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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2021 Aug 31;41(9):1394–1399. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.09.15

RUNX2/LAPTM5在小鼠颅骨前成骨细胞矿化诱导中的表达

Expression of RUNX2/LAPTM5 in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells with induced mineralization

Lei XING 1, Yuanming GENG 2, Wenhao LI 3, Lijia LIN 3, Pingping XU 3,*
PMCID: PMC8526321  PMID: 34658355

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the association of the expressions of RUNX2/LAPTM5 with osteogenesis and lysosomes in osteoblastic cells during mineralization induction.

Methods

MC3T3- E1 cells cultured in osteogenic induction medium was examined for mineralization and osteogenic differentiation using Alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, respectively. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of Runx2 and LAPTM5 in the cells during osteogenic induction for 5 days. The effects of overexpression and interference of RUNX2/ LAPTM5 on the expressions of ALP and osteocalcin (OCN) in the cells were examined with Western blotting.

Results

MC3T3- E1 cells cultured in osteogenic induction medium showed an increased number of mineralized nodules over time, and the size of the mineralized nodules increased as the culture time extended; the number of purple-blue granules stained by ALP also increased gradually with time. RT-qPCR and Western blotting showed that the expressions of RUNX2 and LAPTM5 in the cells increased progressively during osteogenic mineralization (P < 0.001). Overexpression and interference of RUNX2 obviously affected LAPTM5 expression in the cells (P < 0.05); modulation of LAPTM5 expression did not significantly affect RUNX2 expression but caused significant changes in ALP and OCN expressions (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

RUNX2 /LAPTM5 may participate in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation, and RUNX2 may be involved in the regulation of LAPTM5 expression. RUNX2 /LAPTM5 may play a mediating role in the process of osteogenic mineralization involving lysosomes.

Keywords: RUNX2, LAPTM5, osteogenesis, lysosomes


LAPTM5(lysosomal protein transmembrane 5)参与调节胞吞胞吐作用,是溶酶体中的重要蛋白[1-4]。它介导细胞蛋白的吸收和降解[5, 6],并通过与泛素连接酶Nedd4结合后,参与到溶酶体的蛋白质运输[7, 8]

Runt相关的转录因子2(RUNX2)是成骨过程中最关键的主转录因子之一[9-12],可以调节成骨细胞的分化[13, 14]。本课题组的前期研究证明,RUNX2可以反式激活LAPTM5[15]

溶酶体是细胞内降解的必需细胞器,它与含有胶原蛋白的囊泡被共定位到一起,在抗坏血酸(AA)诱导的成骨细胞分化过程中,抑制其扩散可以减轻细胞的成骨分化程度[16]。但该过程的内在分子机制尚不清楚。

牙齿矿化过程中,磷酸钙晶体由细胞的外囊泡(EV)转运,在纤维状细胞外基质(ECM)中逐渐沉积,溶酶体蛋白Lamp1和Lamp2a在矿化细胞的EV中高表达,提示溶酶体可能在细胞矿化过程中发挥作用[17]

LAPTM5是否也在细胞矿化过程中发挥作用?RUNX2是否通过LAPTM5使溶酶体加速EV的产生,从而将胞内的磷酸钙盐排出从而完成矿化,促进成骨分化,这些问题尚未见研究。本研究采用茜素红染色、碱性磷酸酶染色、RT-qPCR以及Western blot等方法分析RUNX2如何通过调控LAPTM5的表达影响成骨分化。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 材料

小鼠颅骨前成骨细胞亚克隆14(MC3T3-E1 Subclone l4),小鼠MC3T3-E1细胞成骨诱导分化培养基,改良型MEM培养基(а-MEM),胎牛血清(FBS),青霉素链霉素,磷酸盐缓冲液PBS,胰酶,曲拉通Triton X-100,BCIP/NBT碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)显色,茜素红钙染色试剂盒(上海杰美基因医药科技有限公司),逆转录试剂盒(Takara),CO2恒温孵育箱(Sanyo),核酸蛋白定量检测仪以及高速离心机(Eppendorf),实时荧光定量PCR系统(Applied Biosystem)。载体Laptm5-over、Laptm-sh、RUNX2-over、RUNX2-sh(广州市双全生物科技有限公司)

