Delta neutrophil index and C-reactive protein: a potential diagnostic marker of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) with COVID-19

Abstract

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a life-threatening hyperinflammation syndrome emerging after COVID-19. The serum delta neutrophil index (DNI) reflects the fraction of circulating immature granulocytes and is evaluated in infection and inflammation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of DNI as a diagnostic marker in patients with MIS-C and to assess its role in determining the severity of MIS-C. This retrospective, observational study included 83 patients with MIS-C and 113 patients with COVID-19, and 102 healthy controls. C-reactive protein (CRP), the absolute neutrophil count (ANC), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), DNI, and the platelet count were recorded. The DNI levels were 4.60 ± 5.70% in the MIS C group, 0.30 ± 0.99% in the COVID group, and 0.20 ± 0.56% in the control group (p < 0.001). According to the severity of MIS-C, the DNI level was found to be 1.22% in mild MIS-C, 4.3% in moderate MIS-C, and 5.7% in severe MIS-C. There was a statistically significant correlation between DNI levels and the severity of MIS-C. The cutoff value of DNI for predicting MIS-C was 0.45%. In the analysis of the diagnostic performance of DNI compared with CRP, ANC, ALC and platelet counts, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were found to be 79.5%, 97.1%, 95.7%, and 85.3%, respectively.

Conclusions: The delta neutrophil index was identified as a diagnostic marker for MIS-C such as ANC, ALC, platelet count, and CRP. DNI levels in hemogram analysis may guide clinicians in determining the diagnosis and severity of MIS-C.

What is Known: • Although CRP, sedimentation, ALC, ANC, platelet count, sodium, and albumin are used as first step tests, there is no specific laboratory marker used in the diagnosis of MIS C. • The serum delta neutrophil index (DNI) reflects the fraction of circulating immature granulocytes and is elevated in infection and inflammation.

What is New: • DNI is a promising and easily accessible marker that can be used with other markers in the diagnosis and determines the severity of MIS C. • DNI is an easily accessible, inexpensive, and dynamic marker and its levels in simple hemogram analysis will guide pediatricians in determining the diagnosis and severity in MIS C.

Introduction

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads all over the world in a short time and became a global pandemic. In April 2020, there has been an apparent cluster of children presenting with similar symptoms like Kawasaki disease (KD), toxic shock syndrome, and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with COVID-19 in Italy, the UK, and the USA [1–3]. This disease was later named multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), and it is characterized by persistent fever, increased inflammatory laboratory tests, and multi-organ system involvement [4]. Researches are still ongoing to discover who will develop or progress to MIS-C after COVID-19.

Given the severity of MIS-C, its early diagnosis is essential. The use of indiscriminate over-testing should be avoided in evaluating patients with possible MIS-C, considering other possible causes of fever. A tiered diagnostic approach is recommended in MIS-C patients without life-threatening manifestations, this includes performing an initial screening evaluation (complete blood cell count with manual differential, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), testing for SARS-CoV-2 with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or serology, and comprehensive metabolic panel), and proceeding to an advanced diagnostic work-up only in children whose cause of fever cannot be determined with initial laboratory tests [4–6].

Recently, immature granulocytes in peripheral blood have started to be counted automatically by cytochemical myeloperoxidase reaction and light beam reflection methods during the routine complete blood count. This parameter, called delta neutrophil index (DNI), shows the ratio of immature granulocytes in peripheral blood. This rate has been studied in various diseases such as sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, urinary tract infection, and KD in the literature, and its use is recommended as a parameter that provides information about the clinical course, prognosis, evaluation of treatment success and mortality of these diseases [7, 8].

The aim of this study was to determine the value of DNI, which is an easily accessible and inexpensive marker in the diagnosis of MIS-C, and that is useful in determining the severity of MISC.

Methods

Study design and participants

We conducted this retrospective cross-sectional study in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and MIS-C in Ankara City Hospital, Turkey, between March 2020 and January 2021. Local ethics committee approval was obtained prior to the study.

The study group consisted of 113 patients with COVID-19 and 83 patients with MIS-C. During the study period, 113 patients aged 0–18 years who presented with symptoms such as fever, cough, respiratory distress, and weakness and were diagnosed with COVID-19 were randomly selected to be included in this study. The COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed by RT-PCR detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in oro-nasopharyngeal swab samples.

