Table 1.

The role of different forms of autophagy in AML development

Autophagy modulation	autophagy-modulating method	leukemic model	key finding	role of autophagy in AML	Refs
autophagy suppression	shRNA against ATG7	mice with OCI-AML3 cells	Autophagy suppression prolongs survival after chemotherapy	promoting leukemia	[9]
autophagy suppression	Spautin-1	mice with OCI-AML3 cells	Autophagy suppression prolongs survival after chemotherapy	promoting leukemia	[10]
autophagy suppression	atg5 or atg7-floxed	mice with BM transplantation of BM cells transduced with MLL-ENL	Autophagy suppression delays AML progression and decreases frequencies of leukemia initiating cells	promoting leukemia	[15]
autophagy suppression	shRNA against ATG5 or ATG7	umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells	Autophagy suppression reduces the frequencies of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells	suppressing leukemogenesis	[131]
mitophagy suppression	sqstm1−/−	mice with BM transplantation of ldMBM cells transduced with MN1	Loss of SQSTM1 restored leukemia development	promoting leukemia	[19]
mitophagy suppression	shRNA against FIS1	MOLM-13 and primary AML cells	Absence of FIS1 attenuates self-renewal capacity of leukemia stem cells and induce myeloid differentiation	promoting leukemia	[14]
mitophagy suppression	Chloroquine, Lys05, and bafilomycin A1	MOLM-13 cells	Targeting mitophagy contributes to enhanced anti-leukemic effects of autophagy inhibitors to AML cells under hypoxia	promoting leukemia	[20]
CMA improvement	LAMP2 expression plasmid	OCI-AML2 cells	Overexpression of LAMP2 restores sensitivity to chemotherapy and increase cell death	suppressing leukemia	[28]
CMA improvement	HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG	NB4 cells	CMA degrades mutant TP53 under metabolic stress	suppressing leukemia	[30]