Abstract
Variants in MYH14 are reported to cause autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hereditary hearing loss (ADNSHL), with 34 variants reported to cause hearing loss in various ethnic groups. However, the available information on prevalence, as well as with regard to clinical features, remains fragmentary. In this study, genetic screening for MYH14 variants was carried out using a large series of Japanese hearing-loss patients to reveal more detailed information. Massively parallel DNA sequencing of 68 target candidate genes was applied in 8074 unrelated Japanese hearing-loss patients (including 1336 with ADNSHL) to identify genomic variations responsible for hearing loss. We identified 11 families with 10 variants. The prevalence was found to be 0.14% (11/8074) among all hearing-loss patients and 0.82% (11/1336) among ADNSHL patients. Nine of the eleven variants identified were novel. The patients typically showed late-onset hearing loss arising later than 20 years of age (64.3%, 9/14) along with progressive (92.3%, 12/13), moderate (62.5%, 10/16), and flat-type hearing loss (68.8%, 11/16). We also confirmed progressive hearing loss in serial audiograms. The clinical information revealed by the present study will contribute to further diagnosis and management of MYH14-associated hearing loss.
Keywords: MYH14, nonsyndromic hearing loss, DFNA4, postlingual onset hearing loss, late-onset hearing loss, progressive hearing loss, massively parallel DNA sequencing
1. Introduction
Hearing loss (HL) is the most common sensory impairment. A wide variety of genes and variants have been reported as causative for HL, and more than 120 genes have been reported to cause nonsyndromic HL [1]. The clinical features of HL, including age at onset, progression, severity, audiometric configuration, and effectiveness of interventions, differ among the various genes and variants [2]. Toward the more appropriate treatment of each HL patient, the identification of the causative variants by genetic testing and clarification of the clinical characteristics caused by each deafness gene variant are vital.
The inheritance patterns of hereditary HL include autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked, and mitochondrial patterns. A majority of autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hereditary hearing loss (ADNSHL) is postlingual onset, progressive HL, which accounts for approximately 20% of nonsyndromic hereditary HL patients [2]. To date, 46 causative genes for ADNSHL have been identified [1].
MYH14 encodes nonmuscle myosin II C (NMIIC), a member of the myosin superfamily, and is a causative gene for ADNSHL (DFNA 4) [3]. It is widely expressed in the inner ear, including the organ of Corti. There have been reports of 34 MYH14 variants causing ADNSHL [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24].
With regard to prevalence, four studies have investigated the prevalence of MYH14 variants in deafness cohorts from Europe, the USA, and China [4,8,9,10], but the information regarding clinical characteristics, including age at onset, progression, and audiometric configurations, remains fragmentary. In this study, we performed screening for MYH14 variants for a large number of Japanese HL patients (n = 8074, including 1336 with ADNSNL), and examined the clinical features in detail.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
A total of 8074 Japanese HL patients were enrolled nationwide, as previously reported [25]. All patients showed sensorineural HL, with 1336 of them showing autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance patterns. This study was approved by the Shinshu University Ethical Committee, as well as the respective ethical committees of the other participating institutions, and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all patients (or from their next of kin, caretaker, or legal guardian in the cases of minors or children). Clinical information and peripheral blood samples were obtained from patients and all relatives from whom written informed consent was obtained.
2.2. Variant Analysis
Massively parallel DNA sequencing (MPS) analysis for 68 target deafness genes (Table S1) was performed for all patients. The detailed protocol was described elsewhere [25]. An Ion AmpliSeq Custom Panel (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was designed using an Ion AmpliSeq Designer, and the amplicon libraries were prepared using an Ion AmpliSeq library kit version 2.0 (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The emulsion PCR and MPS were performed using an Ion PGM, Ion Proton or IonS5 sequencer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and the sequence data were mapped against the human genome sequence (build GRCh37/hg19).
