Table 3.
Results of selected studies on alpha and beta diversity with Vitamin D Intake or Serum Concentrations.
| Author, Year | Comparison | Serum 25(OH) Levels | Sample | Alfa and Beta Diversity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observational studies—Cohort | ||||
| Kassem, 2020 [35] | Maternal serum 25(OH)D levels Umbilical cord blood 25(OH)D levels |
Baseline maternal serum 25(OH)D: 25.04 ± 11.62 ng/mL Baseline umbilical cord blood 25(OH)D levels: 10.88 ± 6.77 ng/mL |
Stool |
Alpha diversity: Prenatal 25(OH)D level significantly associated with decreased infant richness and diversity at 1 month; cord 25(OH)D level was positively associated with infant gut evenness in White women and negatively associated with infant evenness at 6 months. Beta diversity: both prenatal and cord 25(OH)D were significantly associated with 1-month composition |
| Mandal, 2016 [36] | Dietary maternal VD intakes |
Baseline: Not reported Post: Not reported |
Alpha diversity: VD intake was significantly and inversely associated to whole tree phylogenetic and Shannon diversity Beta diversity: NS |
|
| Observational studies—Cross-sectional | ||||
| Jackson, 2018 [39] | Intake of VD supplements: yes versus no | NR | Stool |
Alpha diversity: NS Beta diversity: NS |
| Luthold, 2017 [40] | Dietary VD intakes: high versus low-tertile Serum 25(OH)D leves: high- versus low tertile |
Baseline: 23.9 ± 9.7 ng/mL | Stool |
Alpha diversity: NR Beta diversity: NR |
| Seura, 2017 [41] | Dietary VD intakes |
Baseline: NR |
Stool |
Alpha diversity: NR Beta diversity: NR |
| Soltys, 2020 [38] | Serum VD levels in patients with UC and CD | Baseline: in winter/spring 25.05 ng/mL and summer/autumn period 37.26 ng/mL | Biopsy and stool |
Alpha diversity: NR Beta diversity: NS |
| Thomas, 2020 [42] | VD metabolites | 25(OH)D (34.2 ng/mL), 1,25(OH)2D (56 pg/mL), and 24,25(OH)2D (3.2 ng/mL) | Stool |
Alpha diversity: 1,25(OH)2D, active ratio and catabolism ratio are positively and significantly associated with diversity. Beta diversity: 1,25(OH)2D, 24,25(OH)2D, activation ratio, catabolism ratio significantly define clusters of microbial composition |
| Wu, 2011 [43] | Dietary VD intakes | Baseline: NR | Stool |
Alpha diversity: NR Beta diversity: NR |
| Observational studies—Case-control | ||||
| Weng, 2019 [44] | Dietary VD intakes in healthy controls and patients with UC and CD | Baseline: NR | Biopsy and stool |
Alpha diversity: NR in UC Beta diversity: NR |
25(OH)D—25 hydroxyvitamin D; CD—Crohn’s disease; FDR—false discovery rate; HC—healthy controls; ND-UVB—narrow-band ultraviolet-B; NR—not reported; NS—not significant; SNPs—single nucleotide polymorphisms; Pl—placebo; UC—ulcerative colitis; VD—vitamin D; VDR—vitamin D receptor; VDS—vitamin D supplementation; OTUs: operational taxonomic units.