Table 1.
Main characteristics of the nationally representative samples included in the analysis.
| Author, Year | Survey Name | Country | Years | Number; Sex | Age | Dietary Assessment | %E UPFs, (Mean) | Lowest Quintile%E UPFs (Mean) | Upper Quintile%E UPFs (Mean) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shim, 2021 [34] | Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) | Korea | 2016–2018 | 16,657; 49.7% females | 19+ years old | 24-h dietary recall | 25.1 | 3.6 | 52.4 |
| Ruggiero, 2021 [35] | Italian Nutrition & HEalth Survey (INHES) | Italy | 2010–2013 | 9078 | 5–97 years old | 24-h dietary recall | 17.8 | 4.0 | 35.0 |
| Costa de Miranda, 2021 [32] | National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (IAN-AF) | Portugal | 2015–2016 | 3852 (3102 adults, 750 elderly) | 18–64 or 65+ years old | two 24-h dietary recalls | 24.0 | 6.5 | 44.1 |
| Calixto Andrade, 2021 [33] | Étude Nationale Nutrition Santé Survey (ENNS) | France | 2006–2007 | 2642; 63.3% females | 18–74 years old | three 24-h dietary recalls | 31.1 | 12.8 | 51.5 |
| Parra, 2019 [31] | National Nutrition Survey and the Demographic and Health National Survey of Colombia (ENDS) | Colombia | 2004–2005 | 38,643; 51.9% females | 2–64 years | 24-h dietary recall | 15.9 | 0.2 | 41.1 |
| Marron-Ponce, 2019 [30] | Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey | Mexico | 2012 | 10,087; 50.5% females | 1 year or older (50% adults aged 20 to 59 years) | 24-h dietary recall | 30.0 | 4.5 | 64.2 |
| Machado, 2019 [29] | National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS) | Australia | 2011–2012 | 12,153 | 2+ years old | two 24-h dietary recalls | 42.0 | 12.8 | 74.5 |
| Cediel, 2021 [28] | National Dietary Survey in Chile (ENCA) | Chile | 2010 | 4920 | 2+ years old | 24-h dietary recall | 28.6 | 3.8 | 60.1 |
| Rauber, 2018 [27] | UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) | United Kingdom | 2008–2014 | 9364 (4729 adults and 4635 children) | 1.5 year or older | 4-day diary | 56.8 | 34.9 | 78.1 |
| Chen, 2018 [26] | Nutrition and Health Surveys in Taiwan (NAHSIT) | Taiwan | 1993–1996, 2011 | 2062 | 16–18 years old | 24-h dietary recall | 19.5 | 5.4 | 49.8 |
| Martinez Steele, 2017 [25] | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | United States | 2009–2010 | 9317 | 1+ years old | two 24-h dietary recalls | 57.5 | 32.6 | 80.7 |
| Moubarac, 2017 [24] | Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) | Canada | 2004 | 33,694; 46,5% females | 2+ years old (55,1% aged 2–18 years) | two 24-h dietary recalls | 47.7 | 23.5 | 76.2 |
| Costa Louzada, 2015 [22]; Louzada, 2015 [23] | Brazilian Family Budgets Survey (POF) | Brazil | 2008–2009 | 32,898 | 10+ years old | two 24-h dietary records | 21.5 | 1.8 | 49.2 |