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. 2020 Dec 18;53(5):915–920. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2021.05.017

MLL-AF6融合基因阳性急性髓系白血病的临床特征及预后

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of MLL-AF6 positive patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Mei-xiang ZHANG 1, Wen-zhi SHI 2, Jian-xin LIU 1, Chun-jian WANG 1, Yan LI 1, Wei WANG 1, Bin JIANG 1,*
PMCID: PMC8517675  PMID: 34650294

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene rearrangements AF6 (MLL-AF6) positive.

Methods

In the study, 11 patients who were newly diagnosed with MLL-AF6 positive AML were analyzed retrospectively, related literature was reviewed to clarify the clinical features and prognosis of MLL-AF6 positive patients.

Results

Among the 11 patients, there were 6 males and 5 females, with a median age of 36 years. Six patients were diagnosed with AML M5 and five with M4 according to FAB classification (French-American-British classification systems). Gingival swelling and pain occurred in 6 cases and fever occurred in 5 cases. At first diagnosis, the median white blood cells were 55.5×109/L. Immunotype showed the expression of myeloid/monocyte and early stem cell series antigens. The expression level of MLL-AF6 fusion gene (real-time quantitative PCR) was 14.2%-214.5%, and 6/11 cases (54.5%) were associated with high EVI1 gene expression. Mutations of KRAS, TET2, ASXL1, TP53, DNMT3A, and FLT3-ITD were detected by next generation sequencing (NGS) in 4 patients. Chromosome G banding examination showed that 2 cases were t(6;11)(q27, q23) with complex karyotype abnormality, 4 cases with +8 abnormality and 2 cases with normal karyotype. Hematological complete remission (CR) was achieved in 8/11 patients (72.7%) after conventional induction chemotherapy, and primary drug resistance was observed in 3 patients. Two of the eight patients with CR were negative for minimal residual disease (MRD), with a median CR duration of 4.5 months. Two patients with positive MRD and three patients with refractory recurrence underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), but all died due to leukemia progression. At the end of follow-up on December 1, 2019, 2 patients were alive and 9 died, with median survival time of 9 months.

Conclusion

The AML patients with MLL-AF6 positive were mostly young, the majority of FAB types were M4 and M5, and most of the patients often had fever as the first symptom, with increased white blood cells, accompanied by organ infiltration, and high EVI1 gene expression. The hematological remission rate of routine chemotherapy is not low, but it is difficult to achieve molecular remission, most of which have early recurrence. Early allo-HSCT in a molecular negative state may prolong the CR duration.

Keywords: Leukemia, myeloid; Gene fusion; Gene rearrangement; MLL-AF6; Disease attributes; Prognosis


混合谱系白血病基因(mixed lineage leukemia,MLL)位于11号染色体长臂2区3带(11q23),11q23/MLL重排白血病有着独特的生物学特性,MLL基因重排包括最常见的易位以及部分串联重复、缺失、倒置、插入等形式。11q23/MLL与“伙伴”基因形成不同的融合基因,其编码的融合蛋白缺失了正常MLL基因激活区,干扰了对其下游HOX基因表达的调节,影响造血分化过程,导致白血病的发生[1]。与11q23/MLL发生易位的“伙伴”基因有80余种[2],使各亚型间存在较大异质性。位于6q27染色体上的AF6基因与MLL基因易位形成MLL-AF6融合基因,表达MLL-AF6/t(6;11)的急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukemia,AML)相对罕见,发病率低,病例数少,较少有针对该类型白血病的多中心大样本临床研究。本文报道了11例初治的MLL-AF6阳性AML患者,探讨该亚型的生物学特点、临床特征以及包括移植的治疗和转归,以期积累更多的临床循证医学相关证据。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究对象

2015年6月至2019年9月北京大学国际医院共收治51例11q23/MLL重排急性白血病,其中MLL-AF6融合基因阳性AML患者11例,均经MICM分型确诊。

1.2. 免疫表型分析

取肝素抗凝骨髓5 mL,参照文献[3]方法进行相关抗体标记,按照2016版《世界卫生组织髓系肿瘤和急性白血病诊断分型》标准进行评价。

1.3. 细胞遗传学分析

应用G显带技术,经过图像采集、分析,参照《人类细胞遗传学国际命名体制(ISCN2009)》进行染色体核型分析。

1.4. 分子生物学分析

MLL-AF6融合基因检测采用实时定量PCR方法,以ABL基因为内参,靶基因表达水平=靶基因拷贝数/ABL拷贝数×100%,MLL-AF6融合基因的引物设计及检测方法参照文献[4]。4例患者进行了二代高通量测序检查。

