Abstract
Background
This study aimed to compare the clinical data of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients who underwent unilateral and bilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA) due to advanced hip involvement. Furthermore, to determine the factors associated with bilateral THA.
Methods
Utilizing a single-institution database, we selected 373 consecutive AS patients undergoing primary THA from 2012 to 2017 and compared the clinical characteristics and anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy of the patients who underwent unilateral and bilateral THA. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with bilateral THA.
Results
Bilateral THA was performed in 67.3% (n=251) of the patients. Male patients had a higher frequency of undergoing bilateral THA compared with female ones (P<0.05). The proportion of the patients who had bilateral onset in hips, administration of TNF inhibitors, flexion contracture in the hip, and a BASRI-hip score of 4 was significantly higher in patients with bilateral THA than that with unilateral THA (P<0.05). Patients with bilateral THA experienced longer disease duration than those with unilateral THA (P<0.05). The results of the logistic regression showed that factors related to bilateral THA were bilateral onset in hips, administration of TNF inhibitors, a BASRI-hip score of 4, and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) level (P<0.05).
Conclusion
Bilateral THA is more common in AS patients with advanced hip involvement. Bilateral onset in hips, a BASRI-hip score of 4, and a higher level of ESR are risk factors associated with bilateral THA, while anti-TNF therapy is a protective factor reducing the progression of hip involvement to bilateral THA.
Keywords: ankylosing spondylitis, hip involvement, bilateral total hip arthroplasty, anti-TNF therapy
Introduction
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by mainly affecting the axial skeleton, and peripheral joints are involved in some patients during the course of the disease.1 Hip involvement is a particular concern in AS and commonly leads to severe functional impairment in the patients, due to hip serving as the role of the central joint connecting the axial skeleton and the lower limb.2–4 For AS patients with the end-stage hip disease, total hip arthroplasty (THA) has been shown to alleviate pain and improve function effectively.5 Generally, these patients vary in their severity and progressive speed of hip involvement, according to which undergoing unilateral or bilateral THA is determined.
Obviously, bilateral THA increases the possibility of revision surgery for individuals due to the limited life span of hip prostheses. Until now, most of the studies on bilateral THA have focused on surgical techniques, prosthesis selection strategies, and postoperative clinical outcomes.6 However, there is a paucity of data on investigating why the end-stage hip involvement is bilateral in some patients while unilateral in others. In this study, we considered bilateral THA to be an objective proxy for more severe end-stage hip involvement compared with unilateral THA. Therefore, we wished, by determining the factors related to bilateral THA, to reduce the amount or postpone the time of performing THA in AS patients.
Materials and Methods
Patient Selection and Data Sources
This is a single-institution, retrospective study, which investigated 405 consecutive AS patients with advanced hip involvement who underwent primary THA in the orthopaedic department of our hospital from January 2012 to December 2017. This study was approved by the local ethics committee of Chinese PLA General Hospital. Research data on hip involvement of the patients were obtained from medical records and radiographs. All patients had a confirmed diagnosis of AS in accordance with the 1984 modified New York criteria7 and had definite indications of requiring THA.5 Those with (1) a history of hip trauma or operation in hips (7 cases), (2) spine and hip procedure being performed during the same admission (3 cases), (3) coagulation disorders that may cause hip arthritis (3 cases), and (4) incomplete medical data (11 cases) were excluded. Ultimately, 373 AS patients with advanced hip involvement were enrolled in this study.
Grouping Criteria and Research Data
The patients were divided into two groups by THA being performed unilaterally (n=122) or bilaterally (n=251). The unilateral THA was defined as performing THA in the involved hip and not performing THA in the contralateral hip for at least one year. The bilateral THA was defined as performing THA in both hips. The comparative data between the two groups consists of demographics, clinical characteristics, and preoperative laboratory values. The clinical characteristics comprised age at onset (time of symptom onset in the hip), bilateral onset in hips (initial pain occurred bilaterally in the hips), disease duration (from onset to THA), administration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors (having a history of using TNF inhibitors), family history of rheumatism (having rheumatoid diseases in any immediate family members), smoking history (accumulated smoking for 6 months), and flexion contracture in the hip (position of hip contracture and stiffness in supine position). Preoperative laboratory values, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) level, were available for assessing the inflammation levels of AS patients.
