methods

Study population

In this observational study, a cohort of patients with SEA according to the ERS / ATS and GINA 2020 classifications [7,8], with reference to the Pulmonology Unit of the Azienda USL - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy, were enrolled from 1 September 2019 to 31 August 2020.

For each patient, the following data were collected: demographic data (age, sex, age of onset of asthma, history of smoking and atopy); comorbidity; clinical data (lung function, exacerbations, emergency room visits and hospitalizations); asthma control questionnaire (ACQ); biomarkers (blood eosinophil count and total serum IgE); asthma control drugs as high-dose inhaled corticosteroids / long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonists (ICS / LABA), long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA), leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA), theophylline, OCS. Benralizumab 30 mg treatment schedule was based on the currently recommended dosing regimen consisting of a single subcutaneous injection given at 4-week intervals for the first three doses and every 8 weeks thereafter. The primary endpoint of this study was to describe the improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) after 26 and 52 weeks of benralizumab treatment. Secondary endpoints were: assessing the rate of exacerbations, the OCS reduction and the ACQ score before and after benralizumab treatment. A treatment period of 26 and 52 weeks was chosen to highlight not only the rapidity of benralizumab on targeting primary and secondary endpoints but also the persistence of results over an appropriate time horizon. A control group was not considered in our study because patients were followed in their real setting and all underwent the same treatment. The main purpose of our study was to make a comparison with literature data, in particular with other RWE studies. This type of studies rarely includes a control group, due to the specific design and the settings in which they are conducted. This makes the magnitude of the results less strong but still applicable to clinical practice and able to provide useful information for clinicians.

Statistical analysis

The statistical analysis was performed with Prism 8.0 statistical software package (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). Demographic and clinical characteristics were analyzed and compared between groups at baseline and after the follow up period at 26 and 52 weeks. Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), while categorical variables are expressed as absolute and percentage values. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon test were used to compare two groups of paired continuous variables and to compute differences between means, while ANOVA test and Friedman test were used to compare three groups of paired continuous variables; t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare two groups of unpaired variables. Chi-square test and Fischer’s exact test were used for the comparison between categorical variables. A p of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Demographic data and comorbidities

In total, 18 consecutive patients with SEA according to ERS / ATS 2020 guidelines and 2020 GINA classification, followed up at the Pulmonology Unit of Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Reggio Emilia / IRCCS, Italy were enrolled in this study. In this group, asthma symptoms were uncontrolled despite maximal asthma controller therapy with high doses of ICS / LABA and OCS. At baseline, all registered subjects had a blood eosinophil count (BEC) greater than 300 cells / μL and had undergone OCS treatment for at least 6 months in the year prior to study initiation. Eleven (61.1%) patients were male and the mean age was 54 ± 11 years. The inflammatory phenotypes were eosinophils only for 16 patients (89%) and a mixed atopic and eosinophilic phenotype for 2 patients (11%). The mean BEC was 533.5±278.4 cells / μl, the mean total serum IgE value was 364.7±661.1 kU / l. The most common comorbidities were chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) (10 patients - 56%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (10 patients / 55%) and bronchiectasis (6 patients / 33%) (Table 1).

Lung function

Overall, lung function markedly improved over the study period. At baseline, 17 out of 18 patients had positive bronchodilator responses (FEV₁ increase ≥ 12% and ≥ 200 mL from baseline). Twenty-six weeks after the first benralizumab dose, FEV₁ increased from 1.9 ± 0.8 L (56.7%) to 2.6 ± 1.1 L (80%, p=0,0002). After 52 weeks, FEV₁ was 2.7 ± 1.1 (83,4%, p=0,034) (Figure 1). The morning peak expiratory flow (PEF) value, when compared to the baseline measurement, increased from 322.3±155.3 L / min to 406.9 ± 182.6 L/min (p 0.0005) at 6 months and 432,9±164,1 at 52 weeks, although the latter was not statistically significant (Table 2). The subset of patients with CRSwNP had an increase of nearly 50% (1008 ml) in FEV₁ after 52 weeks, compared with those without this comorbidity, improving by 39% (635 ml) (Figure 2). Stratifying patients with BEC, the group with a cut-off greater than 500 cells/μl showed a 68% (1081 ml) increase in FEV₁ after 52 weeks compared with an improvement of 31% (690 ml) in the group with BEC less than 500 cells /μl (Figure 3).