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 细胞培养

细胞接种于含1%抗生素和10%胎牛血清(完全培养基)的α-MEM培养瓶中,每2 d更换1次培养液。当细胞达到90%融合时,即可传代。

1.2.2. 成骨分化诱导培养

取生长状态良好的第3代MC3T3-E1以每孔1×105细胞接种于6孔培养板,待细胞贴壁后更换为含不同剂量Cyagen细胞成骨诱导分化培养基,每2 d换液1次。分为对照组(基础培养基)、成骨诱导剂组(基础培养基+100 nmol/L地塞米松+ 10 mmol/L β-甘油磷酸钠+50 mg/抗坏血酸)

1.2.3. 茜素红染色分析

将细胞(1×105细胞/mL)接种在6 cm培养皿中并矿化诱导0、7、14、21 d。除去培养基后,用PBS洗涤细胞3次。在室温下,使用0.05%戊二醛的水溶液固定细胞30 min,并用PBS洗涤3次。在室温下,用茜素红S溶液(0.4%;北京阳光生物科技有限公司)对细胞染色5 min。用PBS洗涤后,用光学显微镜(×200;olympus)捕获细胞图像。

1.2.4. 碱性磷酸酶染色分析

将细胞(1×105细胞/mL)接种在6 cm培养皿中,并矿化诱导0、3、7、14 d。除去培养基后,用PBS洗涤细胞3次。在室温下,使用0.05%戊二醛的H2O溶液固定细胞10 min,并用PBS洗涤3次。用BCIP/NBT法对细胞进行碱性磷酸酶染色,弃去培养板里的培养液,PBS洗涤细胞表面,向每孔内加入固定液固定2 min后,加入染色液在室温下避光孵育30 min,PBS清洗2 min,观察并拍照,肉眼可见蓝紫色颗粒沉淀即代表成骨细胞发生分化。

1.2.5. 逆转录定量PCR(RT-qPCR)

将细胞(1×105细胞/mL)接种于6孔板中,在完全培养基中培养至90%融合,24 h后向实验组加入矿化诱导液,然后分别矿化诱导1、2、3、4、5 d,对照组不做处理。采用Trizol试剂盒在各组细胞中提取总RNA,并根据Takara公司的逆转录试剂盒说明书,进行逆转录反应以合成各组cDNA。再以各组的cDNA为模板,GAPDH为内参,采用Takara荧光定量PCR试剂盒检测各组细胞RUNX2、LAPTM5的表达水平。本实验所用PCR引物序列均由广州市双全生物科技有限公司设计合成(表 1)。实验重复3次。

1.

引物序列

Primer Sequences

Gene Primer Sequences
RUNX2 Forward: 5'-GCCGGGAATGATGAGAACTA-3'
Reverse: 5'-GGTGAAACTCTTGCCTCGTC-3'
LAPTM5 Forward: 5'-CGTACCTCAGGATGGCTGAC-3'
Reverse: 5'-CAAGCTTCAAGTACGCTGGC-3'
GAPDH Forward: 5'-CATCCCAGAGCTGAACC-3'
Reverse: 5'-CTGGTCCTCAGTGTAGCC-3'

1.2.6. Western blot

取生长状态良好的第3代MC3T3- E1成骨细胞接种于6 cm培养皿中,在完全α-MEM中培养至90%融合,实验组加入矿化诱导液,分别诱导1、2、3、4、5 d,对照组加入完全α-MEM培养液,每组3个复孔。按PMSF:RIPA=1:100比例配置裂解液裂解各组细胞,收集,4 ℃下12 000转离心取上清液,BCA蛋白测定试剂盒测定各样品蛋白浓度后蛋白变性。采用SDSPAGE完成蛋白质电泳分离蛋白,用湿法转膜转印至PVDF膜上,在室温下封闭1 h,加一抗4 ℃下孵育过夜,用TBST洗膜,加二抗室温孵育1 h,再次TBST洗膜,用ECL发光试剂显色,转至暗室中压片,洗片,晾干,用扫描仪扫描图像,计算机中进行灰度分析,以检测各组细胞RUXN2、LAPTM5、ALP、骨钙素(OCN)表达水平。

1.2.7. 细胞转染

将MC3T3-E1传代于6孔板上,细胞融合达到50%~ 70%开始转染siRNAs,转染前更换为无双抗的完全培养基,用PBS液分别将Laptm5-over、Laptm-sh、RUNX2-over、RUNX2-sh(表 2)稀释,再分别按MOI为10、100、200进行转染,以未进行病毒转染(NC)的细胞(MOI=0)作为空白对照组,各设2个复孔。转染后每天观察细胞形态,于转染后72 h后在倒置荧光显微镜光下观察到绿色荧光,即转染成功。

2.

