Abstract
目的
探讨血清25-羟维生素D[25-dihydroxy vitamin D,25(OH)D]在系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)活动中的应用价值。
方法
收集2016年7月至2019年7月就诊新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院风湿免疫科158例SLE患者。根据SLE疾病活动指数评分(systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index,SLEADI)将158例SLE患者分为两组:活动组59例(SLEADI>4),非活动组99例(SLEDAI≤4)。选取新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院风湿免疫科体检中心性别、年龄相匹配的健康人群50例作为健康对照组。收集入选患者的一般资料、实验室数据及血清25(OH)D水平。
结果
(1) SLE组25(OH)D水平[10.4(5.6, 15.8)μg/L]明显低于健康对照组[25.5(22.8, 32.3) μg/L,P<0.01];SLE活动组25(OH)D水平为[6.2(3.7, 13.8)μg/L],非活动组为[12.3(7.2, 16.7) μg/L],组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);狼疮肾炎(lupus nephritis,LN)组患者血清25(OH)D水平[6.7(4.4,12.9) μg/L]明显低于SLE无肾脏损害患者[13.3(7.4, 18.7) μg/L,P<0.01]。(2)SLE患者中25(OH)D水平与SLEDAI、24h尿蛋白定量(24h urinary protein quantification,24h-pro)升高均呈负相关(r=-0.35和-0.39,P<0.01);与补体C3降低呈正相关(r=0.24,P<0.01)。(3)通过单因素分析发现抗双链DNA抗体(anti-ds DNA antibodies,ds-DNA)、抗史密斯抗体(anti-Smith antibodies,Sm)、IgG、C3、C4、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、24h-pro以及25(OH)D与SLE患者疾病活动相关,通过多因素Logistic回归分析发现25(OH)D降低是SLE患者疾病活动的独立危险因素。
结论
血清25(OH)D的下降与SLE患者病情活动有相关性,而且可能与LN相关,在SLE的发生、发展中有重要作用。
Keywords: 系统性红斑狼疮, 狼疮肾炎, 25-羟维生素D, 疾病活动
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the application value of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Methods
Data of 158 patients with SLE in Department of Rheumatology and Immunology in the People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from July 2016 to July 2019. All the SLE patients were divided into two groups by SLE scores of the disease activity index (SLEADI): 59 cases of active group (SLEADI > 4), 99 cases of non-active group (SLEDAI ≤4). Fifty healthy people were selected as healthy control group. The patients' general information and their laboratory data including serum 25(OH)D levels were collected. Statistical methods used were t-test, Spearman's correalation analysis and Logistic regression analysis.
Results
(1) A total of 208 cases were included in this study. The level of 25(OH)D in SLE group [10.4(5.6, 15.8) μg/L] was significantly lower than that in healthy control group [25.5(22.8, 32.3) μg/L, P < 0.01]. 25(OH)D level in active SLE patients [6.2(3.7, 13.8) μg/L] was significantly lower than that in remission SLE patients [12.3(7.2, 16.7) μg/L, P < 0.01]. The serum 25(OH)D level in lupus nephritis [6.7 (4.4, 12.9) μg/L] was significantly lower than that in SLE without renal involvement [13.3 (7.4, 18.7) μg/L, P < 0.01]. (2) A significant negative correlation was demonstrated between the serum level of 25(OH)D and SLEDAI (r=-0.35, P < 0.01), and the 24h urinary protein excretion (r=-0.39, P < 0.01).Positive correlation was demonstrated between the serum level of 25(OH)D and C3 that decreased (r=0.249, P < 0.05). (3) Univariate analysis showed anti- dsDNA antibodies(ds-DNA), anti-Sm antibodies(Sm), IgG, C3, C4, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 24h urinary protein quantification(24h-pro) and 25(OH)D were associated with disease activity in the SLE patients; Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that 25(OH)D was associated with the disease activity of the lupus patients.
Conclusion
The decrease of vitamin D level is related to the disease activity of SLE patients, and may be related to lupus nephritis, which plays an important role in the occurrence and development of SLE.
Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus, Lupus nephritis, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, Disease activity
近年来越来越多的研究证实,维生素D发挥免疫调节作用[1-2]。相关研究证明,维生素D可以调节T细胞和B淋巴细胞的分化和活性,抑制自身抗体的产生[3]。系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE) 是一种主要由T细胞依赖、B淋巴细胞产生大量自身抗体和免疫复合物、可累及全身多脏器的自身免疫性疾病。相关研究证明维生素D与SLE活动相关[4-6]。也有研究认为维生素D与SLE活动和狼疮肾炎(lupus nephritis,LN)之间无相关性[7]。
25-羟维生素D[25-dihydroxy vitamin D,25(OH)D]是合成1,25-(OH)2D3的前体,可直接反映机体维生素D的水平[8]。目前临床多以测量血清25(OH)D来反映血清维生素D水平。本试验目的通过测定SLE患者血清中25(OH)D的水平,探讨25(OH)D在SLE疾病活动中的应用价值。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 临床资料
收集2016年7月至2019年7月就诊新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院风湿免疫科的158例SLE患者,平均年龄(38.9±12.8)岁,其中女性147例,男性11例。所有患者均符合1997年美国风湿病协会(American College of Rheumatology,ACR)修订的分类标准[9]。根据SLE疾病活动指数评分(systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index,SLEADI)分为两组:活动组59例(SLEADI>4),非活动组99例(SLEADI≤4),非活动组患者既往临床表现中最常见的为关节损害(61/99,62%),其次为血液系统损害(47/99,47%)和肾脏病变(40/99,40%),皮肤狼疮、光过敏、口腔溃疡、浆膜炎、神经精神狼疮发生率分别为38%(38/99)、16%(16/99)、15%(15/99)、12%(12/99)、6%(6/99)。158例SLE患者中抗核抗体(antinuclear antibody,ANA)阳性156例(156/158,99%);ANA阴性2例(2/158,1%),其中1例临床特点:男,19岁,既往有脱发,面部、头部红斑、癫痫发作等病史,曾转诊首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院(具体结果不详),诊断“系统性红斑狼疮脑病”;另1例临床特点:女,37岁,既往有光过敏,日晒后出现颜面部皮疹,伴有双膝关节肿痛,眼睑、双下肢浮肿,门诊查尿常规示尿蛋白(+++),尿隐血(+++),就诊新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院肾病科,行肾脏穿刺活检提示“狼疮肾病Ⅱ型”,转入风湿免疫科。按血清25(OH)D水平的不同进行分组:25(OH)D缺乏[25(OH)D≤10 μg/L]、25(OH)D不足[10 μg/L<25(OH)D<30 μg/L]、25(OH)D充足[25(OH)D≥30 μg/L]。收集体检中心性别、年龄相匹配的健康人群50例为健康对照,平均年龄(39.0±12.7)岁,其中女性46例,男性4例。
1.2. 25(OH)D检测方法
采用化学发光微粒子免疫检测技术,定量测定人血清中的25(OH)D。
1.3. 统计学分析
所有统计分析过程均使用SPSS 17.0软件完成。对符合正态分布两组间比较用t检验,采用x±s表示。非正态分布采用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验,采用中位数及四分位间距表示。计数资料采用卡方检验;Spearman进行相关性检验,危险因素分析采用Logistic回归检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. SLE组与健康对照组25(OH)D水平比较
SLE组中25(OH)D充足5例(3.2%)、25(OH)D不足76例(48.1%)、25(OH)D缺乏77例(48.7%)。健康对照组中维生素D充足14例(28.0%)、维生素D不足36例(72.0%)、无25(OH)D缺乏。SLE组25(OH)D水平[10.4(5.6,15.8) μg/L]明显低于健康对照组[25.5(22.8,32.3) μg/L,P<0.01]。
2.2. SLE患者临床特点比较
SLE活动组25(OH)D水平为6.2(3.7, 13.8)μg/L,非活动组为12.3(7.2, 16.7) μg/L,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。活动组患者的抗双链DNA抗体(anti-ds DNA antibodies,ds-DNA)、抗史密斯抗体(anti-Smith antibodies,Sm)、24h尿蛋白定量(24h urinary protein quantification,24h-pro)、抗C1q抗体(anti-C1q antibodies,C1q)、C3、C4、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、尿素氮(blood urine nitrogen,BUN)比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,表 1)。
表 1.
