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West China Journal of Stomatology logoLink to West China Journal of Stomatology
. 2021 Oct;39(5):591–597. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7518/hxkq.2021.05.015

口腔鳞状细胞癌外周血循环肿瘤细胞检测及其临床意义

Detection of peripheral blood circulating tumor cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its clinical significance

Shuaiyuan Zhang 1, Shuo Qin 1, Guanghui Li 1, Yaqun Yi 1, Haojie Fu 1, Yajing Gao 1, Minglei Sun 1,
Editor: 杜 冰1
PMCID: PMC8548218  PMID: 34636209

Abstract

Objective

This study aims to investigate the diagnostic value of peripheral blood circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its correlation with the clinicopathological features of OSCC.

Methods

Ninety-three patients diagnosed as OSCC in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from May 2019 to May 2020 were selected as the experimental group, and 20 healthy volunteers were employed as the control group. The CTCs value of peripheral blood of the patients were measured by CTCs detection technology, and its clinical significance was analyzed.

Results

The CTCs values in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.000 1). The CTCs value in the peripheral blood of patients in the experimental group were not correlated with gender, site of onset, and presence or absence of peripheral tissue infiltration (P>0.05), but was correlated with age (P=0.022), tumor T stage (P=0.02), tumor N stage (P=0.007 5), tumor M stage (P=0.013), clinical stage (P=0.029), early or late stage (P=0.022), tumor differentiation degree (P<0.001), and node metastasis (P=0.006 4). The AUC value of CTCs in OSCC diagnosis was 0.925, and the energy efficiency was statistically significant [P=0.000, 95%CI (0.876, 0.974)]. When the CTC value was 8.450 FU/3 mL, the maximum value of the Yoden index was 0.853, and the sensitivity and specificity of OSCC diagnosis were 90.3% and 95.0%, respectively. The AUC value of CTCs in the diagnosis of OSCC metastasis was 0.691, and the energy efficiency was statistically significant [P=0.000, 95%CI (0.580, 0.803)]. When the blood CTC value was 12.250 FU/3 mL, the maximum value of Yoden index was 0.367, the sensitivity was 63.6%, and the specificity was 73.3%. Multivariate regression analysis showed that buccal tumor was negatively correlated with CTCs in patients with OSCC (P=0.001 08), N2 stage (P=0.000 74) and M stage (P=0.026 38). High differentiation (P<0.000 1) and moderate differentiation (P=0.001 5) were negatively correlated with CTCs values in patients with OSCC.

Conclusion

Peripheral blood CTCs has important clinical value for early screening, auxiliary diagnosis, evaluation of metastasis, and determination of malignant degree, progression, and pathological grade of OSCC and a relatively reliable tumor detection indicator.

Keywords: oral squamous cell carcinoma, circulating tumor cells, liquid biopsy


口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤是全球十大恶性肿瘤之一,其中约90%为鳞状细胞癌,其次为腺性上皮癌,间叶组织来源肿瘤少见[1]。过度饮酒、吸烟、咀嚼槟榔、不良习惯及长期物理化学因素的刺激是口腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinoma,OSCC)最主要的发病因素,近年来有文献[2][4]报道人乳头状瘤病毒(human papilloma virus,HPV)也与OSCC发病有关。肿瘤的转移和复发是影响患者预后最主要因素,随着手术与放、化疗等医疗手段的进步,OSCC患者的预后虽得到相当的改善,但5年生存率仍低于50%[5],因此寻找一种更为简便且有效的临床评价指标尤为重要。

循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs)是一种有远处转移倾向的,短暂的肿瘤转移前体细胞。在1869年由Thomas Ashworth提出,他发现肿瘤患者血液里存在与自身瘤体相同的细胞组织,该发现后续在1954年被Watanabe等证实。CTCs与肿瘤转移关系密切[6],由于CTCs本身来源于肿瘤组织,与肿瘤组织具有相同的遗传物质[7],将其用于肿瘤的识别和定性,特异性极高[8]。但是外周血中的CTCs含量极少,检测难度较高,理想的CTCs检测方法必须能够分离并检测所有异质CTCs,同时丢弃正常血细胞的大背景[9]。随着检测技术的进步,最新的阴性富集及靶向聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)检测技术成功解决了上述问题,该方法基于CTCs与正常血细胞表面抗原CD45之间的表达差异,利用免疫磁珠将两者分离并最大限度的将CTCs纯化,大幅提高了检测质量[10],这使CTCs在恶性肿瘤的辅助诊断、判断疗效和预后等方面受到越来越多的关注[9]。但目前CTCs与OSCC相关性的研究报道较少见。叶酸受体(folate receptor,FR)是一组跨膜蛋白,分为α、β和γ三种亚型,由于FR在人体大部分的肿瘤细胞中都有特异性高表达,如卵巢癌、肺癌,而在正常组织中少有表达,是一种理想的CTCs检测靶点[11]。据文献[12]报道,OSCC组织中亦可见FR高表达,本研究应用的阴性富集及靶向PCR(FR+CTC)检测技术即利用该点,以肿瘤表面FR为靶点,检测OSCC患者外周血的CTCs,分析其与肿瘤患者病理分期、病理亚型、淋巴结转移、分化程度、临床分期等临床病理特征间的关系,探讨CTCs检测的价值和应用前景。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 一般资料

