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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2021 Aug 16;53(5):877–882. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2021.05.011

胫骨假体的不同后倾角度对内侧间室单髁置换术后膝关节功能的影响

Effect of posterior tibial slope on the short-term outcome in mobile-bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

Hao WU 1,*, Li-ping PAN 1,*, Heng LIU 1, Talatibaike·MAIMAITIJUMA 1, Hong-bin WANG 1, Tai-guo NING 1, Yong-ping CAO 1,*
PMCID: PMC8517679  PMID: 34650288

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the relationship between postoperative knee function and the sagittal position of tibial component in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA).

Methods

We retrospectively enrolled the patients who underwent UKA from January 2016 to May 2020. They were assigned into 2 groups according to postoperative posterior tibial slope (PTS): the normal PTS group (PTS≥3° and PTS < 8°) and the abnormal PTS group (PTS < 3° or ≥8°). The patients were followed up for at least 12 months. The postoperative Knee Society Clinical Score (KSS-C), Knee Society Functional Score (KSS-F) and knee range of motion (ROM) were compared between the two groups.

Results

A total of 72 patients (82 knees) were included with 51 patients (58 knees) in PTS normal group and 21 patients (24 knees) in PTS abnormal group. All the patients were followed up with median of 23.6 months. There was no significant difference in the general data [gender, age, body mass index (BMI)], pre-operative knee range of motion, preoperative KSS-C score and KSS-F score (P > 0.01). The KSS-C score, KSS-F score, and knee range of motion significantly improved after surgery (P < 0.01) for all the patients. The postoperative KSS-C score in normal PTS group (88.76±2.79) was significantly higher than the KSS-C score in abnormal PTS group (84.42±3.35, P < 0.01), but no significant difference between the 2 groups was observed in postoperative KSS-F score and knee range of motion (P > 0.01). In addition, there was no correlation between the change of PTS and postoperative KSS-C score (r=-0.034, 95%CI: -0.247 to 0.186, P = 0.759), KSS-F score (r = -0.014, 95%CI: -0.238 to 0.198, P = 0.901) and knee range of motion (r= 0.045, 95%CI: -0.214 to 0.302, P = 0.686).

Conclusion

The posterior tibial slope between 3° and < 8° can be recommended to improve knee joint function in mobile UKA, and excessive or insufficient PTS should be avoided.

Keywords: Knee osteoarthritis, Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, Posterior tibial slope, Postoperative knee joint function


膝关节单髁置换术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,UKA)是目前治疗早期内侧单间室膝关节骨关节病的常用方法之一,其具有创伤小、恢复快、不改变膝关节原有运动学方式等特点,因此在最近几年受到了关节外科医生的广泛关注和使用[1]。影响UKA术后效果的因素很多,包括医生的手术经验、假体的选择、患者的体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、关节假体的安放位置等[2-3],其中关节假体的安放位置是影响术后效果的最重要因素之一。目前,大多数的研究集中于UKA术后假体位置对下肢冠状面力线的影响,这些研究均建议UKA术后维持轻度的膝关节固有内翻,避免畸形过度矫正,从而在改善膝关节功能的同时提高假体的长期生存率[4-5]。然而,对于假体在矢状面上的位置,尤其是胫骨假体在矢状面的后倾角度,目前国内外相关研究仍较为缺乏,且结果并不一致。

牛津(Oxford)单髁假体目前在临床上应用最广泛,一系列的研究显示其术后10年生存率可以高达90%以上[2, 6]。牛津(Oxford)单髁的胫骨假体后倾角(posterior tibial slope, PTS)在设计时被固定为7°,与术前患者自身的PTS无关。然而,由于术中操作中存在的偏差,术后胫骨假体PTS通常会出现增大或减小,而这一变化对手术后治疗效果的影响尚不明确,因此,本研究旨在通过对在北京大学第一医院行牛津(Oxford)单髁置换术患者手术后胫骨假体位置的研究,探讨术后胫骨假体PTS对UKA术后效果的影响。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 一般资料