SLE患者活动组与非活动组一般数据对比
Epidemiological data of SLE patients
| Items | Active group | Non-active group | P |
| ANA, antinuclear antibody; ds-DNA, anti-ds DNA antibodies; Sm, anti-Smith antibodies; SSA, anti-SSA antibody; SSB, anti-SSB antibody; Acl, anti-cardiolipin antibody; β2-GPI, anti-β2-GPI antibody; C1q, anti-C1q antibodies; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; 24h-pro, 24h urinary protein quantification; BUN, blood urine nitrogen; Cr, serum creatinine; BGP, serum osteocalcin; 25(OH)D, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; Ig, immune globulin. | |||
| Cases, n(%) | 59 (37) | 99 (63) | 0.95 |
| Gender, n(%) | |||
| Female | 55 (34.8) | 92 (58.3) | |
| Male | 4 (2.5) | 7 (4.4) | |
| Age/year, x±s | 25.1±12.9 | 24.8±12.7 | 0.88 |
| Course of disease/month, M (P25, P75) | 9.6 (4.8, 12.0) | 13.2 (10.8, 36.0) | <0.01 |
| ANA, n(%), M (P25, P75) | 59 (100) | 97 (98.0) | 0.82 |
| ds-DNA, n(%), M (P25, P75) | 30 (50.8) | 12 (12.1) | <0.01 |
| Sm, n(%), M (P25, P75) | 19 (32.2) | 12 (12.2) | <0.05 |
| SSA, n(%), M (P25, P75) | 30 (50.8) | 53 (54.1) | 0.70 |
| SSB, n(%), M (P25, P75) | 7 (11.9) | 10 (10.2) | 0.75 |
| Acl/(RU/mL), M (P25, P75) | 3.4 (2.0, 8.3) | 2.3 (2.0, 4.8) | 0.06 |
| β2-GPI/(RU/mL), M (P25, P75) | 5.1 (2.0, 12.9) | 5.9 (2.2, 13.3) | 0.67 |
| C1q/(AU/mL), M (P25, P75) | 49.0 (8.3, 174.0) | 7.7 (3.9, 26.9) | <0.01 |
| Complement C1q/(mg/L), M (P25, P75) | 169.0 (129.8, 210.9) | 165.4 (138.0, 26.9) | 0.98 |
| IgG/(g/L), M (P25, P75) | 13.5 (8.6, 22.1) | 12.5 (10.1, 16.4) | 0.33 |
| IgA/(g/L), M (P25, P75) | 2.6 (1.6, 3.4) | 2.3 (1.5, 3.3) | 0.61 |
| IgM/(g/L), M (P25, P75) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.61 |
| C3/(g/L), M (P25, P75) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.8 (0.9, 0.6) | <0.01 |
| C4/(g/L), M (P25, P75) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | <0.01 |
| ESR/(mm/H), M (P25, P75) | 41.0 (20.3, 54.0) | 18.0 (10.8, 28.0) | <0.01 |
| CRP/(mg/L), M (P25, P75) | 5.0 (2.5, 15.0) | 2.8 (1.9, 5.0) | <0.01 |
| 24h-pro/(g), M (P25, P75) | 0.3 (0.1, 1.9) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | <0.01 |
| BUN/(mmol/L), M (P25, P75) | 5.6 (3.9, 8.2) | 4.6 (3.6, 5.4) | <0.01 |
| Cr/(μmol/L), M (P25, P75) | 56.7 (48.2, 71.2) | 57.8 (49.8, 64.3) | 0.58 |
| BGP/(μg/L), M (P25, P75) | 8.0 (5.0, 13.8) | 10.0 (7.0, 14.0) | 0.11 |