选择2019年5月—2020年5月在郑州大学第一附属医院确诊的93例OSCC患者为试验组,同期选取20例健康志愿者为对照组。试验组中,男64例(68.8%),女29例(31.2%),年龄25~78岁,平均年龄(51.50±12.53)岁;对照组中,男9例(45%),女11例(55%),年龄22~69岁,平均年龄(44.60±12.66)岁。

本研究纳入标准:1)病理诊断为鳞状细胞癌;2)除OSCC外无其他部位原发恶性肿瘤以及严重全身性疾病;3)入院前未接受放化疗及手术等其他相关治疗。排除标准:1)入院前曾接受放化疗及手术等其他相关治疗;2)严重感染或肝肾功能严重异常;3)生活不能自理或不能配合治疗者。

1.2. CTCs的富集与检测

CTCs的检测采用负向富集及靶向PCR检测技术。严格遵循采血标准,取患者3 mL静脉血,血样中加入红细胞裂解液孵育,红细胞裂解后离心,加入CD45+磁珠结合白细胞,用磁场捕获并去除白细胞,剩余富含CTCs的细胞群,加入特异性探针(针对表达FRα的细胞设计,由靶向FR的叶酸单元与共价偶联的寡核苷酸单元组成)标记CTCs,离心,去除上清液游离探针,加入洗脱剂,洗脱与CTCs特异性结合的探针,制备待测样品,加入PCR扩增试剂后进行荧光实时PCR扩增(PCR扩增模板的寡核苷酸单元序列为:5′-CTCAACTGGTGTCGTTGGGCAATTCAGTTGATTCTAA-3′),经数据分析,计算出3 mL血样中CTCs的含量。

1.3. 统计学方法

采用R4.0.0(R Foundation for Statistical Computing,澳大利亚)统计软件进行数据分析,单组间比较使用了Kruskal-Wallis检验,多组间使用Mann-Whitney U检验。采用受试者工作曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)分析外周血CTCs对OSCC相关的诊断价值,并通过其敏感度和特异性来计算约登指数。多因素分析采用线性回归模型。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 2组外周血CTCs值的比较

OSCC患者的术前CTCs值中位数=10.8,四分位范围=[9.7,13.6],对照组的CTCs值中位数=8.00,四分位范围=[7.67,8.10],试验组显著大于对照组(P<0.000 1)(图1)。

图 1. OSCC组与对照组CTCs的比较.

图 1

Fig 1 Comparison of CTCs values between OSCC group and the control group

2.2. 外周血CTCs与OSCC临床病理特征的关系

外周血CTCs与患者的性别、周围组织浸润、发病部位等无关(P>0.05)。与患者的年龄(P=0.022)、OSCC的分化程度(P<0.001)、淋巴结转移(P=0.006 4)、肿瘤T分期(P=0.02)、N分期(P=0.007 5)及临床分期(P=0.029)、早晚期相关(P=0.022)等相关,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。M1期患者CTCs值较M0期显著增高,Ⅲ+Ⅳ期患者CTCs值高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表1图2)。

表 1. OSCC患者外周血CTCs与临床病理特征的关系.