Eighty-three patients between the ages of 0–18 diagnosed with MIS-C according to the diagnostic criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were included in the study. The CDC case definition for MIS-C was used to define a confirmed case of MIS-C, which is as follows: (1) an individual aged < 21 years (2) presenting with fever (≥ 24 h), at least examples of 2 laboratory evidence of inflammation (elevated CRP, ESR, fibrinogen, procalcitonin, D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin 6, neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia), and evidence of clinically severe illness requiring hospitalization, with multisystem (≥ 2) organ involvement (cardiovascular (e.g., shock, elevated cardiac enzymes), respiratory (e.g., pneumonia), renal (e.g., renal failure), neurological (e.g., seizure, stroke), gastrointestinal (e.g., abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting), dermatological (e.g., mucositis, rash)); (3) evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection or exposure (positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR or positive serology or positive antigen test or COVID-19 exposure within the 4 weeks prior to the onset of symptoms); and (4) exclusion of other potential causes including bacterial sepsis and staphylococcal/streptococcal toxic shock syndromes. All 83 patients in the MIS-C group were positive for serological testing for COVİD-19 and met all 4 criteria and were thus diagnosed MIS-C.

The MIS-C patients were divided into three groups as mild, moderate, and severe according to the Vasoactive-Inotropic Score (VIS), degree of respiratory support, and evidence of organ damage. The vasoactive-Inotropic Score was manually calculated by evaluating the patient inotropic and vasopressor supports. (VIS = dopamine dose (µg/kg/min) + dobutamine dose (µg/kg/min) + 100 × adrenaline dose (µg/kg/min) + 100 × noradrenaline dose (µg/kg/min) + 10 × milrinone dose (µg/kg/min) + 10.000 × vasopressin dose (U/kg/min)) [9].

The healthy controls consisted of 102 healthy children and were determined at least 1:1 ratio with the study group. The control group was selected from age- and sex-matched healthy children who had no acute or chronic disease that could cause inflammation and who had presented at the pediatric clinics of our hospital for other reasons. Patients with clinically important additional diseases (chronic lung disease, congenital heart failure, malignancy, etc.) and those whose medical records could not be obtained were excluded from the study.

Data collection

Clinical and laboratory data were retrieved from electronic records. Clinical data included demographics, the family history for SARS-CoV-2, presence of comorbidities, symptoms at presentation, and follow-up. The CRP, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), DNI, and platelet count were recorded from the laboratory data. If a case had more than one hemogram, only the first, taken at hospital admission, was included in the study.

Delta-Neutrophil Index

Delta-Neutrophil Index levels were routinely studied in the complete blood count with the Siemens-ADVIA 2120 model automatic testing device. This hematological analyzer uses two independent leukocyte count methods: myeloperoxidase channel (MPO) and the lobularity/nuclear density channel. For DNI, the value obtained by the formula (leukocyte subfraction assayed using the MPO channel by cytochemical reaction)-(leukocyte subfraction assayed using the nuclear lobularity channel based on reflected light beam measurements) was determined as the ratio of immature granulocytes (myelocytes, metamyelocytes, and promyelocytes) in peripheral blood.

Statistical analysis

All the data were analyzed using the SPSS-2020 statistical package; categorical variables between groups were analyzed using the χ² test. The comparison of means between two groups was examined by using a t-test and, Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables are shown as number (n) and percentage (%), while continuous variables are shown as mean ( ±) standard deviation (SD). ANOVA was used in the comparison of more than two groups, in normal distributions and the Kruskal–Wallis test for nonnormal distributions. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the power of variables in differentiating groups. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated; significant cutoff levels and sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, and negative predictive values were calculated using the Youden index. Since ALC and platelets decreased in MIS-C, “smaller test result indicates more positive test” was selected in the ROC analysis of these variables. In addition, logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the values of the variables in the diagnosis of MIS-C. We performed multivariate logistic regression analysis for those with p < 0.25 in the univariate logistic regression analysis for each variable. Statistical significance was accepted as p < 0.05 was deemed to indicate.