The protein-affecting variants (including the missense, nonsense, insertion/deletion, and splicing variants) with an allele frequency of less than 1% of the ExAC03 [26], ToMMo 3.5KJPN [27], and the 333 in-house Japanese normal hearing controls were selected. The annotation for each variant was analyzed by ANNOVAR software ver. 20191024 [28]. Functional in silico predictions were performed for missense variants by SIFT [29], PolyPhen2 [30], Mutation Taster [31], Mutation Assessor [32], FATHMM [33], and Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD) [34] software programs including in dbNSFP ver.3.5. The remaining MYH14 variants were confirmed by direct sequencing. Segregation analysis for family members was also performed by direct sequencing. The pathogenicity of the identified variants was evaluated using the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) standards and guidelines [35].
The variants classified as “Likely Pathogenic” or “Pathogenic” were considered to be causative variants. In addition, variants classified as being of “Uncertain significance” were also considered to be pathogenic if all three of the following conditions were satisfied: (1) no other candidate variants were identified in the other 67 genes; (2) the allele frequency was under 0.0001 in the control populations in ExAC03, gnomAD, ToMMo 3.5KJPN, and in-house controls; and (3) the CADD score was 20 or more.
2.3. Clinical Evaluation
Clinical information, including: (1) onset age; (2) progression of HL; (3) pedigree; (4) episodes or symptoms of vertigo; and (5) intervention for HL, was collected from a review of medical charts. Evaluation of HL was performed by pure-tone audiometry on patients aged 4 years or older, and the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) or play audiometry was performed for those who could not be evaluated by pure-tone audiometry. The pure-tone average (PTA) was calculated from the audiometric thresholds at four frequencies (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz). The severity of HL was classified into 4 categories: mild (PTA 20–40 dB), moderate (41–70 dB), severe (71–90 dB), and profound (>91 dB) [36]. The audiometric configurations were categorized into Flat, Low-frequency ascending, Mid-frequency U-shaped, High-frequency gently sloping, and High-frequency steeply sloping, as reported previously [36]. Caloric testing was performed for one of the two patients who complained of vestibular symptoms.
3. Results
Among the 1336 unrelated ADNSHL probands, we identified 11 probands (Table 1, Figure 1) carrying 10 possibly disease-causing MYH14 variants (Table 2). Among the 10 variants, 8 were novel. Therefore, the frequency of MYH14-related HL patients among Japanese ADNSHL patients was 0.82% (11/1336). Most of the MYH14 variants in previous reports were missense variants, with only two being nonsense variants (Table 3).
Table 1.
Variants and clinical information for MYH14-associated HL patients and affected family members identified in this study (all MYH14 variants are indicated in NM_001145809.2).
| Nucleotide Change | Amino Acid Change | Gender | Onset | Progression of HL | Age | Audiometric Configuration | PTA (Better-Hearing Ear, dB) | Severity | Vestibular Symptoms | Intervention | Newborn Hearing Screening | Family No. | Patient No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c.73C > T | p.Q25X | F | 0 s | No | 30 Y | Flat | 71.25 | Severe | No | HA | refer | 1 | Ⅲ-2 |
| c.73C > T | p.Q25X | M | 0 | n/a | 1 Y | Flat | 70 | Moderate | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1 | Ⅳ-1 |
| c.823C > T | p.R275C | F | 41 Y | Yes | 44 Y | U-shaped | 20 | Mild | No | n/a | n/a | 2 | Ⅲ-2 |
| c.1417C > T | p.R473C | F | 35 Y | Yes | 60 Y | Flat | 75 | Severe | n/a | n/a | n/a | 3 | Ⅲ-2 |
| c.1663C > T | p.P555S | F | 44 Y | Yes | 56 Y | Steeply sloping | 41.25 | Moderate | No | HA | n/a | 4 | Ⅱ-3 |
| c.2648C > A | p.A883D | F | 44 Y | n/a | 65 Y | Gently sloping | 73.75 | Moderate | Yes | n/a | n/a | 5 | Ⅲ-1 |
