Table 2.

Evaluation of AuNPs and AgNPs in C. elegans and Zebrafish; type of NP, concentration, specimen, stage of development, transcriptome profiling method, up or down regulation, and gene ontology.

Type of NP, Concentration and Specimen	Stage of Development at RNA Extraction and Method of Transcriptome Profiling	Up- or Down-Regulation	Gene Ontology	Reference
Citrate-coated AuNPs 5.9 mg/L C. elegans L3 larval stage exposed for 12 h.	L3 larval stage Affymetrix C. elegans gene chip	Up-regulation	Amyloid Processing Citrate cycle Clathrin-mediated endocytosis Apoptosis Unfolded protein response G-protein signalling	[171]
Bare AuNPs 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L MUA/Au = 0.5 MUA/Au = 3 C. elegans embryos exposed for 72 h.	Adults Affymetrix C. elegans gene chip	Up-regulation Down-regulation	Defense response Lipid catabolic processes Lipid storage Body morphogenesis Body shape and size regulation Metal detoxification(homeostasis) and stress Lifespan	[172]
Citrate-capped AuNPs 20 mg/L Liver of adult Zebrafish fish exposed for 96 h.	Adults Affymetrix GeneChip Zebrafish Genome Array	Up-regulation Down-regulation	Stress response Development The establishment of localization Biogenesis Metabolic process Locomotion Biological adhesion Response to a stimulus	[173]
AgNPs 10 μg/mL C. elegans L1 larvae trough adulthood exposed for 72 h.	Adults RNA seq/C. elegans	Up-regulation Down-regulation	Cellular process: cell cycle, meiosis, apoptosis, etc. Growth Metabolic process Reproduction Cellular component organization and biogenesis Behavior Cellular process: cell communication, cell surface receptor signaling pathway Developmental process. Morphogenesis, generation of neurons Metabolic process Response to stimulus Growth Locomotion Reproduction	[174]
AgNPs 50 μg/L Gills from adult zebrafish exposed for 28 days	Adults Agilent Technologies 4x44 K zebrafish microarray	Over-represented ND	Extracellular components (Matrix) Mithocondria Ribonucleoprotein complexes DNA damage DNA/RNA processing Heat shock proteins Cell growth and migration Anatomical, organ and cell morphogenesis Embryonic, skeletal and organ development	[175]
Bare AgNPs 0.01 mg/L 6 dpf larvae exposed for 15 days	Larvae Agilent’s zebrafish (V3) oligonucleotide microarrays	Up-regulation Down-regulation	Photoreception Circadian clock regulation Cardiovascular disease Genetic disorder Hematological disease Hypersensitivity response Ophthalmic disease	[176]
Citrate-coated AgNPs 0.4 mg/L 24 hpf embryos exposed for 24 h	Embryos Agilent Technologies 4x44 K zebrafish microarray	Down-regulation	Ligans-gated ion channel activity Dopaminergic receptor signaling and neuro differentiation Neuron recognition, Regulation of neurogenesis	[177]