本研究回顾性分析了2016年1月1日至2020年5月31日在北京大学第一医院骨科因膝关节内侧单间室骨关节病行牛津(Oxford)单髁置换术的患者,纳入的所有病例均由同一位主任医师完成手术。通过电子病历系统查询记录患者的性别、年龄、BMI、手术前后膝关节的活动范围、膝关节协会临床评分(Knee Society Clinical Score,KSS-C)、膝关节协会功能评分(Knee Society Functional Score,KSS-F)、术后胫骨假体PTS及手术前后PTS变化值。根据术后PTS分为两组:PTS标准组为术后PTS≥3°且<8°,PTS异常组为术后PTS<3°或≥8°;同时,PTS异常组还被分为PTS降低组(PTS<3°)和PTS升高组(PTS≥8°)。

1.2. 纳入及排除标准

纳入标准:(1)疼痛局限于膝关节内侧;(2)临床诊断为膝关节内侧单间室骨关节病或股骨内侧髁局灶性骨坏死;(3)术前检查及术中探查提示前交叉韧带功能完整;(4)内翻畸形<15°,且外翻应力下可被矫正。排除标准:(1)类风湿性关节炎等累及整个膝关节的炎性疾病;(2)可疑膝关节感染;(3)术前检查提示存在明显髌股关节病变或膝关节外侧间室病变;(4)临床资料不全或缺失的病例。

1.3. 手术方法及术后处理

本研究纳入患者所使用的假体均为牛津(Oxford)活动平台单髁假体(Zimmer-Biomet公司,美国)。手术采取椎管内麻醉或全身麻醉,患者取平卧位,患肢置于腿架上,小腿自然下垂,屈膝超过110°,常规使用止血带。手术采用髌旁内侧小切口,长约6~8 cm,进入关节后常规探查前交叉韧带及髌股关节、内外侧间室病变情况。胫骨侧截骨常规采用髓外定位法,截骨导向器固定为7°后倾,胫骨内侧截骨厚度为胫骨内侧平台磨损最严重处下方2~3 mm。用骨勺测量确定股骨假体大小,使用股骨髓内截骨导向器定位、钻孔,制作股骨截骨面。确认屈伸间隙相等后,安装股骨侧和胫骨侧假体试模,确认合适的垫片厚度。脉冲冲洗器冲洗关节腔,调合抗生素骨水泥,安装胫骨、股骨假体及活动垫片。彻底冲洗切口并止血,留置引流管,屈膝30°逐层关闭切口。术后常规抗凝预防血栓,预防性使用抗生素,24 h内拔除引流,尽快进行主动及被动膝关节康复训练。

1.4. 影像学测量

PTS测量:患者手术后均常规行标准膝关节正侧位X线检查。由于目前PTS测量方法存在差异,本研究选择胫骨近端解剖轴线作为矢状面胫骨的机械力线(图 1),即距膝关节面远端5~15 cm处胫骨前后皮质外缘的中点连线,胫骨近端解剖轴线的垂线与胫骨假体之间的夹角即为PTS[7]

图 1.

胫骨后倾角的测量

Measurement of posterior tibial slope

The proximal anatomical axis of tibia is the line connecting midpoints of outer cortical diameter at 5 and 15 cm distal to the knee joint. ∠α is the angle between the proximal anatomical axis of tibia and the tibial prosthesis. Posterior tibial slope (PTS) is the angle between the vertical line of proximal anatomical axis of tibia and the tibial prosthesis. PTS = 90 °-∠α.