| c.3610G > A | p.E1204K | F | 12 Y | Yes | 14 Y | Low-frequency ascending | 47.5 | Moderate | No | HA | n/a | 6 | III-1 |
| c.3610G > A | p.E1204K | F | n/a | Yes | 47 Y | Flat | 20 | Mild | No | n/a | n/a | 6 | Ⅱ-3 |
| c.4061T > C | p.L1354P | M | 20 s | Yes | 83 Y | Flat | 100 | Profound | n/a | n/a | n/a | 7 | I-4 |
| c.4061T > C | p.L1354P | F | 30 s | Yes | 50 Y | Flat | 43.75 | Moderate | No | HA | n/a | 7 | II-2 |
| c.5987_5993del | p.R1997Afs * | F | 20 Y | Yes | 37 Y | Flat | 53.75 | Moderate | Yes | HA | n/a | 8 | Ⅲ-2 |
| c.5987_5993del | p.R1997Afs * | F | 20 s | Yes | 45 Y | Flat | 55 | Moderate | No | HA | n/a | 9 | Ⅳ-2 |
| c.5987_5993del | p.R1997Afs * | M | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 9 | Ⅲ-2 |
| c.[5991_5994del; 5996G > A] | p.[V1998Afs *; R1999H] | F | n/a | n/a | 43 Y | Flat | 55 | Moderate | n/a | n/a | n/a | 10 | Ⅱ-4 |
| c.[5991_5994del; 5996G > A] | p.[V1998Afs *; R1999H] | M | 6 Y | Yes | 14 Y | Flat | 47.5 | Moderate | No | HA | pass | 10 | Ⅲ-1 |
| c.[5991_5994del; 5996G > A] | p.[V1998Afs *; R1999H] | F | 3 Y | Yes | 8 Y | U-shaped | 29 | Mild | No | HA | pass | 10 | Ⅲ-3 |
| c.6003_6009del | p.F2002X | F | 41 Y | Yes | 59 Y | Flat | 66.25 | Moderate | No | n/a | n/a | 11 | Ⅲ-2 |
* indicate the stop codon as in standrd HGVS nomenclature. n/a, not available; HA, hearing aids; CI, cochlear implant. Family No. and Patient No. indicate the patient number in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Pedigree, identified variants, and audiograms for the MYH14-associated hearing-loss patients identified in this study. Arrowheads indicate the proband for each family. Identified variants are indicated on the pedigree. Audiograms for the proband and other affected family members are shown with the age at hearing testing.
Table 2.
Identified MYH14 variants and in silico predication score (all MYH14 variants are indicated in NM_001145809.2).
| Nucleotide Change |
Exon | Amino Acid Change | Domain | SIFT | PP2 | Mut Taster |
Mut Assessor |
Revel | CADD Phred | Allele Frequency in In-house Controls | MAF in ExAC03 | MAF in ToMMo (4.7kJPN) |
ACMG Criteria | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c.73C > T | 2 | p.Q25X | Myosin, N-terminal | A | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Likely Pathogenic | Donaudy et al., 2004 [3] | ||||
| c.823C > T | 8 | p.R275C | Myosin head, motor domain | D | D | D | D | 0.648 | 34 | 0 | 0.000008252 | 0 | Uncertain Significance | Iwasa et al., 2016 [6] |
| c.1417C > T | 13 | p.R473C | Myosin head, motor domain | D | P | D | M | 0.648 | 34 | 0 | 2.81 × 10−5 | 0 | Uncertain Significance | This study |
| c.1663C > T | 15 | p.P555S | Myosin head, motor domain | D | D | D | M | 0.701 | 26.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Uncertain Significance | This study |
| c.2648C > A | 22 | p.A883D | Myosin tail | D | D | D | M | 0.692 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Uncertain Significance | This study |
| c.3610G > A | 28 | p.E1204K | Myosin tail | T | B | D | L | 0.678 | 24.7 | 0 | 2.29 × 10−5 | 0 | Uncertain Significance | This study |
| c.4061T > C | 31 | p.L1354P | Myosin tail | D | D | D | M | 0.813 | 28.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Uncertain Significance | This study |
| c.5987_5993del | p.R1997Afs | 0 | 0 | 0 | Uncertain Significance | This study | ||||||||
| c.[5991_5994del; 5996G > A] | 43 | p.[V1998Afs; R1999H] | 0 | 0 | 0 | Uncertain Significance | This study | |||||||
| D | P | N | L | 0.251 | 24.1 | 0 | 3.35 × 10−5 | 0 | Uncertain Significance | This study | ||||
| c.6003_6009del | 43 | p.F2002X | 0 | 0 | 0 | Uncertain Significance | This study |
PP2, PolyPhen2; Mut Taster, Mutation Taster; Mut Assessor, Mutation Assessor; D, Deleterious (SIFT); B, Benign (SIFT); D, Probably Damaging (PP2); P, Possibly Damaging (PP2); A, Disease-causing automatic (Mut Taster); D, Disease-causing (Mutation Taster); N, Polymorphism (Mut Taster); M, Medium (Mut Assessor); L, Low (Mut Assessor).
