Chicken or the egg? Critical illness and mental health

What came first, the chicken or the egg? Clinicians sometimes use this ancient Greek paradox to describe the problem of cause-and-effect in long-term impairments of survivors of critical illness—especially with regard to mental health disorders. What is evident is that surviving critical illness is associated with negative effects on cognition, mobility, and mental health; what has become known as Post-Intensive Care Syndrome (PICS). [1] Functional outcomes have become a fundamental patient-centered component of life-sustaining treatment success as functional decline is an unacceptable treatment price for many patients. [2] Understanding associations between psychiatric morbidity and critical illness is a vital step in developing interventions to optimize outcomes after critical illness.

Existing systematic reviews of critical illness survivors suggest that clinically significant symptoms of post-traumatic stress, depression, and anxiety are, respectively, seen in 20%, 30%, and 35% of survivors. [3–6] Unsurprisingly, psychiatric morbidity prior to critical illness has emerged as one predictor of subsequent mental disorders and symptoms. [7] However, the understanding of prevalence and causal associations of mental disorders and critical illness remains limited by available research.

A core challenge in this research is establishing accurate mental health baselines preceding acute, unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalizations. Even in large well-controlled trials, investigators struggle to accurately estimate the pre-admission status of their participants. Pre-morbid mental health and functional abilities are typically obtained through third-party assessment in prospective trials. The frailty assessment from Brummel and colleague’s work on functional outcome is one successful example. [8] In the ideal world, the assessment is performed by a proxy that has close contact to the patient, but reality often looks different. The resulting data are to be considered an estimate rather than a precise measurement.

In this issue of Intensive Care Medicine, Olafson and colleagues present a large population-based retrospective study of nearly 50,000 ICU patients examining treatment for mental disorders in the 5 years prior to and following critical illness. Treated prevalence of mental disorders before and after critical illness was compared with cohorts of non-ICU hospitalized patients and the general population. For the ICU patients, in the 5 years following critical illness, there was significant increase in treated prevalence of mental disorders from the 5 years prior, and compared to both cohorts. [9]

Most studies of mental health after critical illness utilize public health registries which opens them to various sources of bias, namely, quality of coding, underreporting of key outcomes, incorrect diagnoses, and misclassification. The use of treated prevalence, however, reflects care reality in “real-life” and it is no exaggeration to describe the documented prevalence of mental disorders described by Olafson and colleagues as catastrophic. An important caveat is that the data only reflect the situation in one Canadian province and absolute values cannot be generalized, but it should at least encourage clinical researchers to repeat this analysis in their own context.

The episodic nature of many mental disorders makes the extended 5-year period design especially strong. Considering Olafson’s data, mental disorders are dynamic and treated prevalence changes in the 5 years prior to ICU admission nearly as much as post-discharge. There is an increased prevalence of mental disorders before and after critical illness, which dovetails with findings from previous studies—the prevalence varies, but the data consistently show this signal. [10]

What is also unique about the work is that the authors did not limit their assessment to mood and anxiety disorders (including the comparably well-studied PTSD), but extended their research to treatment of other mental disorders, including psychosis and substance-induced disorders. For future studies, this is extremely valuable as it extends the scope of mental health outcomes. The findings of this restrospective analysis show a demand for prospective studies to quantify and assess post-index admission outcomes in survivors of critical illness. To achieve this, we need to further implement core outcome measurement sets for PICS. [11]

For patients, the most important question might be if they have access to care and adequate critical care survivor therapy. This remains a true challenge for the future and is likely an unmet demand. Despite critical care being an interdisciplinary and multi-professional subject in the acute phase, critical care personnel (i.e., physicians and nurses) are usually cut off from subsequent healthcare. While ICU follow-up clinics do exist in some care models (e.g., United Kingdom), the majority of critical care survivors do not have access to ICU follow-up clinics [12–14]. PICS awareness in outpatient care has probably increased due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and long-haul COVID-19. [15] While there is a greater scientific focus on specific COVID-19 consequences, Olafson’s work shows that long-term mental health consequences are not a COVID-19-specific phenomenon at all. In addition, one observes that mortality after initial survival is extremely high, as nearly half of the cohort perished before follow-up time completion. The reduction in mental health burden over time might simply be the sad result of the high mortality.

In summary, Olafson and colleagues’ study shows that mental health is a highly relevant topic in the context of intensive care. It is not so much about the “chicken or the egg,” as it is the sheer magnitude of the problem and, consequently, need for prevention and intervention to ensure adequate care. We need a better understanding of the trajectory of mental health in the context of critical illness. To achieve better understanding, we must collaborate to (1) advocate and support a clinical follow-up for all ICU patients, (2) invest in further research, and (3) bolster awareness through education initiatives. Finally, intensive care is not only a matter of life and death but also of quality of life and adequate care for our patients. This paper requires us to focus more on mental health outcomes moving forward.

Declarations

Conflicts of interest

BW reports personal fees from Orion Pharma outside the submitted work. EP reports no conflicts of interest.