Tab 1 The relationship between CTCs and clinicopathological features of OSCC patients

临床病理特征 OSCC患者/n(%) P
性别 64(68.8%) 0.19
29(31.2%)
年龄/岁 <60 68(73.1%) 0.022
≥60 25(26.9%)
发病部位 39(41.9%) 0.064
12(12.9%)
颌骨 18(19.4%)
牙龈 11(11.8%)
口底 8(8.6%)
其他 5(5.4%)
分化程度 低分化 15(16.1%) <0.001
中分化 59(63.4%)
高分化 19(20.4%)
淋巴结转移 65(69.9%) 0.006 4
28(30.1%)
周围组织浸润 59(63.4%) 0.062
34(36.6%)
T分期 T1 29(31.2%) 0.02
T2 26(28.0%)
T3 4(4.3%)
T4 34(36.6%)
N分期 N0 65(69.9%) 0.007 5
N1 13(14.0%)
N2 15(16.1%)
M分期 M0 82(88.2%) 0.013
M1 11(11.8%)
临床分期 27(29.0%) 0.029
15(16.1%)
11(11.8%)
40(43.0%)
早晚期 Ⅰ+Ⅱ 52(54.8%) 0.022
Ⅲ+Ⅳ 41(45.1%)

图 2. CTCs与OSCC临床病理特征的关系图.

图 2

Fig 2 The relationship between CTCs and clinicopathological features of OSCC patients

2.3. CTCs诊断价值分析

2.3.1. 外周血CTCs检测对OSCC的诊断价值

应用CTCs诊断OSCC的AUC值为0.925,检验能效性有统计学意义[P=0.000,95%CI(0.876,0.974)],当CTCs值为8.450 FU/3 mL时,约登指数最大为0.853,敏感度90.3%,特异性95.0%(图3)。

图 3. CTCs用于诊断OSCC的ROC曲线.

图 3

Fig 3 The ROC curve of CTCs in diagnosis of OSCC

2.3.2. 外周血CTCs检测对OSCC转移的诊断价值

应用CTCs诊断OSCC转移的AUC值为0.691,检验能效性有统计学意义[P=0.000,95%CI(0.580,0.803)],当CTCs值为12.250 FU/3 mL时,约登指数最大为0.367,敏感度63.6%,特异性73.3%(图4)。

图 4. CTCs用于诊断OSCC转移的ROC曲线.

图 4

Fig 4 The ROC curve of CTCs in diagnosis of OSCC metastasis

2.4. CTCs与OSCC患者临床病理特征之间的多因素回归分析

将单因素分析中P<0.2的变量全都纳入到了多因素线性回归模型中。纳入的变量包括性别、年龄、发病部位、分化程度、周围组织浸润、淋巴结转移、T分期、N分期、M分期以及临床分期等。使用逐步回归法筛选变量,得到以下模型。肿瘤原发于颊部与OSCC患者CTCs值呈负相关(P=0.001 08);N2分期(P=0.000 74)及M分期(P=0.026 38)与OSCC患者CTCs值呈正相关;肿瘤分化程度中高分化(P<0.000 1)和中分化(P=0.001 5)与OSCC患者CTCs值呈负相关,分化越高,CTCs值越低。

表 2. CTCs与OSCC患者临床病理特征之间的多元素回归分析.

Tab 2 Multielement regression analysis of clinicopathological features between CTCs and OSCC patients

特征 OR值 P
部位 −0.674 0.244 55
−2.516 0.001 08
牙龈 −0.625 0.426 49
口底 0.524 0.543 68
其他 0.293 0.776 80
N分期 N1 0.373 0.545 71
N2 2.181 0.000 74
M分期 M1 1.553 0.026 38
分化程度 高分化 −3.541 <0.000 1
中分化 −1.982 0.001 5

3. 讨论

在OSCC临床诊治中发现有部分TNM分期较早的患者,虽无远处转移证据,并接受了根治性手术,但仍在一段时间后发生了肿瘤的复发或转移,考虑这部分早期OSCC患者术前已发生了微转移,此前常规的术前临床检查手段并不能及时发现肿瘤的亚临床病灶[13],随着医疗水平的提高,近年来应用CTCs等“液体活检”技术为筛查OSCC提供了新的思路[14][16]

CTCs是存在于外周血中的各类肿瘤细胞的统称,因自发或诊疗操作从实体瘤病灶脱落,进入外周血循环的肿瘤细胞,并可以在一定条件下发展为转移灶[17]。肿瘤释放至外周血中CTCs的多少,可直接的反映出肿瘤发生、发展的功能状态。在乳腺癌[18]、肺癌[19]等肿瘤中,CTCs已成为了较可靠的肿瘤标记物,用于评估患者的治疗效果、无进展生存期和预后[20]。CTCs在口腔颌面部肿瘤中的研究起步稍晚,Buglione等[21]研究表明CTCs在头颈部肿瘤患者中表达水平与肿瘤分期、肿瘤负荷、淋巴结及远处转移这些高危参数显著相关。