Table 3.
MYH14 variants and clinical information in previous reports (all MYH14 variants are indicated in NM_001145809.2).
| Nucleotide Change | Amino Acid Change | Gender | Onset | Progression of HL | Age | Audiometric Configuration | PTA (Better-Hearing Ear) | Severity | Vestibular Symptoms |
Intervention | Newborn Hearing Screening | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c.20C > A | p.S7X | n/a | 10 or 20 | Yes | n/a | n/a | n/a | Severe to profound in 40 years | n/a | n/a | n/a | Donaudy et al., 2004 [3] |
| c.73C > T | p.Q25X | F | 0 Y | Yes | 7 M | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Kim et al., 2017 [4] |
| F | n/a | n/a | 33 Y | Flat | 82.5 | Severe | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| c.359C > T | p.S120L | n/a | n/a | n/a | 28 Y | Flat | 53.8 | Moderate | n/a | n/a | n/a | Yang et al., 2005 [5] |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | 33 Y | Flat | 65 | Moderate | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| n/a | n/a | n/a | 35 Y | Flat | 76.3 | Moderate | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| n/a | n/a | n/a | 63 Y | Flat | 72.5 | Moderate | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| c.505G > A | p.E169K | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Sloan-Heggen et al., 2016 [8] |
| c.526G > A | p.A176T | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Chen et al., 2016 [9] |
| c.541G > A | p.A181T | F | The first decade | n/a | n/a | U-sharped | 73.75 | Moderate | n/a | n/a | n/a | Qing et al., 2014 [10] |
| M | The first decade | n/a | n/a | Flat | 71.3 | Moderate | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| F | The first decade | n/a | n/a | U-sharped | n/a | Severe | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| c.572A > G | p.D191G | M | Congenital or prelingual |
No? | 5 Y | Flat | 71.3 | Moderate | n/a | n/a | n/a | Kim et al., 2017 [4] |
| c.823C > T | p.R275C | F | 41 Y | Yes | 44 Y | U-shaped | 20 | Mild | No | n/a | n/a | Iwasa et al., 2016 [6] |
| c.1049G > A | p.R350Q | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Iwasa et al., 2016 [6] |
| c.1067C > T | p.T356M | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Sommen et al., 2016 [11] |
| c.1150G > T | p.G384C | n/a | n/a | n/a | 9 Y | n/a | n/a | Moderate | No | n/a | n/a | Donaudy., 2004 [3] |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Shearer et al.,2014 [12] | ||
| n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Abouelhoda et al., 2016 [13] | ||
| c.1360G > A | p.A454T | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Chen et al., 2016 [9] |
| c.1427G > A | p.R476H | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Sloan-Heggen et al., 2016 [8] |
| c.1609G > A | p.D537N | F | n/a | Yes | 8Y | Flat | 40 | Moderate | n/a | n/a | n/a | Kim et al., 2015 [14] |
| c.1625T > G | p.L542R | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Sloan-Heggen et al., 2016 [8] |
| c.1919G > A | p.R640Q | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Shearer et al., 2013 [7] |
| c.2089G > A | p.G697S | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Iwasa et al., 2016 [6] |
| c.2203C> G | p.R735C | M | n/a | n/a | n/a | Flat | 115 | Severe | n/a | CI | n/a | Liu et al., 2019 [15] |
| M | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| c.2299C > A | p.R767S | n/a | n/a | Yes | n/a | n/a | n/a | Mild to moderate | No | n/a | n/a | Donaudy et al., 2004 [3] |
| c.2621T > C | p.L874P | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Chen et al., 2016 [9] |
| c.2692A > C | p.K898Q | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Miyagawa et al., 2013 [16] |
| c.2717C > T | p.T906M | F | The first decade | n/a | n/a | U-shaped | 83 | Severe | n/a | n/a | n/a | Qing et al., 2014 [10] |