Asthma controller therapies and OCS

All patients enrolled in the study were taking an ICS / LABA inhalation therapy combination, 67% of patients were taking LAMA, 39% of patients were taking LTRA and 11% of patients were taking theophylline at baseline. The mean daily dose of beclomethasone was 1556±511.3 mcg. All patients had taken OCS for at least 6 months during the 12 months prior to enrollment, 6 (30%) patients were on chronic OCS treatment for 12 months prior to benralizumab treatment. The daily dose of prednisone was 18.4± 5.8 mg. Twenty-six weeks after the initiation of benralizumab, no patient was taking OCS daily with a general reduction in the average number of drugs taken; the daily dose of beclomethasone was 1194±546.1 mcg (p=0.0078) (Table 2). All the average doses of concomitant medications decreased. After 52 weeks, complete weaning of all patients from OCS was confirmed, the daily dose of beclomethasone was further decreased to 989.9 ± 386.4 (p=0.031).

Figure 1.

Lung fuction trend (L / %) in the overall population.

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with severe asthma.

Demographic and clinical characteristics	Baseline
Number of patients	18
Age y, mean±SD	54 ± 11.7
Female, n (%)	7 (38.9)
Weight Kg, mean±SD	72.44±11.92
History of smoking (former), n (%)	2 (11.1)
Age onset y, mean±SD	36.3±15.84
Total serum IgE KU/l, mean±SD	227.22±300.82
Positive bronchodilator response, n (%)	17 (94.4)
Positive bronchodilator response %, mean±SD	16.7±8.3
T2 high phenotype
Only eosinophilic, n (%)	16 (88.9)
Eosinophilic and allergic, n (%)	2 (11.1)
OCS treatment
Patients taking OCS at least 6 months/year n (%)	18(100)
Comorbidities
CRSwNP, n (%)	10 (55.,6)
GERD, n (%)	10 (55.6)
Bronchiectasis, n (%)	6 (33.3)

T2 high, type 2 high; OCS, oral corticosteroids; CRSwNP, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Asthma control parameters and blood eosinophils

At baseline, the mean number of annual exacerbation rate (AER) was 2.8±0.7, Emergency Department (ED) visits and hospitalizations were 0.1±0.3 and the ACQ score was 3.3±0.6. After 26 weeks of benralizumab treatment, the number of exacerbations decreased to 0.05±0.2 (p<0.0001), there were no more ED visits and hospitalizations and ACQ scores decreased to 0.8±0.5 (p<0.0001) (Table 2). At 52 weeks of follow up, the number of exacerbations was unchanged, while no hospitalization had occurred. At the end-of-treatment (EOT), the ACQ score dropped further (0.5±0.3, p<0.005). Twenty-six weeks after the first dose of benralizumab, the BEC significantly decreased from 533.5±278.4 cells/μl to 0.02±0.04 cells/μl (p<0.0001). After 52 weeks this value was unmodified. Analyzing the subsets of patients with CRSwNP and without CRSwNP, the first had a BEC of 599±362.9 cells/μl while the second of 443.8±159.3 cells / μl at baseline. At 52 weeks, the reduction in both subgroups was considerable and statistically significant (p<0.0001).

Figure 2.

FEV₁ (% / L) improvement in the CRSwNP subgroup. CRSwNP, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Table 2.

Variations of clinical outcomes between baseline and after 26 and 52 weeks after benralizumab therapy.

	Baseline	26 weeks	52 weeks	Change from baseline	p
Eosinophils	530±294.1	0.02±0.04	0.02±0.04	-530±294.1	<0.0001
ACQ	3.3±0.6	0.8±0.5*	0.5±0.3*	-2.8±0.7	<0.0001
Hospitalizations	0.1±0.3	0±0	0±0	-0.1±0.3	0.13
Exacerbations	2.8±0.7	0.05±0.2	0.05±0.2	-2.78±0.7	<0.0001
PEF	322.3±155.3	406.9±182.6	432.9±164.1	+110.6±116.3	0.0001
FEV1 %	56.7±12.9	80±23.6#	83.4±25.4#	+26.8±23.9	0.0002
FEV1 L	1.9±0.8	2.6±1.1°	2.7±1.1°	+0.8±0.7	<0.0001
FVC %	77.5±7.6	93.4±18.7	94.7±21	+17.2±19.5	0.0003
FVC L	3.2±0.9	3.9±1.2	3.9±1.3	+0.7±0.8	0.0007
FEV1/FVC	59.4±13.3	68.3±13.8	68.4±11.5	+8.9±10.4	0.039
ICS (mcg)	1556±511.3	1194±546.1§	989.9±386.4§	-566.7±470.3	<0.0001
OCS (mg)	18.4±15.8	0±0	0±0	-18.4±15.8	0.0067
LAMA	12(67)	7(39)	5(28)	-7(58)	0.054
Anti-leukotriens	7(39)	4(22)	4(22)	-3(43)	0.43
Theophylline	2(11)	1(5)	1(5)	-1(50)	0.76
GINA step 5	14(78)	8(44)	6(33)	-8(57)	0.02