图 1

1.5. 术后随访

术后1、3、6、12个月对患者进行门诊或电话随访,之后每年随访1次。随访中记录患者膝关节活动范围、KSS-C评分和KSS-F评分,以评价患者手术后治疗效果。

1.6. 统计学分析

对所有数据采用SPSS 19.0统计软件(IBM公司,美国)进行分析。根据术后PTS分组,对两组病例的一般情况(包括年龄、性别、BMI等因素)及术前指标进行χ2检验和t 检验以确定两组患者是否均衡。对所有病例术前、术后的膝关节活动范围、KSS-C评分及KSS-F评分采用配对t检验以比较各项指标手术前后变化;对组间病例膝关节活动范围、KSS-C评分及KSS-F评分进行独立样本t检验。采用Pearson相关性分析比较手术前后PTS变化值与术后膝关节活动范围、KSS-C评分及KSS-F评分的相关性,以P<0.01为差异具有统计学意义。

2. 结果

本研究共纳入72例患者(82膝),所有患者均完成随访,最短随访时间12个月,中位随访时间23.6个月。在随访过程中,2例患者发生症状性肺栓塞,无病例出现假体周围感染、假体松动、假体周围骨折、垫片脱位等其他严重并发症。术后PTS标准组51例患者(58膝),PTS异常组21例患者(24膝),其中PTS降低组2例患者(2膝),PTS升高组19例患者(22膝)。与PTS标准组相比,PTS异常组及PTS升高组病例在性别、年龄、BMI、术前膝关节活动范围、术前PTS、术前KSS-C评分、术前KSS-F评分上差异无统计学意义(表 1)。由于PTS降低组只纳入2例膝关节,本研究未将其与PTS标准组膝关节进行分析比较。

表 1.

患者术前一般资料比较

Details of the patients in the study

Items PTS≥3° and<8° (n=58) PTS<3° or ≥8° (n=24) PTS≥8°(n=22) P 1 P 2
P1, the comparison between the cases with PTS≥3° and PTS<8° and the cases with PTS<3° or ≥8°;P2, the comparison between the cases with PTS≥3° and PTS<8° and the cases with PTS≥8°; BMI, body mass index; ROM, range of motion; KSS-C, Knee Society Clinical Score; KSS-F, Knee Society Functional Score; PTS, posterior tibial slope.
Age/years, x±s 65.78±8.69 63.91±5.54 63.27±5.32 0.336 0.211
BMI/(kg/m2),x±s 26.58±3.56 26.45±3.23 26.59±3.34 0.870 0.994
Gender, n 0.080 0.198
  Male 18 3 3
  Femal 40 21 19
Preoperative knee ROM /(°),x±s 105.08±17.86 107.29±17.38 107.72±17.30 0.610 0.553
Preoperative KSS-C score, x±s 57.31±6.74 58.12±6.99 58.36±7.18 0.624 0.542
Preoperative KSS-F score, x±s 54.13±12.64 54.37±12.01 54.54±11.94 0.938 0.896
Preoperative PTS/ (°),x±s 7.27±2.43 8.17±2.74 8.80±0.64 0.144 0.149

所有病例术后12个月随访时,膝关节活动范围、KSS-C评分、KSS-F评分均较术前显著改善(表 2)。与PTS异常组相比,PTS标准组病例具有更高的术后KSS-C评分,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001),但在术后KSS-F评分、膝关节活动范围上,两组间差异无统计学意义。同时,与PTS异常组中PTS升高的病例相比,PTS标准组患者也具有更高的术后KSS-C评分,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001,表 3)。

表 2.

纳入患者手术前后各项指标比较

The comparison between preoperative and postoperative results

Items Preoperation Postoperation P
PTS, posterior tibial slope; ROM, range of motion; KSS-C, Knee Society Clinical Score; KSS-F, Knee Society Functional Score.
PTS /(°),x±s 7.54±2.54 6.54±1.83 0.002
Knee ROM /(°),x±s 105.73±17.64 121.04±12.04 <0.001
KSS-C Score, x±s 57.55±6.78 87.49±3.56 <0.001
KSS-F Score, x±s 54.21±12.38 81.22±10.05 <0.001

表 3.