| F | The first decade | n/a | n/a | U-shaped | 80 | Severe | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| c.2921G > A | p.R974H | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Sloan-Heggen et al., 2016 [8] | |
| c.2921G > T | p.R974L | M | n/a | n/a | 52 Y | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Choi et al., 2011 [17] |
| M | n/a | n/a | 48 Y | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| F | n/a | n/a | 45 Y | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| F | n/a | n/a | 41 Y | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| M | n/a | n/a | 15 Y | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| c.2921G > T | p.R974L | n/a | 20 Y | Yes | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Iyadurai et al., 2017 [20] |
| c.2921G > A | p.R974L | F | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Almutawa et al., 2019 [21] |
| F | n/a | n/a | 58 Y | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| M | n/a | n/a | 23 Y | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| F | n/a | n/a | 24 Y | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| c.3049C > T | p.L1017F | M | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Mild to moderate | No | n/a | n/a | Donaudy et al., 2004 [3] |
| c.3877G > C | p.E1293Q | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Sommen et al., 2016 [11] |
| c.4903G > A | p.E1635K | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Miyagawa et al., 2013 [16] |
| c.5008C > T | p.R1670C | F | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Vona et al., 2014 [19] |
| c.5020G > A | p.V1674M | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Shearer et al., 2013 [7] |
| c.5176C > T | p.R1726W | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Seco et al., 2017 [22] |
| c.5384G > A | p.R1795H | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Moteki et al., 2017 [23] |
| c.5516C > A | p.A1839D | M | 30 s | n/a | 51 Y | Gently sloping | 56.25 | Moderate | No † | n/a | n/a | Wang et al., 2020 [24] |
| M | 30 s | Yes | 45 Y | Gently sloping | 50 | Moderate | n/a † | n/a | n/a | |||
| M | 10 s | Yes | 29 Y | Flat | 56.25 | Moderate | No ‡ | n/a | n/a | |||
| c.5602G > A | p.A1868T | M | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 66.3 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Kim et al., 2016 [18] |
† Low-amplitude in oVEMP; ‡ labyrinth reactivity lower in caloric test; n/a, not available; CI, Cochlear Implant.
In this study, one nonsense variant, one frameshift variant, one non-frameshift variant causing a nonsense codon, six missense variants, and one variant with frameshift and missense variants in the cis allele were identified. One nonsense variant was located near the N-terminal region of MYH14, three missense variants were located in the Myosin head domain, three missense variants were located in the coiled-coil domain, and the other three variants were located in the C-terminal region (Table 2, Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Domain structure of MYH14, identified variants, the overlapping audiograms from the better-hearing ear, and onset-age distribution for the patients with each domain variant. Domain structures are indicated based on UniProtKB (Q7Z406). Orange: Myosin N-terminal SH3 like domain, Red: Myosin motor domain, Yellow: Actin binding domain, Green: IQ domain, Blue: Coiled coil domain.
We included the 11 probands and six affected family members for clinical characteristics analysis. Regarding the onset of HL among the 11 probands and six family members identified, most of the patients showed late-onset hearing loss, and only two patients showed congenital onset (Figure 2). Both congenital HL patients had MYH14 variants located near the N-terminal region (Figure 2). The onset ages for the late-onset HL cases ranged from 3 to 44 (Table 1, Figure 2).
