Figure 6.

Intracellular membrane rearrangements induced by parvoviruses. Parvoviruses replicate and assemble their capsid in the nucleus. The nucleocapsid is transported from the nuclear periphery to the plasma membrane in a gelsolin-dependent manner. Cytoplasmic parvoviral particles are engulfed in COPII-coated vesicles at the ER, following its traffic to the Golgi. Matured virus particles are then transported to the plasma membrane possibly via the secretory pathway and actin filaments through gelsolin and are then released by activation or modulation of the PDK1/PKC/PKB signaling cascade (image created in Biorender).