Radiological Assessments
The same imaging protocol was used for preoperative anteroposterior pelvic radiographs in the patients. The severity of radiographic hip involvement was evaluated by using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Hip Index (BASRI-hip) scoring system, which is graded on a scale of 0–4 (0, no change; 1, suspicious: focal joint space narrowing; 2, mild: circumferential joint space narrowing >2 mm; 3, moderate: circumferential joint space narrowing ≤2 mm or bone-on-bone apposition of <2 cm; 4, severe: bone deformity or bone-on-bone apposition of ≥2 cm).8 The BASRI-hip was scored by two trained readers according to preoperative anteroposterior pelvic radiographs. If the score differed between the two readers, the final score was determined by another experienced senior surgeon. Patients with a BASRI-hip score ≥2 were deemed as having radiographic hip involvement.
Statistical Analysis
The non-normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as medians (minimum to maximum) and compared by the Mann–Whitney U-test. Categorical and dichotomous variables were compared by Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests. A univariate analysis was performed to assess whether each variable of interest was associated with bilateral THA. Then, a logistic regression analysis was used for the assessment of risk factors identified as significant in the univariate analysis or other variables being possibly meaningful, and the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 25.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
Results
The baseline characteristics of AS patients with advanced hip involvement are presented in Table 1. The median age at onset and at surgery of hip involvement in AS patients were 18 years (range, 5 to 56 years) and 32 years (range, 19 to 67 years), respectively. The disease duration ranged from 0.5 to 40.3 years, with a median of 10.5 years. Of the AS patients with advanced hip involvement, 89.7% (n=218) were male, 10.5% (n=39) had a family history of rheumatism, 14.2% (n=53) had a history of smoking, and 9.7% (n=36) were administrated with TNF inhibitors before. Bilateral onset in the hips was observed in 63.8% (n=238) of the patients, while bilateral THA was performed in 67.3% (n=251) of them. The proportions of hips with BASRI-hip scores of 0 to 4 in the patients were 2.7% (n=20), 5.2% (n=39), 4.9% (n=37), 42.0% (n=313), and 45.2% (n=337), respectively. The ESR levels ranged from 1 to 108 mm/h (median, 17 mm/h), and the CRP levels ranged from 0.10 to 17.87 mg/dL (median, 1.61 mg/dL).
Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of AS Patients with Advanced Hip Involvement
| Values | Range | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Age at surgery (years) | 32 | 19 to 67 |
| Male (n, %) | 218(89.7%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.50 | 11.87 to 41.62 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||
| Age at onset (years) | 18 | 5 to 56 |
| Bilateral onset in hips (n, %) | 238(63.8%) | |
| Disease duration (years) | 10.5 | 0.5 to 40.3 |
| Administration of TNF inhibitors (n, %) | 36(9.7%) | |
| Family history of rheumatism (n, %) | 39(10.5%) | |
| Smoking history (n, %) | 53(14.2%) | |
| BASRI-hip (No. of cases in hips) | ||
| 0 (n, %) | 20(2.7%) | |
| 1 (n, %) | 39(5.2%) | |
| 2 (n, %) | 37(4.9%) | |
| 3 (n, %) | 313(42.0%) | |
| 4 (n, %) | 337(45.2%) | |
| Bilateral THA (n, %) | 251(67.3%) | |
| Preoperative laboratory values | ||
| ESR (mm/h) | 17 | 1 to 108 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 1.61 | 0.10 to 17.87 |
Note: The continuous values are presented as medians, with ranges from minimum to maximum.
Abbreviations: AS, ankylosing spondylitis; BMI, body mass index; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; BASRI-hip, the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Hip Index; THA, total hip arthroplasty; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein.