The audiometric configurations of the 11 probands and their affected family members were categorized into Flat (n = 11), Mid-frequency U-shaped (n = 2), High-frequency gently sloping (n = 1), High-frequency steeply sloping (n = 1), and Low-frequency ascending (n = 1) (Figure 1, Table 1). We could not identify any genotype–phenotype correlation among the domains (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The severity of deafness also varied among cases. In the PTA calculated from the audiometric thresholds at four frequencies (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz), 3 patients showed mild HL, 10 moderate HL, 2 severe HL, and 1 profound HL (Table 1). However, the one profound hearing loss case in Family No. 7 (Case I-4) had a history of repeated bilateral otitis media since childhood, and he had undergone bilateral middle ear surgery. After this middle ear surgery, he suffered bilateral deterioration in hearing. Thus, it is unclear whether the profound HL observed for this case was purely due to genetic causes. Among the 17 patients, at least 8 patients used hearing aids. Two of the eleven probands complained of dizziness, and one (Family No. 5) underwent an examination for nystagmus and caloric testing, but no obvious abnormal findings were observed.
Anamnestic evaluation of the 11 probands and 6 of their family members was also performed, and 12 were conscious of the progression of deafness (Table 1). Figure 3 shows serial audiograms for eight patients from six families. The audiograms for the better-hearing ear were used to evaluate progression. The patients who were observed for more than 10 years showed clear progression (Family No. 4 IV-2, Family No. 6 III-2, and Family No. 6 IV-2). Family No.9 IV-2 also showed hearing progression over two years. The observation periods for Family No. 7, No. 8, and No. 10 were too short to allow evaluation of progression (5 months to 16 months).
Figure 3.
Serial audiograms of eight individuals from six families with MYH14 variants.
4. Discussion
As MYH14-associated HL is rare, the currently available information regarding the variant spectrum and clinical characteristics is limited. In this study, using a cohort of 8074 HL patients, we identified nine novel variants, and were able to summarize the variant spectrum. This is the largest cohort studied for MYH14-associated hearing loss to date. In addition, we were able to clarify the prevalence of MYH14 gene variants in patients; that is, 0.14% (11/8074) among HL patients and 0.82% among ADNSHL patients (11/1336). To date, there have been four reports of the variant prevalence of MYH14-associated HL. Shearer et al. [7] reported that the frequency of MYH14-associated HL was 3.0% among all HL patients in the USA (3/100 probands). Sloan-Heggen et al. [8] reported that 5 of 1119 HL patients (0.45%) carried MYH14 candidate pathogenic variants, and these variants accounted for 3.5% of ADNSHL patients (5/141). Chen et al. [9] reported the prevalence of MYH14-associated HL in Chinese to be 2.59% (3/116). It is difficult to compare prevalence, as it depends on study subjects and pathogenicity classification methods. In this study, as stated in Section 2.2, more definitive criteria for pathogenicity were applied.
Various genes have been reported to be causative in ADNSHL families [6,8]; however, at present, there is no particular major responsible deafness gene for ADNSHL. Our screening using the same cohort clarified the frequencies for the other causative genes in ADNSHL patients; KCNQ4: 6.6% [37], POU4F3: 4% [38], TECTA: 2.9% [39], WFS1: 2.5% [40], MYO6: 2.4% [41], ACTG1: 1.1% [42], and EYA4: 0.9% [43]. Although MYH14-associated HL is rare, the present results indicated that this gene should be included in HL screening, especially that for ADNSHL.
Among the 11 probands, two cases (Family No. 8 and 9) carried the same variant. These two cases were in unrelated families. As the mechanism of these commonly observed variants could have occurred by founder mutation or in a mutational hotspot, haplotype analysis could afford a method of clarifying their genesis. However, we obtained only the proband sample for Family No. 8, and could not perform haplotype analysis.
With regard to onset age, a majority of patients were shown to be have experienced adult onset occurring later than 20 years of age (9/14, 64.3%). The onset age had not been reported previously, except for two pedigrees with congenital or prelingual onset (Table 3). In this study, we clearly determined that late onset was one of the characteristic clinical features of MYH14-associated HL. It was noteworthy, however, that there were four patients with an onset age under 10 years old. Among them, HL in one patient (Family No. 1, III-2) was found through the newborn hearing screening program. It is interesting to note that this case carried the same nonsense variant (c.73C > T p.Q25X) as that previously reported in a congenital HL case4. This variant was located near the N-terminal region. As all other variants located in the other domains identified in this study did not cause congenital HL, truncation within this domain may cause congenital HL through haploinsufficiency.