Results

Eighty-three patients with MIS-C and 113 patients with COVID-19, as well as 102 healthy controls, were included in the study. While there was male dominance in both groups, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of gender. The mean age was 9.40 ± 4.52 in the MIS-C group, 10.35 ± 5.64 in the COVID-19 group, and 9.65 ± 4.12 in control group. The COVID-19 group had a significantly shorter length of hospital stay compared with the MIS-C group (8.81 ± 3.88 days versus 16.58 ± 8.34 days, respectively; p < 0.001). In the MIS-C group 22 (26.5%) patients, in the COVID-19 group, only 1 (0.88%) patient was admitted into the intensive care unit (Table 1).

Table 1.

Demographic features of the patients

	Patients with MIS-C (n = 83)	Patients with COVID-19 (n = 113)	Control (n = 102)	P value
Age (years), mean ± SD	9.40 ± 4.52	10.35 ± 5.64	9.86 ± 6.58	P > 0.005
Gender, n (%)
Male	47 (56.6)	60 (53.1)	56 (54.9)	P > 0.005
Female	36 (43.3)	52 (46.9)	46 (45.1)
Length of hospital stay (days), mean ± SD	16.58 ± 8.34	8.81 ± 3.88	-	P < 0.001
ICU admission (n, %)	22, 26.5	1, 0.88	-
Severity of MIS-C, n (%)
Mild	41 (49.3)	-	-
Moderate	23 (27.7)	-	-
Severe	19 (22.8)	-	-

MIS-C multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, ICU intensive care unit

DNI levels at the time of diagnosis were 4.60 ± 5.70% in the MIS-C group, 0.30 ± 0.99% in the COVID-19 group, and 0.20 ± 0.56% in the control group (p < 0.001). According to the severity of MIS-C, DNI levels were found to be 1.22% (0.1 ± 2.6) in mild MIS-C, 4.3% (2.4 ± 10.7) in moderate MIS-C, and 5.7% (2.8 ± 12.2) in severe MIS-C. The highest DNI levels were found in severe MIS-C, followed by moderate and mild MIS-C, and the difference between groups was found to be significant (p < 0.001). Similarly, CRP, ANC, ALC, and platelet levels were higher in the MIS-C group, and this difference was found to be significant between the groups (Tables 2 and 3).

Table 2.

Laboratory data of the patients. MIS-C multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, DNI delta neutrophil index, CRP C-reactive protein, ANC absolute neutrophil count, ALC absolute lymphocyte count

	Patients with MIS-C (n = 83)	Patients with COVID-19 (n = 113)	Control (n = 102)	P value
DNI (mean + / − SD, %) DNI (min.–max, %)	4.60 ± 5.70 0.1–32.6	0.30 ± 0.99 0.1–9.4	0.20 ± 0.56 0.1–1.9	P < 0.001
CRP (mg/dL)	158.02 ± 79.9	8.10 ± 17.07	1.14 ± 1.07	P < 0.001
ANC (× 1000/mm3)	9.19 ± 5.85	3.48 ± 2.17	3.57 ± 1.80	P < 0.001
ALC (× 1000/mm3)	1.21 ± 0.89	2.41 ± 1.81	3.15 ± 1.33	P < 0.001
Platelet count(× 1000/mm3)	215.3 ± 105.0	262.8 ± 81.9	307.3 ± 82.8	P < 0.001

Table 3.

Inflammatory markers in the MIS-C group

	Patients with MIS-C (n = 83)
CRP (mg/dL)	158.02 ± 79.9
ANC (× 1000/mm3)	9.19 ± 5.85
ALC (× 1000/mm3)	1.21 ± 0.89
Platelet count (× 1000/mm3)	215.3 ± 105.0
ESR (mm/h)	43.7 ± 27.2
PCT (micg/L)	11.4 ± 26.9
D Dimer (mg/L)	5.31 ± 9.08
Ferritin (micg/L)	545.21 ± 760.01
Fibrinogen (g/L)	5.20 ± 1.49
IL-6 (pg/ml)	194.34 ± 272.72
Lactate (mmol/L)	2.60 ± 1.62
Albumin (g/L)	37.96 ± 7.32
LDH (U/L)	307.06 ± 93.60
Positive serology (n, %)	83, 100

The diagnostic performance of DNI in patients with MIS-C was evaluated and the cutoff value of DNI was found to be 0.45% (AUC 0.893) (Fig. 1); sensitivity, specificity, the positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of DNI were found to be 79.5%, 97.1%, 95.7%, and 85.3%, respectively (Table 4). Additionally, logistic regression analysis showed that the use of DNI (odds ratio (OR) 29.9% confidence interval (CI) 10.2–84.1) was associated with a diagnosis of MIS-C (Table 5).