1.5. 治疗

诱导化疗以IA方案(去甲氧柔红霉素8~10 mg/m2×3天,阿糖胞苷100 mg/m2×7天)为主,白细胞减低合并感染者选择地西他滨+CAG方案(阿克拉霉素+阿糖胞苷+粒细胞集落刺激因子)。完全缓解后的巩固治疗主要采用大剂量阿糖胞苷,复发后的挽救化疗方案包括CLAG方案(克拉屈滨+阿糖胞苷+粒细胞集落刺激因子)、地西他滨+CAG方案。完全缓解后接受巩固化疗2~3疗程,再行异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, allo-HSCT),难治复发急性白血病行挽救移植。

1.6. 疗效判定

化疗结束后2~3周复查骨髓,监测MLL-AF6基因转录水平作为微小残留病(minimal residual disease, MRD)评估指标,参考第4版《血液病诊断及疗效标准》[5]评估疗效。

1.7. 随访

所有入组患者均自确诊之日开始随访,截止时间为2019年12月1日,死亡患者计算至死亡日。

2. 结果

2.1. 患者一般情况

11例MLL-AF6阳性AML患者占我院同期急性白血病的2.1%(11/530例),占AML的2.6%(11/424例),占11q23/MLL重排白血病的21.6%(11/51例)。11例患者中,男6例,女5例,中位年龄36(16~63)岁。按急性白血病的分型诊断标准FAB分型(French-American-British classification systems),M5 6例,M4 5例。首发症状中,牙龈肿痛6例,发热5例,淋巴结肿大4例,皮肤浸润1例。初诊时中位白细胞计数55.50×109/L (1.76×109~180.00×109/L),其中8例 > 30×109/L,中位血红蛋白含量80 g/L (64~113 g/L),中位血小板计数77×109/L (21×109~133×109/L),具体见表 1

表 1.

11例MLL-AF6阳性AML患者临床资料

The clinical data of 11 AML patients with MLL-AF6 positive

Case number Gender Age/years FAB type WBC/(×109/L) HGB/(g/L) PLT/(×109/L) Bone marrow blasts
AML, acute myeloid leukemia; M, male; F, female; FAB, French-American-British classification systems; WBC, white blood cell; HGB, hemoglobin; PLT, platelet.
1 M 19 M5 55.25 86 77 0.95
2 M 36 M5 55.58 102 23 0.71
3 M 16 M5 120.30 94 106 0.84
4 F 39 M4 68.98 80 28 0.78
5 M 36 M5 2.26 64 133 0.84
6 F 33 M5 9.10 80 21 0.88
7 F 57 M4 1.76 73 90 0.67
8 M 25 M4 70.30 113 117 0.84
9 M 63 M4 34.90 73 31 0.83
10 F 39 M4 61.60 79 16 0.42
11 F 35 M5 180.00 69 34 0.95

2.2. 细胞遗传学分析

11例患者行染色体G显带检查,结果见表 2

表 2.

MLL-AF6阳性AML患者细胞遗传学特点

Cytogenetic characteristics of AML patients with MLL-AF6 positive

Cytogenetic at diagnosis n (%) (n=11)
Normal karyotype 2 (18.2)
t(6;11)(q27;q23) abnormality 9 (81.8)
  t(6;11)(q27;q23), +8 4 (36.4)
  Complex karyotype 2 (18.2)
  t(6;11)(q27;q23) sole abnormality 2 (18.2)
  t(6;11)(q27;q23)t(2;13)(p25;q12) 1 (9.1)

2.3. 免疫分型分析

采用流式细胞术检测11例患者的免疫表型,表达CD34者8例(72.8%),表达HLA-DR者11例(100.0%),表达CD117者9例(81.8%),表达CD33+CD13者9例(81.8%),表达CD64者9例(81.8%),表达CD15者6例(54.5%),表达CD123者4例(36.4%),表达CD9者2例(18.2%),具体见表 3

表 3.

