Table 5.
Post-traumatic neuronal, tissue and functional consequences on aged animals. Abbreviations: ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; BBB: blood-brain barrier; CCI: controlled cortical impact; d: day post-injury; FP: fluid percussion; h: hour post-injury; LFP: lateral fluid percussion; M: post-natal month; NC: not compared; TBI: traumatic brain injury; W: post-natal week; YA: young adult.
| Animal | Age (Aged) |
Comparison Age (YA) |
Main Highlights | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neuronal Death and Brain Lesion | Functional Deficits and Other Consequences | ||||
|
Mice LFP, open skull, unilateral |
M12 | M1.5/3 | - axonal degeneration aged > YA at 28 d - epothilone D ↑ axonal degeneration in aged at 28 d |
[199] | |
|
Mice CCI, open skull, unilateral |
M18 | M3 | - ↓ motor coordination aged > YA from 1 to 3 d - weight loss in aged from 2 d |
[200] | |
|
Mice CCI, open skull, unilateral |
M18 | M3 | - white mater injuries aged < YA at 30 d - ventriculomegaly aged < YA at 30 d |
- inhibition of anxiety-like behavior aged > YA at 31 d - exploration deficit aged > YA at 67 d - learning and memory deficits aged > YA at 32 and 93 d |
[213] |
|
Mice CCI, open skull, unilateral |
M19 | NC | - lesion size aged > previous adult studies from 1 to 28 d - ↓ synapse at 30 d (hippocampus) |
[202] | |
|
Mice CCI, open skull, unilateral |
M20/25 | M3/6 | - depletion of monocytes infiltration = ↓ spatial memory deficits in aged at 30 d | [203] | |
|
Mice CCI, open skull, unilateral |
M21 | M2 | - neuronal death aged > YA at 3 d | - neurological deficits aged > YA at 3 d - mortality rate aged > YA within 3 d |
[204] |
|
Mice CCI, open skull, unilateral |
M21 | M2 | - neurological deficits aged > YA from 1 to 3 d - mortality rate aged > YA within 5 d |
[205] | |
|
Mice CCI, open skull, unilateral |
M21/24 | NC | - ↓ neuronal density at 60 d (thalamus) | [207] | |
|
Mice CCI, open skull, unilateral |
M21/24 | M5/6 | - neuronal death aged > YA at 3 d - no ≠ in lesion volume at 3 d |
- locomotor deficits aged > YA at 14 d | [214] |
|
Mice LFP, open skull, unilateral |
M22/25 | M5/6 | - mortality aged > YA within 1 d | [208] | |
|
Mice CCI, open skull, unilateral |
M24 | M3 | - antioxydant enzymes expression aged < YA at 1 d - lesion volume aged > YA at 7 d |
[210] | |
|
Rats LFP, open skull, unilateral |
M12 | W10 | - sensorimotor deficits M12 > W10 from 2 to 6 d | [211] | |
|
Rats CCI, open skull, central |
M12/22 | M3 | - antioxidant capacities aged < YA at 1 and 7 d (cortex) - oxidative damage aged > YA at 1 and 7 d (hippocampus) - tissue loss aged > YA at 1 and 7 d |
[215] | |
|
Rats CCI, open skull, unilateral |
M14 | NC | - no effect of nicotinamide on lesion size | - sensorimotor and memory deficits from 2 to 22 d - no effect of nicotinamide on functional deficits - no effect of nicotinamide on BBB leakage |
[216] |
|
Rats CCI, open skull, centered |
M14 | M3 | - lesion volume aged > YA at 37 d | - motor deficit aged > YA at 25 d - memory deficit aged > YA at 5 d |
[217] |
|
Rats FP, open skull, centered |
M20 | M3 | - motor and memory deficits aged > YA at 3 and 5 d | [218] | |
|
Rats CCI, open skull, unilateral |
M20/22 | NC | - sensorimotor deficits from 1 to 14 d - taurine: no effect on sensorimotor deficit or tissue loss (≠ with previous studies on younger animals) |
[219] | |
|
Rats Penetrating TBI, open skull, unilateral |
M20/22 | M5/12 | - lesion volume aged > YA at 1 d | [212] | |
|
Rats CCI, open skull, unilateral |
M24 | W10 | - altered antioxidant capacities aged > YA at 7 d - neuronal death aged > YA at 7 d (cortex) - brain lesions aged > YA at 7 d |
- learning and memory deficits in aged from 1 to 5 d, not in YA | [220] |