慢病毒载体信息

Lentiviral vector information

Carrier information Carrier name
Objective sequence Carrier Helper plasmid Virus type
Laptm5-over NM_010686.4 pCDH-CMV-EF1-copGFP-T2A-Puro PMD2G、PSPAX2 Lentivirus
Laptm-sh AAGTGCCCACCTATCTC
AACTTCAA
pLKO.1-U6-EF1a-copGFP-T2A-puro PMD2G、PSPAX2 Lentivirus
RUNX2-over NM_001146038.2 pCDH-CMV-EF1-copGFP-T2A-Puro PMD2G、PSPAX2 Lentivirus
RUNX2-sh CAGCACTCCATATCTCT
ACTA
pLKO.1-U6-EF1a-copGFP-T2A-puro PMD2G、PSPAX2 Lentivirus

1.3. 统计学方法

定量资料以均数±标准差表示。采用SPSS 22.0进行单因素方差分析,多重比较采用LSD法,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 茜素红染色结果。

各组细胞矿化钙结节形成情况和细胞矿化活性成骨诱导第21天除对照组无矿化结节出现外,其余各组均可见桔红色矿化结节;与对照组比较,矿化诱导组钙结节数量明显增多、着色面积明显增大且着色程度明显增强。7、14和21 d组与对照组比较,各时间点组细胞矿化活性均明显升高(图 1),随时间推移,矿化的表达一直处于上升趋势。

1.

1

矿化诱导0、7、14、21 d后,茜素红染色检测成骨矿化

Mineralization of the cells detected by Alizarin red staining at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days of osteogenic induction (Original magnification: ×50).

2.2. 碱性磷酸酶染色

除对照组出现较微弱的蓝紫色颗粒之外,其余各组均有明显变化,且各时间点诱导组细胞中蓝紫色颗粒明显多于未诱导对照组。诱导第3、7、14天,与对照组比较,各时间点组细胞矿化活性均明显升高(图 2),ALP活性具有时间依赖性,随着时间推移,呈上升趋势。

2.

2

矿化诱导0、3、7、14 d后,碱性磷酸酶染色检测成骨分化

Osteogenic differentiation of the cells detected by alkaline phosphatase staining at 0, 3, 7 and 14 days after induction.

2.3. 逆转录定量PCR(RT-qPCR)

成骨诱导第1、2、3、4、5天,与对照组比较,矿化诱导组细胞中RUNX2/LAPTM5的mRNA表达水平均明显升高(P < 0.001,图 3AB)。RUNX2/LAPTM5在成骨细胞矿化诱导过程中,整体随时间呈上升表达趋势,与成骨细胞的表达呈正相关趋势。

3.

3

矿化诱导0-5 d后,RT-qPCR检测RUNX2/LAPTM5的转录水平

Transcriptional levels of Runx2 (A) and LAPTM5 (B) detected by RT-qPCR in MC3T3-E1 cells in the course of osteogenic induction for 5 days. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. ***P < 0.001.

2.4. Western blot

成骨诱导第1、2、3、4、5天,与对照组比较,矿化诱导组细胞中RUNX2/LAPTM5的mRNA表达水平升高(P < 0.001,图 4)中,整体随时间呈上升表达趋势。

4.

4

矿化诱导0-5 d后,RUNX2、LAPTM5的蛋白表达

Western blotting for detecting Runx2 and LAPTM5 protein expressions in MC3T3-E1 cells during osteogenic induction for 5 days. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

2.5. 过表达及干扰RUNX2/LAPTM5

在分别过表达及干扰RUNX2/LAPTM5后,Western blot检测RUNX2/LAPTM5的蛋白表达,结果如下:转染over-RUNX2组:RUNX2过表达后,LAPTM5较NC组表达上升(P=0.004,图 5B);转染sh-RUNX2组;RUNX2干扰后,LAPTM5较NC组表达降低(P=0.03 图 5B)。转染over-LAPTM5:LAPTM5过表达后,RUNX2较NC组表达变化不明显(图 5C);转染sh-LAPTM5组:LAPTM5干扰后,RUNX2较NC组表达变化不明显(图 5C)。

5.