| 25(OH)D/(μg/L), M (P25, P75) | 6.2 (3.7, 13.8) | 12.3 (7.2, 16.7) | <0.01 |
2.3. 25(OH)D与狼疮肾炎的关系
42例肾穿刺活检病理已知分型患者中,狼疮肾炎(lupus nephritis,LN)Ⅰ型6例(14.3%),Ⅱ型22例(52.4%),Ⅲ型2例(4.8%),Ⅳ型6例(14.3%),Ⅳ+Ⅴ型1例(2.4%),Ⅴ型3例(7.1%),Ⅵ型2例(4.7%)。LN患者126例,SLE无肾脏损害患者32例,LN患者血清25(OH)D水平[6.7(4.4,12.9) μg/L]明显低于SLE无肾脏损害患者[13.3(7.4, 18.7) μg/L,P<0.01]。按肾穿刺活检病理分型,分为LN活动组(Ⅲ/Ⅳ/Ⅳ+Ⅴ/Ⅴ)12例,LN非活动组(Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅵ)30例,LN活动组25(OH)D水平[7.2(4.4,12.8) μg/L]与LN非活动组比较差异无统计学意义[8.5(5.0,14.1) μg/L,P>0.05]。
2.4. Spearman相关分析显示
SLE中25(OH)D水平与SLEDAI、24h-pro升高均呈负相关(r=-0.35和-0.39,P<0.01);血清25(OH)D与C3降低呈正相关(r=0.24,P<0.01);血清25(OH)D与C1q、ESR、CRP、C4、BUN、血肌酐(Serum creatinine,Cr)均无相关性(P>0.05)。
2.5. Logistic回归分析
SLE活动组与非活动组ds-DNA(OR=7.414, 95%CI 3.362~16.348, P<0.01)、Sm(OR=3.404, 95%CI 1.508~7.685, P<0.01)、C1q(OR=1.011, 95%CI 1.005~1.016, P<0.01)、IgG(OR=1.058, 95%CI 1.009~1.108, P<0.05)、C3(OR=0.009, 95%CI 0.002~0.060, P<0.01)、C4(OR=0.000, 95%CI 0.000~0.006, P<0.01)、24h-pro(OR=13.108, 95%CI 3.032~56.672, P<0.01)、25(OH)D(OR=0.900, 95%CI 0.849~0.954, P<0.01)差异有统计学意义。通过多因素分析后25(OH)D仍与SLE疾病活动相关(OR=0.887, 95%CI 0.798~0.985,P<0.05)。
3. 讨论
活性维生素D是一种前类固醇激素,可以抑制T细胞的增殖,特别是Th1辅助细胞的增殖,可以导致白介素-2和γ-干扰素分泌的减少,白介素-5和白介素-10分泌增加,促进免疫应答向Th2辅助细胞转换;还可以通过对B细胞的抑制作用,抑制大量自身抗体的产生[1],最新研究发现1, 25(OH)2D3和维生素D受体(vitamin D receptor,VDR)通过调节不同亚型T细胞中的细胞因子来降低SLE的发生,并且在SLE治疗期间可能成为新的药物靶点[10]。
既往研究报道SLE患者维生素D缺乏的患病率为4%~54%[11]。本研究通过对新疆维吾尔自治区SLE患者的回顾性分析,结果显示SLE患者25(OH)D缺乏患病率为48.7%,明显高于健康对照组。张竞等[12]报道我国西安地区SLE患者维生素D缺乏患病率为93.2%,健康人群维生素D缺乏患病率为71.8%。方慧玲等[13]报道北京市健康人群维生素D缺乏患病率为73.4%。欧洲5万多人的研究显示[14],维生素D缺乏的比例有13.0%。本研究与目前文献报道不一致,考虑与新疆维吾尔自治区日照时间长、饮食结构差异等因素相关。
国内张永锋等[15]对50例初发SLE患者与36名健康对照组分析,结果表明SLE患者血清25(OH)D水平显著低下,并和SLEDAI呈负相关,提示25(OH)D不足可能是SLE患者发病和疾病活动的风险因素之一。本研究结果显示,SLE患者25(OH)D水平明显低于健康对照组,活动组患者25(OH)D水平明显低于SLE非活动组患者,25(OH)D不仅与SLEDAI呈负相关,而且与C3降低呈正相关。这表明25(OH)D水平下降与SLE患者病情活动相关。
肾脏是SLE最常受累的器官,SLE患者肾损害可加重维生素D的缺乏,维生素D水平进一步的减少可影响SLE患者的肾功能。本研究结果显示,LN患者血清25(OH)D水平明显低于SLE无肾脏损害患者。SLE患者25(OH)D水平与24h-pro呈负相关,提示25(OH)D水平的下降可能与SLE肾损害相关。卢勤燕等[16]和洪琼[17]研究表明维生素D水平与24h-pro呈负相关,但其研究均未收集相关LN病理分型数据。在动物实验的研究中发现,狼疮小鼠补充维生素D可延长其生存期,减少蛋白尿及关节炎的发生,预防小鼠皮损及狼疮的发生[18]。陈铭聿等[19]研究表明维生素D水平与狼疮肾炎相关,但与肾脏病理分型无关,本研究结果与其一致。目前有关维生素D与肾脏病理分型的研究甚少。
综上所述,25(OH)D水平的下降与SLE患者病情活动有相关性,并可能与LN相关,在SLE的发生、发展中有重要作用。随着对维生素D的不断深入研究,其可能成为临床治疗SLE重要的方法。
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