MLL-AF6阳性AML患者免疫表型、分子生物学特征及转归

Immunophenotypic, molecular biological characteristics and outcomes of AML patients with MLL-AF6 positive

No. Immunotype Level of MLL-AF6/% Level of EVI1/% Induction regimen CR allo-HSCT Outcome OS/month
CR, complete response; allo-HSCT, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; OS, overall survival; Y, yes; N, no; IA, idarubicin+cytarabine; Dac+CAG, decitabine+cytarabine+aclacinomycin+granulocyte colony stimulating factor; DA, daunorubicin+cytarabine.
1 CD34, CD13, CD33, HLA-DR, CD15, CD4 14.2 - IA Y Y Dead 9
2 CD34, CD123, CD117, CD13, CD33, HLA-DR, CD64, CD11b, cMPO 57.6 - IA Y Y Dead 14
3 CD117, CD13, CD33, HLA-DR, CD64, CD56, cMPO 59.3 151.6 IA N Y Dead 7
4 CD34, CD117, CD33, CD13, CD9, HLA-DR, CD38, CD15 68.0 289.4 IA Y Y Dead 13
5 CD117, CD33, CD38, CD15, HLA-DR, CD56, CD64, CD11, cCD4, CXCR4, CD11b 70.1 - Dac+CAG Y N Dead 5
6 CD34, CD123, CD117, CD13, CD33, HLA-DR, CD38, CD64 138.2 339.6 IA Y N Dead 9
7 CD117, CD13, CD33, CD38, HLA-DR, CD16, CD11b, CD15, CD4, CD64, CD36, CD56, cMPO 25.0 - Dac+CAG N Y Dead 9
8 CD34, CD13, CD33, HLA-DR, CD4, CD15 36.6 75.8 IA Y N Dead 5
9 CD34, CD123, CD117, CD13, CD33, HLA-DR, CD9, CD64, cMPO, CD36, CD11b 96.8 34.1 IA Y N Dead 16
10 CD34, CD123, CD117, CD33, CD13, CD38, HLA-DR, CD11b, CD36, CD64, CD11c, CD14, CD15 214.5 154.4 Dac+DA N N Alive 2
11 CD34, CD33, HLA-DR, CD4, CD11b, CD38, CD56, CD64 29.1 - IA Y N Alive 11

2.4. 分子生物学分析

11例患者均有MLL-AF6基因重排,初诊时MLL-AF6融合基因表达水平中位数47.1% (14.2%~214.5%),其中6/11例(54.5%)合并EVI1基因高表达,中位EVI1基因水平124.2% (75.8%~339.6%),见表 3。4例患者行二代测序,分别检出RNA剪切子(U2AF1突变1例次)、DNA甲基化(DNMT3ATET2IDH2突变各1例次)、染色质重塑(ASXL1 1例次)、Ras通路活化(KRAS 1例次)、DNA修复相关突变基因(TP53 1例次)、FMS样酪氨酸激酶3基因突变(FLT3-ITD 2例次)。

2.5. 治疗转归

11例患者接受常规诱导化疗,获得完全缓解8例(72.7%),其中1疗程获得完全缓解者5例(62.5%),3例患者原发耐药。

8例采用IA方案诱导化疗,4例应用去甲氧柔红霉素10 mg/m2,全部达到完全缓解,4例应用去甲氧柔红霉素8 mg/m2,其中2例达到完全缓解。2例采用地西他滨+CAG方案诱导化疗,1例达完全缓解。1例采用地西他滨+DA(柔红霉素+阿糖胞苷)方案化疗,1疗程获得完全缓解。

8例完全缓解的患者中2例MRD转阴,MLL-AF6基因转录水平降至0,1例中断化疗5个月后复发,口服IDH2抑制剂(enasidenib)1疗程无效,因病情进展死亡,生存时间17个月,另1例停止化疗后3个月复发,予地西他滨+西达苯胺+AA(阿克拉霉素+阿糖胞苷)方案再诱导后缓解(CR2),现生存时间达11个月。另外6例完全缓解的患者MRD始终未能转阴,MLL-AF6基因中位最低水平为0.11%(0.2%~4%),其中4例在巩固化疗中出现复发,巩固化疗以大剂量阿糖胞苷为主,中位应用1.5(1~3)疗程,中位巩固化疗2(2~5)疗程,中位完全缓解持续时间4.5(3~12)个月,复发后给予挽救化疗均无效。