5

RUNX2/LAPTM5过表达和干扰对RUNX2及LAPTM5表达的影响

Effects of RUNX2/LAPTM5 overexpression and interference on RUNX2 and LAPTM5 expression. A, B, C: Protein expression levels after overexpression and interference of RUNX2 and LAPTM5. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

2.6. 过表达及干扰LAPTM5,检测成骨的表达

在过表达及干扰LAPTM5后,Western blot检测ALP、OCN的蛋白表达,结果如下:

转染over- LAPTM5:LAPTM5过表达后,ALP、OCN较NC组表达变化表达上升(P < 0.001,P=0.005,图 6);转染sh-LAPTM5组:LAPTM5干扰后,ALP、OCN较NC组表达变化下降(P < 0.001,P < 0.001,图 6)。

6.

6

LAPTM5过表达和干扰对ALP、OCN表达的影响

Effects of LAPTM5 overexpression and interference onALP and OCN expression. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

3. 讨论

骨矿化过程中,磷酸钙晶体在细胞外基质的沉积由成骨细胞介导[18, 19],其沉积最可能通过基质囊泡(MVs)转运至细胞外[20]。一些报道认为MVs仅由矿化相关的细胞分泌[21, 22]。在成骨矿化过程中,溶酶体水平增加并向细胞外围分散,含骨基质的囊泡的分泌与溶酶体部分相关[23, 24],溶酶体通过胞吐作用将含钙/磷酸盐晶体的囊泡分泌出细胞[25]。成骨细胞内磷酸钙晶体与细胞内囊泡融合后[26],这些囊泡移至细胞膜,并与细胞膜融合而分泌出矿物质颗粒[17]。已知溶酶体通过胞吞胞吐途径转运细胞内外的物质[28],参与细胞内运输代谢,细胞膜再循环等过程[29, 30]。实验发现抑制成骨细胞内的溶酶体的活性,成骨细胞外未发现基质沉积,提示溶酶体参与成骨细胞的矿化过程[16]。由此我们推测磷酸钙晶体是由溶酶体在细胞内经由内吞途径摄取并胞吐分泌到细胞外基质中沉积。

溶酶体进行内吞以及胞吐作用中有多种转运蛋白参与。我们前期研究发现LAPTM5蛋白被RUNX2激活,本研究发现过表达与干扰RUNX2可以影响LAPTM5的表达,而LAPTM5的过表达与干扰对RUNX2的表达影响不明显,进一步证实RUNX2可以调控LAPTM5的表达。敲低RUNX2的细胞中囊泡运输减少,但溶酶体的完整性并未受到破坏,提示RUNX2可能影响囊泡的运输过程。

本研究在成功构建小鼠MC3T3-E1细胞成骨诱导分化模型的基础上,分别通过干扰和过表达RUNX2,发现LAPTM5蛋白表达量随之变化,并且Western Blot结果提示当RUNX2过表达时,LAPTM5、ALP、OCN表达上调,RUNX2抑制的结果相反。这证明了在成骨分化过程中,RUNX2通过激活LAPTM5蛋白的表达,增强溶酶体内吞以及胞吐的能力,将胞内生成的磷酸钙盐分泌到细胞外基质中,从而促进了细胞矿化。

综上所述,本研究首次发现了LAPTM5在MC3T3-E1矿化诱导中与成骨的相关性,并进一步验证了RUNX2对LAPTM5的调控关系,结果提示在成骨分化过程中存在的一个调控机制,即随着RUNX2的表达上调,激活了LAPTM5的表达,并且使分散到细胞四周的溶酶体内吞胞吐的能力增强,使得胞内产生的大量磷酸钙盐可以快速排出,维持细胞内的代谢正常运转,同时也使细胞矿化。

Biography

邢磊,在读硕士研究生,E-mail: 565461452@qq.com

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金(81271187);广东省科技计划项目(2017A020215050)

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81271187)

Contributor Information

邢 磊 (Lei XING), Email: 565461452@qq.com.

徐 平平 (Pingping XU), Email: gdskqyykjk@163.com.

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