各组患者术后相关指标的比较

The comparison of clinical results in each group

Items PTS≥3° and<8° (n=58) PTS<3° or ≥8° (n=24) PTS≥8°(n=22) P 1 P 2
P1, the comparison between the cases with PTS≥3° and PTS<8° and the cases with PTS<3° or ≥8°;P2, the comparison between the cases with PTS≥3° and PTS<8° and the cases with PTS≥8°; PTS, posterior tibial slope; ROM, range of motion; KSS-C, Knee Society Clinical Score; KSS-F, Knee Society Functional Score.
Postoperative PTS/ (°),x±s 5.84±1.18 8.23±2.04 8.80±0.64 <0.001 <0.001
Change of PTS/(°),x±s 2.13±1.67 2.83±1.84 2.54±1.64 0.099 0.324
Postoperative knee ROM/(°),x±s 121.12±12.67 120.83±10.60 120.91±11.09 0.922 0.945
Postoperative KSS-C score, x±s 88.76±2.79 84.42±3.35 84.41±3.33 <0.001 <0.001
Postoperative KSS-F score, x±s 81.55±9.79 80.42±10.83 80.45±10.90 0.645 0.666

由于纳入患者在手术前后PTS发生了显著性变化(P=0.002),我们也评估了手术前后PTS变化值与术后各项指标的相关性。经检测,PTS变化值与术后KSS-C评分(r=-0.034,95%CI:-0.247~0.186,P=0.759)、KSS-F评分(r=-0.014,95%CI:-0.238~0.198,P=0.901)、膝关节活动范围(r=0.045,95%CI:-0.214~0.302,P=0.686)均无相关性。

3. 讨论

目前,针对仅累及膝关节内侧或外侧单个间室的早中期骨关节病,UKA由于其创伤小、恢复快、翻修简单等优点受到了关节外科医生的广泛关注和应用。虽然UKA存在诸多优势,但与全膝关节置换术相比,其假体的长期生存率较低[8-9],因此,许多学者对影响UKA术后效果的因素进行了研究,发现假体位置对手术效果及假体生存率具有显著影响。对于胫骨假体在冠状面的位置,目前大量的临床研究及有限元分析均指出,3°~4°的轻度内翻可能具有最佳的临床效果,过大的内翻可能导致假体的早期松动,而外翻将导致外侧间室骨关节炎的进展[10-11]

然而,与UKA冠状位力线的有关研究相比,目前有关UKA术中胫骨假体在矢状面位置的研究尚没有定论。马路遥等[12]研究指出,UKA术后胫骨假体PTS的过度增大与膝关节功能呈明显的负相关,建议UKA术中应避免胫骨假体PTS过大。与此结果类似,马广文等[13]研究也指出,与常规的后倾7°截骨相比,采用胫骨3°截骨的UKA患者术后1年具有更好的膝关节功能。由此可见,PTS的过度增大可能对UKA术后膝关节功能产生影响。另外,最近许多研究认为PTS与关节假体的生存率密切相关。Hernigou等[14]在对99例UKA患者长达16年的随访中发现,胫骨假体的过度后倾会导致胫骨前移增大,增加前交叉韧带断裂的风险,并最终导致假体松动翻修的概率增加。他们建议在UKA术中,胫骨假体PTS应该小于7°,尤其是当前交叉韧带可疑功能不全时。一项纳入599例膝关节并随访10年的研究发现,PTS大于5°与UKA术后假体长期生存率的降低存在明显的相关性[15]。Sekiguchi等[16]进行的一项体外模拟试验证明,胫骨假体PTS增大可以导致膝关节在活动过程中胫骨前移增加,前交叉韧带及内侧副韧带浅层前束的张力增大,以及股骨相对胫骨内外侧位移的增加,这都可能导致关节稳定性下降、假体生存率降低。另外,多个有限元分析也指出,UKA术中胫骨假体PTS增大会导致胫骨假体与胫骨近端松质骨接触位置应力增加,从而导致假体的早期松动[17];胫骨假体PTS过大也可以导致胫骨近端von Mises应力(一种根据第四强度理论得到的当量应力,当材料内部某处这个应力大于其能承受最大值时,材料在此处可能发生应变)增大,导致假体周围骨折[18],这些都可能导致UKA术后假体生存率下降。以上这些研究虽然没能确定最佳的术后胫骨假体PTS,但均不建议过大的PTS,推荐PTS应该小于8°,但是,PTS的过度减小也同样可能带来不良的结果。一项基于导航辅助的临床研究指出,术后PTS的过度减小虽然与UKA术后膝关节活动范围的绝对值无关,但可能导致术后膝关节活动范围较术前降低[19]。另外一项体外研究则指出,过度减小的PTS可能导致活动平台单髁假体衬垫后方磨损的增加,从而导致假体生存率的下降[20]。综合以上这些研究,胫骨假体PTS在3°~8°的范围内被临床医生广泛采纳。