2.6. allo-HSCT的疗效

5例患者行allo-HSCT,均为单倍体移植,预处理方案为改良白消安/环磷酰胺(BU/CY)方案,合并髓外浸润者联合全身放射治疗(total body irradiation,TBI)。患者进仓前状态:3例为难治复发白血病(皮肤浸润1例),2例完全缓解但MRD阳性,其中1例移植后3个月基因由阴性再次转阳,合并颅内感染死亡,生存时间12个月,另1例移植后半年血液学复发,给予供者淋巴细胞输注,死于肝脏及肠道移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-host disease, GVHD),生存时间9个月。3例难治性复发行挽救性移植的患者均于移植后1个月分子学转阳,1例于植活后再次出现皮肤浸润,1例合并中枢浸润,均死于原发病进展,生存时间分别为6个月、11个月、13个月。

2.7. 生存期

截至末次随访时间,11例患者中9例死亡,2例存活,中位生存时间9(4~17)个月。

3. 讨论

分子突变和遗传学异常已成为急性白血病分层和预后评估的重要工具。11q23/MLL急性白血病因其独特的生物学特性备受关注,2001版《WHO造血与淋巴组织肿瘤分类》将AML伴11q23/MLL异常作为一个独立亚型,归入伴重现性细胞遗传学异常的AML[6]。Meyer等[2]的研究发现,MLL基因重排AML中常见的染色体易位有MLL-AF9/t(9;11)、MLL-AF6/t(6;11)、MLL-AF10/t(10;11)、MLL-ELL/t(11;19)、MLL-ENL/t(11;19),不同”伙伴”基因构成的亚型间具有不同的临床特点、治疗反应及预后[7-8]

美国国立综合癌症网(National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN)及欧洲白血病网(European LeukemiaNet, ELN)的相关指南均将最常见的t(9;11)归于预后中危组,其余t(v; 11q23)划在预后高危组,而t(9;11)之外的各亚群间的生物学特点并不完全相同,对t(11q23)AML患者进行准确的风险分层并采取相应的治疗决策是临床面临的挑战。MLL-AF6/t(6;11)亚型有着独特的临床特征,风险高,预后差[7-10],有必要对其进行更深入的了解和认识,本研究总结的11例患者为目前国内关于此类疾病较大病例数的报道。

本组资料中,MLL-AF6阳性AML患者均为M4、M5型,占我院同期急性白血病的2.1%,占AML的2.6%,髓外浸润多见,初诊时中位白细胞计数55.50×109/L(1.76×109/L~180.00×109/L),免疫表型无特异性,主要表达髓系、干细胞抗原及单核细胞分化抗原,以上临床特点与以往文献报道一致[9-10],此外,检测到36.4%(4/11例)的白血病干细胞抗原CD123的表达,可能与疾病的发生、发展、治疗耐药以及复发有关。

有文献报道t(6;11)病例中通常少见伴随异常染色体,如伴随异常染色体,也以数目异常多见,少见结构异常[9-10]。本组患者中发现1例t(6;11)(q27;q23)伴t(2;13)(p25;q12),有关t(6;11)伴随其他染色体平衡易位异常国内外尚未见报道,其临床意义需积累更多病例以观察论证。Gröschel等[11]报道EVI1基因与t(11q23)染色体异常显著相关,以t(6;11)和t(9;11)多见,MLL融合蛋白可能使EVI1处于活跃转录状态,MLL重排白血病的干细胞样生物学特性使其具有更强的化疗耐药性,标准化疗难以清除恶性克隆。EVI1异常表达不独立影响完全缓解率,但在总体t(11q23)和t(9;11)AML中,EVI1异常高表达预示更差的总生存期和更高的累积复发率,EVI1+MLL重排AML能从第一次完全缓解(CR1)后异基因移植中获益。对于EVI1异常高表达在t(6;11)AML中的独立预后意义目前尚不明确。本组资料也发现MLL-AF6 AML中有54.5%(6/11例)合并EVI1基因高表达,但由于病例数少,未发现其与生存的相关性。