目前CTCs检测方法较多,各类方法灵敏度及特异性参差不齐。本研究采用的阴性富集及靶向PCR检测技术较为先进,有较高的临床参考价值。通过检测,单因素分析中OSCC患者外周血CTCs与健康人群相比明显升高,表明CTCs值的升高与肿瘤发生密切相关,有助于肿瘤的早期诊断,这与其他学者[22]的研究一致。在CTCs与OSCC临床特征关系的研究中发现,≥60岁组患者的CTCs值明显较高,考虑可能与该组患者中Ⅳ期占比较高(48%)有关,说明年龄为OSCC危险因素之一,老年患者更应密切随访,这是肿瘤治疗过程中关键步骤。在外周血CTCs与OSCC临床病理指标的相关性研究中发现,CTCs与OSCC的分化程度相关,肿瘤分化程度越低,恶性程度越高,外周血CTCs值越高,反之亦然,笔者认为可能是因为恶性程度高的肿瘤更易侵入小血管壁,从而更易发生血行转移。OSCC组患者中,外周血CTCs值随T分期、N分期增高而呈总体上升趋势,淋巴结转移组高于无淋巴结转移组,M1期组高于M0期组,表明外周血CTCs水平与肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移及远处转移等临床病理指标密切相关,临床上遇到CTCs检测值较大的患者,医生应尽可能完善相关检查,确定肿瘤负荷大小,有无临床转移迹象,明确手术适应证。另外CTCs与有无肿瘤周围组织浸润之间虽差异无明显统计学意义,但有肿瘤周围组织浸润组CTCs值较无浸润组增高,考虑可能由于样本量不足导致偏倚,后续笔者将扩大样本量进一步比较。在CTCs与临床分期的关系研究中也发现,CTCs与患者临床分期相关,发现Ⅲ+Ⅳ期患者的CTCs值较Ⅰ+Ⅱ期者明显升高,这与周士超等[23]的研究结果相一致,表明通过检测CTCs值有助于辅助判断患者临床分期,对OSCC临床诊疗有一定的指导意义。由于仅依靠单因素分析,各变量的真实效应有可能被其他混杂变量所掩盖,因此增加了多因素分析控制偏倚,通过推导CTCs与OSCC之间的线性回归方程得出颊部,N2分期,M分期,中、高分化程度等因素均为OSCC患者术前CTCs的独立影响因素。以上结果表明检测CTCs有助于判断肿瘤的恶性程度、进展情况、病理分级,CTCs值可一定程度反映出肿瘤的活跃程度和疾病的进展程度,可成为较为可靠的肿瘤监测指标之一。本研究通过对照组和OSCC组CTCs值绘制ROC曲线,计算出应用CTCs值诊断OSCC的AUC值为0.925,通过其敏感度及特异性计算出其约登指数为0.853,所对应的外周血CTCs值为8.450 FU/3 mL,敏感度与特异性均>90%,有较高的检验效能和临床诊断价值。将其应用于OSCC的筛查和辅助诊断,当CTCs检测值<8.450 FU/3 mL时,有较小患癌可能,若高于此值,则需密切随访或行必要的检查来排查患癌可能。同样通过转移组与未转移组之间CTCs值绘制ROC曲线,评估CTCs对OSCC转移的诊断价值,计算出AUC值为0.367(P=0.000),约登指数为0.44,相对应的CTCs值为12.250 FU/3 mL,敏感度为63.6%,特异性为73.3%,当OSCC患者CTCs值>12.250 FU/3 mL时有较大转移可能,具有一定的转移预测价值。

本研究结果表明,CTCs的检测对于OSCC的早期筛查、辅助诊断及转移预测等均具有重要的临床意义。本研究也存在一定不足,由于随访时间较短,未能进行完整的预后分析,后续将加强随访,进一步探讨CTCs对OSCC预后评估的价值。

综上所述,外周血CTCs的检测,对OSCC的早期筛查、辅助诊断、评估转移以及判断肿瘤的恶性程度,进展情况、病理分级等均有较为重要的临床价值,是一个较为可靠的肿瘤检测指标。

Funding Statement

[基金项目] 郑州市口腔颌面外科院士工作站项目(152PYSGZ040);河南省医学科技攻关计划省部共建项目(SBGJ202002067)

Supported by: Zhengzhou Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Academician Workstation Project (152PYSGZ040); Henan Provincial Medical Science and Technology Project Jointly Built by the Ministry (SBGJ202002067).

Footnotes

利益冲突声明:作者声明本文无利益冲突。

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