ACQ, asthma control questionnaire; PEF, peak expiratory flow; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; OCS, oral corticosteroids; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonists; statistically significant differences between data at 26 and 52 weeks are indicated: *0.0005, ^#0.026, °0.034, ^§0.031.

Safety profile

No mild or severe side effects were observed throughout the treatment period.

Discussion

In the context of severe “Type-2 (T2) high” and eosinophilic asthma it is not easy to define which is the most effective biologic, since comparative head-to-head studies have not been conducted yet. Evidence of efficacy and safety is good for all currently available mAbs, albeit with differences in respiratory function improvement and OCS sparing effect above all. The efficacy of benralizumab was demonstrated by phase 3 RCTs SIROCCO and CALIMA, which showed that this mAb significantly reduced the annual rate of exacerbations, improved FEV₁ and reduced asthma symptoms [9,10]. Another RCT, the ZONDA study, showed that benralizumab had also a good OCS sparing profile [11]. In a post hoc analysis of the SIROCCO and CALIMA studies, the response to benralizumab was assessed on the basis of fixed airflow obstruction (FAO) status, with a prevalence of 63% (935/1493 patients). Benralizumab improved the rate of exacerbations, lung function and quality of life to a greater extent for FAO + patients than for FAO – patients [12]. RWE studies are usally conducted on more heterogeneous patients cohorts than RCTs; they also confirmed (sometimes with better results) the efficacy of benralizumab in asthma control, improvement of respiratory function and OCS sparing effect. It is worth highlighting that the inclusion and exclusion criteria are less restrictive in real-world studies than in RCTs; in fact, real-world studies only require the diagnosis of SEA and the presence of the prescription criteria for benralizumab. A recent Italian real-life study confirmed the efficacy of benralizumab in terms of improving FEV₁ and PEF as well as weaning from OCS, with results superior to those of RCTs [13]. In another multicenter real-life study in patients with SEA and nasal polyposis (NP), the efficacy of benralizumab was higher in patients with NP in terms of OCS sparing effect, while it was the opposite for the respiratory function [14]. A recent multicenter real-life study on 111 atopic and non-atopic subjects with difficultto- treat eosinophilic asthma, showed that 6 months of add-on therapy with benralizumab had allowed a marked reduction in the rate of asthma exacerbation, OCS intake, daily use of short-acting 2- adrenergic agonists (SABA), asthma control test (ACT) score, asthma quality of life questionnaire score (AQLQ), respiratory function, BEC levels, blood basophil count and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels. An even more interesting result was that related to the better outcomes highlighted by the subgroup of atopic patients, but only with regard to the number of exacerbations, ACT score and daily use of SABA [15]. The efficacy and rapidity of benralizumab was also confirmed by a case report on a patient with severe refractory eosinophilic asthma, reluctant to take systemic steroids, who was successfully treated with benralizumab alone during an acute attack of SEA [16].

Also in our previous RWE study, benralizumab showed great efficacy, not only in terms of exacerbation rate reduction but above all on the improvement in respiratory function and OCS sparing effect after 26 weeks of treatment. These results were even higher in the subgroup of patients with NP and BEC >500 cells/μl [17]. There is evidence confirming that NP is a useful clinical factor or phenotype in patients with CRS that may enhance therapeutic response to benralizumab [18]. The reason is a strong relationship between cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying type 2 inflammation in asthma and NP, especially in eosinophilic inflammation. Furthermore, patients with SEA and concomitant NP often have higher BEC, worse respiratory function at baseline and a higher average OCS daily dosage [19].

Figure 3.

FEV₁ (% / L) improvement according to blood eosinophil count >500 cells/μl.