Fig. 1.

A ROC curves for DNI, CRP, and neutrophil. B ROC curves for platelet and lymphocytes. A, B Receiver operating characteristic curves for inflammatory markers in diagnosis of MIS-C. DNI, delta neutrophil index; CRP, C-reactive protein

Table 4.

Diagnostic performance of laboratory markers in the diagnosis of MIS-C. DNI, delta neutrophil index; CRP, C-reactive protein; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; ALC, absolute lymphocyte count

	Cutoff	AUC	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Positive predictive value (%)	Negative predictive value (%)
DNI (%)	0.45	0.893	79.5	97.1	95.7	85.3
CRP (mg/dL)	5.00	1.00	99.9	99.9	98.8	99.9
ANC (× 1000/mm3)	4.35	0.870	84.3	74.5	72.9	85.4
ALC (× 1000/mm3)	1.00	0.863	54.2	97.2	99.8	72.9
Platelet count (× 1000/mm3)	150.00	0.715	30.1	97.2	96.2	63.5

DNI delta neutrophil index, CRP C-reactive protein, ANC absolute neutrophil count, ALC absolute lymphocyte count

Table 5.

Logistic regression analysis for diagnosis of MIS-C

	Univariate regression analysis			Multivariate regression analysis
Variables	OR	95% CI	p value	OR	95% CI	p value
CRP > 5 mg/dL	372	0	0,994	-	-	-
DNI > 0.45%	79.2	34.5–181.4	< 0.01	29.29	10.2–84,1	< 0.01
ANC > 4,35 × 1000/mm3	14.83	7.6–28,8	< 0.01	16.84	5.1–55,0	< 0.01
ALS < 1 × 1000/mm3	41.05	16.3–102.9	< 0.01	27.89	5.7–134,7	< 0.01
Platelet < 150 × 1000/mm3	14.94	5.8–38.1	< 0.01	7.55	1.5–38.0	0.014

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, DNI delta neutrophil index, CRP C-reactive protein, ANC absolute neutrophil count, ALC absolute lymphocyte count

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in the literature on the diagnostic value of DNI in MIS-C. Early diagnosis and treatment of MIS-C are very important in reducing mortality and morbidity. A specific inflammatory marker that can be used in the diagnosis of MIS-C has not been reported yet. In this current study, the importance of DNI in the early diagnosis of MIS-C was evaluated, and it was shown that DNI is an effective marker in the diagnosis and determination of the severity of MIS-C.

The diagnostic value of inflammatory markers that can be used in the diagnosis of MIS-C has been previously evaluated in many studies. The American College of Rheumatology used increased ANC, decreased ALC, decreased platelet count, hyponatremia, and hypoalbuminemia that may accompany increased CRP and the ESR rate as the first step tests in the diagnosis of MIS-C [10]. These tests are easily accessible and affordable tests that pediatricians often prefer in their daily practice. In a meta-analysis, Zhao et al. showed that, when compared with active COVID-19 patients, there were changes in inflammatory markers, including ALC, ANC, platelet count, and CRP in 787 MIS-C patients, as a result of increased inflammatory response, excessive release of inflammatory mediators, and cytokine storm [11]. Similarly, in our study, increased CRP, decreased ALC, increased ANC, and decreased platelet count were found to be significant in the MIS-C group compared to the COVID-19 and control groups. Early release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow into peripheral blood in correlation with inflammation has been reported, especially in many infectious diseases. Similarly, in COVID-19 patients, it has been reported that immature neutrophils increase in the circulation and are associated with increased inflammation and disease severity [12].