Information regarding the severities and audiometric configurations of MYH14-associated HL in previous reports was also fragmentary (Table 3). The present study showed that a majority of patients exhibited moderate (62.5%, 10/16) and Flat-type HL (68.8%, 11/16) (Figure 1, Table 1).
In terms of the progression of MYH14-associated HL, 92.3% of patients (12/13) had noticed the progression of their HL (Table 1). In this study, as shown in Figure 3, at least five patients showed progression based on serial audiometric evaluations. In particular, three patients (Family No. 4 IV-2, Family No. 6 III-2, and Family No. 6 IV-2) underwent serial audiometric evaluations over more than 10 years and showed obvious progression of HL. The present data strongly supported the notion that the progression of HL, which has been previously reported [3,4], is one of the characteristic features of MYH14-associated HL.
With regards to intervention, 8 of the 16 patients used hearing aids (HAs) (Table 1), indicating that hearing aids should be recommended as hearing devices. In this study, no patient received cochlear implantation, suggesting that the HL was within the hearing range for which HAs are indicated in most cases. Liu et al. [15] reported a case in which cochlear implantation was performed for a patient with a MYH14 variant. However, it should be noted that this case also had a MYO15A compound heterozygous variant. Therefore, it is unclear whether the MYH14 variant itself causes profound hearing loss for which cochlear implantation is indicated.
We could not identify any genotype–phenotype correlations among the domains. In addition, we could not identify any genotype–phenotype correlations through combination of the clinical information obtained in our study and that of previously reported cases.
5. Conclusions
The present study revealed an updated variant spectrum and the clinical characteristics of MYH14-associated HL, including onset age, severity and progression of hearing loss, audiometric configuration, and recommended intervention. The information provided in this paper will play a crucial role in managing patients in the future.
Acknowledgments
We thank Chihiro Morimoto, Kozo Kumakawa, Satoko Abe, Takahisa Abe, Hiromitsu Miyazaki, Kyoko Nagai, Satoshi Iwasaki, Kiyoshi Oda, Tomoko Shintani, and Takeshi Ishino for providing samples and clinical information. We also thank Sachiko Matsuda and Fumiko Tomioka for their technical assistance with this research.
Supplementary Materials
The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/genes12101623/s1, Table S1: The 68 deafness-causative genes analyzed in this study.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, S.-i.K., S.-y.N. and S.-i.U.; methodology, S.-i.K., T.K. and S.-y.N.; software, S.-y.N.; validation, K.H. and T.K.; formal analysis, K.H. and S.-y.N.; investigation, S.-i.U.; data curation, K.H., S.-i.K., T.K., H.M. and S.-y.N.; writing—original draft preparation, K.H.; writing—review and editing, K.H., S.-i.K., T.K., H.M. and S.-y.N.; visualization, K.H.; supervision, S.-i.U.; project administration, S.-i.U.; funding acquisition, S.-i.U. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This study was funded by a Health and Labor Sciences Research Grant for Research on Rare and Intractable Diseases and Comprehensive Research on Disability Health and Welfare from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (S.U. H29-Nanchitou(Nan)-Ippan-031, 20FC1048); a Grant-in-Aid from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) (S.U. 16kk0205010h0001, 17kk0205010h0002, 18kk0205010h0003, 16ek0109114h0002, 17ek0109114h0003, 18ek0109363h0001, 19ek0109363h0002, 20ek0109363h0003); and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (S.U. 15H02565).
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Shinshu University School of Medicine (No. 387—4 September 2012, and No. 576—2 May 2017).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all patients (or from their next of kin, caretaker, or legal guardian in the cases of minors or children).
Data Availability Statement
The sequencing data are available in the DDBJ databank of Japan (Accession number: JGAS000323).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
The sequencing data are available in the DDBJ databank of Japan (Accession number: JGAS000323).