最新的研究指出,正常膝关节PTS可能存在明显的个体化差异,UKA术中胫骨假体PTS的确定应该综合多种因素进行考虑。一项基于2 395例UKA患者CT检查的研究指出,如果在UKA术中常规采用5°~7°的胫骨后倾,将会有47%患者的PTS小于其术前自然状态的PTS[21]。Lo Presti等[22]在对24例无菌松动的UKA病例进行分析后发现,手术前后PTS的变化值与UKA假体的失败存在明显的相关性。最近的一项有限元分析则指出,胫骨假体PTS的增大会导致膝关节屈曲早期髌骨外移的增加,UKA术中PTS的确定应当综合术前PTS、髌股关节情况、韧带稳定性等多种因素进行考虑[23]

在本研究中,我们仍然采用了常规的固定3°~<8°后倾的方法进行胫骨截骨,本研究的所有病例均为同一名主任医师完成,保证了手术结果的可重复性。与前述的研究结果相近,在本研究中,我们发现术后PTS在标准的3°~<8°范围内的病例比PTS超出此范围的病例具有更好的KSS-C评分。我们对PTS异常的病例进行了亚组分析发现,胫骨假体过度后倾病例的KSS-C评分显著低于PTS在标准范围内的病例,但是,由于本研究只纳入了2例PTS降低的病例,无法评估PTS过度减小对术后膝关节功能的影响。另外,我们还对手术前后PTS的变化值对术后膝关节功能的影响进行了分析,发现PTS的变化值与患者术后的膝关节功能、活动范围等并无明显相关性,这可能是由于牛津(Oxford)单髁假体为活动平台假体,其在活动时较固定平台单髁假体能够更好地适应股骨及胫骨假体间的相对位移,因此,我们认为UKA术中采用标准的3°~<8°胫骨假体PTS是合理的。

本研究也同样存在一些不足:(1)本研究为回顾性研究。(2)本研究测量PTS时采用的是膝关节侧位X线片,较胫骨全长侧位片、CT等方法存在一定程度的误差,因此,我们采用了胫骨近端解剖轴线作为测量PTS的依据,这被证实是最接近胫骨矢状位力线测量的方法[7]。(3)本研究在讨论假体矢状面位置时,仅讨论了胫骨假体PTS对UKA术后膝关节功能的影响,并未讨论股骨假体矢状面相关指标,如股骨后髁偏心距(posterior condylar offset,PCO)等指标的协同影响。Khow等[24]研究显示,PTS与PCO对UKA术后膝关节功能、活动范围具有一定的协同影响,该研究者建议,当UKA术后PTS在2°~8°时,PCO较术前变化值应小于1.5 mm;当PTS小于2°时,PCO应较术前减小1 mm;而当PTS大于8°时,PCO应当维持不变。对于这些指标,我们也将在今后的研究中进一步分析。(4)本研究样本量相对较小,随访时间较短,导致所得结果存在一定局限性,需要今后扩大样本量、延长随访时间进一步研究。

综上所述,采用牛津(Oxford)单髁假体的UKA手术能够显著改善膝关节骨关节病患者的膝关节功能及活动范围。胫骨假体在矢状位的最佳位置尚无法确定,我们推荐采用3°~<8°的PTS以使患者获得更好的术后膝关节功能,术中应避免胫骨假体PTS的过度增大或减小。

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