与伴有其他11q23平衡易位的AML相比,接受常规化疗的t(6;11)AML诱导治疗缓解率并不低,但复发率明显增高,导致其预后更差[7, 11]。Blum等[9]报道了16例t(6;11)AML患者,其中31%(5/16例)于诱导早期死亡,69%(11/16例)存活者均获完全缓解,中位总生存期、无事件生存期、无病生存期分别为11个月、6个月、9个月,1年总生存率为44%,2年总生存率为13%,未接受和接受至少1次大剂量阿糖胞苷治疗的患者中位无病生存期相似,分别为8个月和9个月。

本组资料显示,11例患者经诱导化疗完全缓解率可达72.7%,以IA方案诱导化疗,与应用去甲氧柔红霉素8 mg/m2的患者相比,应用10 mg/m2的4例患者全部达到完全缓解,提示8 mg/m2去甲氧柔红霉素诱导治疗存在剂量不足。完全缓解后的患者给予至少1疗程大剂量阿糖胞苷巩固治疗,8例完全缓解的患者中仅有2例达到MRD阴性,中位完全缓解的持续时间仅为4.5个月,提示常规巩固化疗方案难以清除MRD,而MRD始终未能转阴的患者极易出现早期复发,给予CLAG方案强挽救化疗也难以缓解。

Manara等[12]发现,MLL-AF6通过二聚作用和AF6异常定位使Ras信号异常激活。本组资料中有1例患者存在KRAS突变,目前已有针对Ras通路的靶向治疗,进行MLL-AF6细胞自噬和凋亡的探索性研究[1]。Neff等[13]的研究揭示了表观遗传学异常在MLL融合蛋白介导的白血病发生中起着重要作用,本研究也观察到1例患者化疗联合去甲基化及组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂治疗取得了较好疗效,4个月达到分子学缓解,停药后无病生存期3个月,甚至在复发后再诱导1疗程仍能再获完全缓解,提示联合表观遗传药物治疗也许能解决传统化疗的耐药性,值得进一步探索。此外,对于1例MLL-AF6合并FLT3-ITD突变患者,在1疗程IA方案诱导化疗无效后给予FLT3抑制剂(ASP2215)口服,1疗程治疗后评估骨髓CRi(即骨髓形态学完全缓解,但血细胞计数未完全恢复),后续疗效有待进一步观察。

对于allo-HSCT是否能克服MLL-AF6 AML的不良预后,不同研究存在不同结论。Krauter等[14]认为,对于t(6;11)阴性以及低中危风险患者,CR1后的allo-HSCT可显著延长无复发生存期,而对于高危和t(6;11)阳性患者,CR1后的allo-HSCT强化治疗并不能影响总生存期和无复发生存期。欧洲骨髓移植登记处(Bone Marrow Transplant Registry,EBMT)的研究结果显示,即使在CR1期进行移植,t(6;11)AML的2年复发率仍高达50%,t(6;11)AML和t(10;11)AML仍是影响MLL基因重排患者移植后预后的独立危险因素,应考虑选择新的移植方法以减少高复发率,增强allo-HSCT后的移植物抗白血病(graft versus leukemia, GVL)效应,或进入临床试验[7]。也有研究得出不同的结论,日本Tamai等[15]回顾性分析了9例小于60岁的t(6;11)AML患者CR1后allo-HSCT的疗效,结果显示与未接受allo-HSCT的患者相比,1年无病生存期为60.0% vs. 0,2年总生存期为66.6% vs. 0(P=0.045), 接受allo-HSCT的患者45个月的总生存期为44.4%,而未接受allo-HSCT的患者总生存期为0。本研究中5例行allo-HSCT的患者无论是难治复发还是移植前MRD阳性者,移植后均出现血液学复发,因此我们认为,融合基因持续阳性或阴性再次转阳均预示出现早期复发,持续分子学阴性状态下尽早行allo-HSCT可能会获得长期完全缓解[16]

综上所述,MLL-AF6 AML是MLL重排AML中的一种特殊亚型,FAB分型以M4、M5多见,起病多伴发热、髓外浸润,初诊时多见白细胞计数升高,常伴随EVI1基因异常高表达,常规化疗缓解率不低,但难以消除MRD,缓解时间短,极易早期复发,强化再诱导缓解困难,患者生存期短,预后差,新药的开发以及优化与完善造血干细胞移植也许是克服MLL-AF6 AML不良预后的希望所在。

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