At baseline, the 18 patients enrolled in our study were taking OCS continuously or nearly continuously. In our study, the average daily dose of prednisone at baseline (18.4 mg / die) was higher than in patients enrolled in pivotal studies on benralizumab as SIROCCO (15.2 mg/day in 18% of patients) [9] and on mepolizumab as MENSA (12.6 mg/day in 27% of patients) [20]. This dose is also higher than the average daily dose of patients enrolled in the ZONDA study (10 mg/day) [11] on benralizumab and in the SIRIUS study (12.5 mg/day) [21] on mepolizumab. The add-on therapy with the anti-eosinophil biologic benralizumab allowed to completely withdraw the OCS in all the patients examined already after 26 weeks, confirming the weaning after 52 weeks. This result was achieved despite the high average daily dose of OCS in the patients enrolled in our study. This result confirmed that the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) on effector cells (eosinophils, basophils and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) caused by benralizumab [2] and the complete inhibition of IL-5 activity have an extremely profound anti-inflammatory activity, which then led to a significant improvement of asthma control.

The improvement in lung function (FEV₁ + 842 ml) observed in our patients was also remarkably high, superior to the data of RWE and RCTs available in the literature so far [9,12-14,22]. The best result was obtained in the subset of patients with BEC > 500 cells / μl (FEV₁ + 1081 ml) and those with concomitant NP (FEV₁ + 1008 ml).

Benralizumab has also confirmed its efficacy from a clinical point of view. At EOT there were no hospitalization and exacerbation and the ACQ score improved significantly after 26 weeks with the best result after 52 weeks (-2.8 points, p<0.0001). These results, together with the previous ones, confirm that the benefits of benralizumab are certainly rapid but progressively increase over time, especially in patients with eosinophilic asthma who are refractory to OCS, with CRSwNP or a combination of this clinical characteristics.

Based on the outcomes described above, the subgroup of patients with BEC >500 cells/μl and NP can be defined as “super responders” (defined as zero exacerbations, notable improvement in respiratory function and no OCS therapy for asthma) similarly to what emerged from other recent RWE studies [23].

As for eosinophils, similarly to what is widely known, an almost complete depletion of these cells was observed and maintained over time in our study. Eosinophils are known to have several subtypes, most notably normodense eosinophils which are present in the parenchyma at steady state, but they also accumulate in the peribronchial and perivascular areas in T2-high asthma endotype. On the other hand, hypodense eosinophils are associated with asthmatic inflammation and are sensitive to the action of IL- 5 [24]. Consequently, eosinophil depletion has no impact on safety, as reservoirs of these cells are available and they are not significantly sensitive to the action of benralizumab and other anti- IL-5 biologic.

The principal limitations of this study are the small number of patients enrolled and the absence of a control group, as it is a reallife retrospective study. The lack of a control group makes the magnitude of the observed results less reliable than the same data compared with a control group. However, it must be remembered that the RWE studies are often devoid of the control group. Moreover, evaluating data generated from RWE and RTC studies will provide comprehensive insights on these therapeutic biologics and enable learnings that may be implemented in clinical practice.

Conclusions

The more important aspects of our study are the outcomes obtained in terms of significant improvement in respiratory function, which are the highest that has emerged so far in this field in literature, to our knowledge. These results, together with the OCS sparing effect and the excellent clinical control of asthma, make benralizumab an extremely reliable and safe therapeutic option in the context of severe asthma, worth to be taken into high consideration in case of patients with steroid-resistant or dependent SEA with or without CRSwNP.

Abbreviations

SEA:

severe eosinophilic asthma;

OCS:

oral corticosteroids;

mAbs:

monoclonal antibodies;

FDA:

food and drug administration;

RWD:

real-world data;

RWE:

real-world evidence;

RCTs:

randomized clinical trials;

QoL:

quality of life;

ACQ:

asthma control questionnaire;

ICS/LABA:

inhaled corticosteroids/long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonists;

LAMA:

long-acting muscarinic antagonists;

LTRA:

leukotriene receptor antagonists;

BEC:

blood eosinophil count;

FEV1:

forced expiratory volume in 1 s,

CRSwNP:

chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps;

GERD:

gastroesophageal reflux disease;

AER:

annualized exacerbation rate;

PEF:

peak expiratory flow;

ED:

emergency department;

T2:

high type-2 high;

NP:

nasal polyposis.