DNI is a simple test that can be quantitatively measured in routine complete blood counts. It has a diagnostic value in diseases such as pediatric sepsis, meningitis, appendicitis, urinary tract infection, and KD; it has even been also reported to be an important marker in determining morbidity and mortality in these diseases [13–16]. Park et al. emphasized that DNI is a potentially useful diagnostic tool in infected patients and should be used more widely in clinical practice to predict mortality [7]. However, studies of DNI in COVID-19 patients are limited in the literature. Birben et al. showed that DNI is an effective predictor of the intensive care unit mortality in 388 COVID-19 adult patients [17]. In our study, the prognosis of MIS-C was not evaluated, but DNI levels were found to be correlated with disease severity (Fig. 2). Delta neutrophil index cutoff levels were 0.45% for MIS-C. It is important to pay attention to both this cutoff value and to be aware that the increase in the DNI level is related to the severity of MIS-C. Prediction of the MIS-C severity based on the DNI level at the time of diagnosis may affect the management of the patient and the choice of treatment.

Fig. 2.

DNI levels of patients. MIS-C, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children; DNI, delta neutrophil index

MIS-C is a new phenomenon that causes multiorgan involvement together with cardiac involvement and hemodynamic instability. Monitoring of inflammatory markers in patients diagnosed with MIS-C is important in determining early diagnosis and treatment of patients who may require critical care [18]. The majority of children affected are RT-PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2 virus but are antibody positive, indicating a post-infectious inflammatory response following SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, in some of the patients, both RT-PCR and serology tests are positive. Although it is known that there are clinical and laboratory findings specific to MIS-C, if RT-PCR is found positive for SARS-CoV-2 in MIS-C patients, differentiating COVID-19 from MIS-C may be challenging for the clinician. The optimal inflammatory markers to demonstrate the difference in these diseases are still unclear. Some laboratory findings of active COVID-19 and MIS-C are similar (e.g., lymphopenia, increased CRP). In our study, it was shown that the DNI at the time of diagnosis was significantly higher in MIS-C compared to COVID-19. Moreover, the simple scoring system we created in our study, which can only be calculated with basal laboratory tests and DNI, may contribute to the diagnosis of MIS-C.

Our study has several limitations, first of all, it was designed as a retrospective study. In addition, a limited number of inflammatory markers such as ANC, ALC, CRP, and platelet count were evaluated in our study. Finally, the high DNI levels in the study group patients and controls were not confirmed by flow cytometry or peripheral smear. However, our study is the first study in the literature evaluating DNI in MIS-C patients and contributes to the literature with its significant results.

In conclusion, early diagnosis and management are important for optimal outcomes in children affected with MIS-C. To predict MIS-C, the best AUC values were associated with CRP, DNI, ANC, and ALC. Because it does not require taking extra blood, easy-to-measure DNI may be used in the diagnosis of patients with MIS-C. Diagnostic tests have not been clearly established in MIS-C, DNI levels in simple hemogram analysis will guide pediatricians in determining the diagnosis and severity. On the other hand, randomized, long-term follow-up studies with larger patient groups are required to demonstrate the role of DNI.

Abbreviations

ALC

Absolute lymphocyte count

ANC

Absolute neutrophil count

AUC

Area under the curve

CDC

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019

CRP

C-reactive protein

DNI

Delta neutrophil index

ESR

Sedimentation rate

KD

Kawasaki disease

ROC

Receiver operating characteristic

RT-PCR

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

SARS-CoV-2

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

SD

Standard deviation

MIS-C

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

MPO

Myeloperoxidase

VIS

Vasoactive-Inotropic Score

Authors’ contributions

CK: conceptualization, study design, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, read and approved the final manuscript, drafted the initial manuscript. AKT, AG: conceptualization, data analysis, read and approved the final manuscript. ZET, EC, FA, TA, MS, NT, SC, MMK: acquisition of data, writing-original draft, read and approved the final manuscript. GİB, HNY, NYO: writing-review and editing, read and approved the final manuscript. BCA: conceptualization, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, read and approved the final manuscript.

Availability of data and material

The data sets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Data can be provided after the article is published.

Code availability

N/A.

Declarations

Ethics approval

Approval was obtained from the ethical review committee of the Ankara City Hospital. (Registration number: E1-20–576).

Consent to participate

N/A

Consent for publication

This manuscript is not under simultaneous consideration by any other publication. All authors have approved the final manuscript and take full responsibility for the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.