The age at surgery and body mass index (BMI) had no differences between patients with unilateral and bilateral THA (P>0.05). Male patients had a significant higher frequency of undergoing bilateral THA compared with female ones (93.2% vs 86.9%, P<0.05). The proportion of the patients who had bilateral onset in hips (80.9% vs 28.7%), administration of TNF inhibitors (17.2% vs 6.0%), flexion contracture in the hip (97.7% vs 31.1%), and a BASRI-hip score of 4 (68.5% vs 29.5%) was significantly higher in those with bilateral THA than that in those with unilateral THA (P<0.05). Patients with bilateral THA experienced a significant longer disease duration than those with unilateral THA (median, 12 years; range 0.5 to 34.0 years vs median, 9 years; range, 0.5 to 40.3 years, P<0.05). Compared with the patients undergoing unilateral THA, the age at onset was slightly earlier (media, 18 years; range, 5 to 49 years vs median, 19 years; range 8 to 56 years) and the ESR (median, 19 mm/h; range 1 to 108 mm/h vs median, 13 mm/h; range, 2 to 97 mm/h) and CRP (median, 1.69 mg/dL; range, 0.10 to 17.87 mg/dL vs median, 1.49 mg/dL; range, 0.10 to 10.30 mg/dL) levels were higher in those undergoing bilateral THA, and the differences approached statistical significance (P=0.065, 0.051 and 0.073, respectively) (Table 2).
Table 2.
Comparison Between the Patients Who Underwent Unilateral and Bilateral THA
| Unilateral THA (n=122) | Bilateral THA (n=251) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age at surgery (years) | 31(19 to 67) | 32(19 to 67) | 0.911 |
| Male (n, %) | 106(86.9%) | 234(93.2%) | 0.043 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.66(14.42 to 38.58) | 22.49(11.87 to 41.62) | 0.533 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Age at onset (years) | 19(8 to 56) | 18(5 to 49) | 0.065 |
| Bilateral onset in hips (n, %) | 35(28.7%) | 203(80.9%) | <0.001 |
| Disease duration (years) | 9(0.5 to 40.3) | 12(0.5 to 34.0) | 0.002 |
| Administration of TNF inhibitors (n, %) | 21(17.2%) | 15(6.0%) | 0.001 |
| Family history of rheumatism (n, %) | 10(8.2%) | 29(11.6%) | 0.320 |
| Smoking history (n, %) | 17(13.9%) | 36(14.3) | 0.916 |
| Flexion contracture in the hip (n, %) | 38(31.1%) | 126(97.7%) | 0.001 |
| BASRI-hip score of 4 (n, %) | 36(29.5%) | 172(68.5%) | <0.001 |
| Preoperative laboratory values | |||
| ESR (mm/h) | 13(2 to 97) | 19(1 to 108) | 0.051 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 1.49(0.10 to 10.30) | 1.69(0.10 to 17.87) | 0.073 |
Note: The continuous variables are presented as medians (minimum to maximum).
Abbreviations: THA, total hip arthroplasty; BMI, body mass index; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; BASRI-hip, the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Hip Index; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein.
The results of the logistic regression showed that factors related to bilateral THA were bilateral onset in hips (OR=10.177, 95% CI, 5.713 to 18.130), administration of TNF inhibitors (OR=0.346, 95% CI, 0.142 to 0.838), a BASRI-hip score of 4 (OR=4.133, 95% CI, 2.308 to 7.400), and an ESR level (OR=1.018 for each unit increment, 95% CI,1.001 to 1.035) (Table 3).
Table 3.
Logistic Regression on Factors Associated with Bilateral THA in AS Patients with Advanced Hip Involvement
| Parameter | OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Male | 1.013 (0.402 to 2.549) | 0.979 |
| Age at onset | 1.021(0.984 to 1.059) | 0.272 |
| Disease duration | 1.009(0.974 to 1.045) | 0.631 |
| Bilateral onset in hips | 10.177(5.713 to 18.130) | <0.001 |
| Administration of TNF inhibitors | 0.346(0.142 to 0.838) | 0.019 |
| Flexion contracture | 1.447(0.802 to 2.612) | 0.220 |
| BASRI-hip score of 4 | 4.133(2.308 to 7.400) | <0.001 |
| ESR | 1.018(1.001 to 1.035) | 0.043 |
| CRP | 0.920(0.788 to 1.073) | 0.287 |
Abbreviations: THA, total hip arthroplasty; AS, ankylosing spondylitis; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; BASRI, the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Hip Index; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein.
Discussion
The effectiveness of THA has been proven in alleviating pain and improving function for AS patients with the end-stage hip disease by a number of studies.9–12 However, revision surgery seems inevitable due to the limited life span of hip prostheses.9,13 The ideal systemic treatment strategies should be explored to prevent hip impairment,4 but it has not been completely achieved so far. By investigating the different outcomes in the end-stage hip involvement of AS, a study that aimed to reduce the amount or postpone the time of THA may be one of the feasible methods at present. Consequently, we identified that the risk factors associated with bilateral THA in AS patients were bilateral onset in hips, a BASRI-hip score of 4, and a higher level of ESR, while the protective factor related to that is the administration of TNF inhibitor.
The disease pattern of the onset in hip involvement is different in AS patients. Of the patients, it was observed that bilateral onset in hips accounted for 63.8%, while bilateral THA was performed in 67.3% of them, and the latter result is close to that reported by Joshi et al.14 Moreover, the proportion of the patients who had bilateral onset in hips was significantly higher in patients with bilateral THA than that in unilateral THA (80.9% vs 28.7%). Consequently, it is not surprising that bilateral onset in hips is a risk factor associated with bilateral THA, and early intervention in these patients may help reduce the amount or delay the time of THA.
The BASRI-hip is the most commonly used method in studies for grading the severity of radiographic hip involvement in AS.8 A retrospective study has shown that the severity of radiographic hip involvement in AS is associated with bilateral hip involvement, the frequency of which is significantly different among the patients with varying BASRI-hip scores.15 Similarly, we found that a BASRI-hip score of 4, representing more severe radiographic hip involvement, is a risk factor related to bilateral THA in AS patients. The previously reported prevalence of hip involvement in AS patients varies from 19 to 36%,4,16,17 with bilateral involvement being more common.2,14 Thus, if one hip requires THA due to a hip score of 4, the probability of the contralateral hip requiring THA will be greatly increased.
Data on the relationship between the inflammatory biomarkers and the severity of hip involvement remains inconsistent. One study reported that the ESR level decreased gradually with the severe grade of radiographic hip involvement in AS patients,15 while another study found that there was no difference in the ESR level between the early- and end-stage hip involvement.18 Our study found that a higher level of ESR is also a risk factor associated with bilateral THA in AS patients, and de Vries et al reported that ESR has a strong association with the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI).19 Therefore, in clinical practice, if the ESR level continues to rise in AS patients with hip involvement, physicians should be aware of their possibility of developing into bilateral advanced hip involvement.
It has been shown that TNF inhibitors have the efficacy for improving symptoms and function clinically in the treatment of AS.20,21 Vander Cruyssen et al concluded that hip involvement is one of the decisive factors for the application of TNF inhibitor by conducting a cross-sectional cohort study.22 Several studies, evaluating the efficacy of anti-TNF therapy (etanercept) for treating hip involvement in AS, observed a clinical improvement of the hip symptoms and function, while found no significant change in the radiographic progression.23,24 However, Konsta M et al thought that the radiographic changes could not be observed within a short time frame, and they found that after continuous infliximab treatment with 2–10 years in AS patients, the radiographic progression of hip arthritis stabilized.25 Recent case series studies reported the efficacy of preventing structural damage progression in hips by anti-TNF therapy in AS patients.26,27 Data from the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register showed a trend towards a reduced frequency of hip replacement surgery in AS patients after the introduction of anti-TNF therapy.28 Similarly, this study indicated that anti-TNF therapy can reduce the progression of hip involvement to bilateral THA. Therefore, we recommend that TNF inhibitors should be used once there is an onset of hip involvement, to reduce the amount or postpone the time of performing THA in AS patients.
Several limitations of the current study should also be noted. First, the course of treatment with TNF inhibitors cannot be unified in this retrospective study. Second, the delay in diagnosis may have influence on the administrating time of TNF inhibitors. Lastly, cost considerations may affect the application of TNF inhibitors.
In summary, bilateral THA is more common in AS patients with the end-stage hip disease and is considered to be more severe end-stage hip involvement compared with unilateral THA. There are differences in the clinical characteristics of the patients who underwent bilateral and unilateral THA. Anti-TNF therapy can reduce the progression of hip involvement to bilateral THA in AS patients, and a long-term cohort study is needed to evaluate the effect of therapeutic strategies in treating hip involvement in AS.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. Xiyue Chen, and Dr. Xiang Huang for their help with the data collection.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China [Grant numbers 2020YFC2004900].
Data Sharing Statement
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Ethics Approval and Informed Consent
This study was approved by the ethics committee of Chinese PLA general hospital (IRB number: S2021-0660-01, approval date 3/25/2021). Informed consents were not applicable due to the retrospective method and all data that could indicate the identity of the patients were kept confidential in this study. All methods were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Author Contributions
All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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