Abstract
BACKGROUND
Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and surgical resection remains the sole curative treatment for gastric cancer. Minimally invasive gastrectomy including laparoscopic and robotic approaches has been increasingly used in a few decades. Thus far, only a few reports have investigated the oncological outcomes following minimally invasive gastrectomy.
AIM
To determine the 5-year survival following minimally invasive gastrectomy for gastric cancer and identify prognostic predictors.
METHODS
This retrospective cohort study identified 939 patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer during the study period. After excluding 125 patients with non-curative surgery (n = 77), other synchronous cancer (n = 2), remnant gastric cancer (n = 25), insufficient physical function (n = 13), and open gastrectomy (n = 8), a total of 814 consecutive patients with primary gastric cancer who underwent minimally invasive R0 gastrectomy at our institution between 2009 and 2014 were retrospectively examined. Accordingly, 5-year overall and recurrence-free survival were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method with the log-rank test and Cox regression analyses, while factors associated with survival were determined using multivariate analysis.
RESULTS
Our analysis showed that age > 65 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status 3, total or proximal gastrectomy, and pathological T4 and N positive status were independent predictors of both 5-year overall and recurrence-free survival. Accordingly, the included patients had a 5-year overall and recurrence-free survival of 80.3% and 78.2%, respectively. Among the 814 patients, 157 (19.3%) underwent robotic gastrectomy, while 308 (37.2%) were diagnosed with pathological stage II or III disease. Notably, our findings showed that robotic gastrectomy was an independent positive predictor for recurrence-free survival in patients with pathological stage II/III [hazard ratio: 0.56 (0.33-0.96), P = 0.035]. Comparison of recurrence-free survival between the robotic and laparoscopic approach using propensity score matching analysis verified that the robotic group had less morbidity (P = 0.005).
CONCLUSION
Age, ASA status, gastrectomy type, and pathological T and N status were prognostic factors of minimally invasive gastrectomy, with the robot approach possibly improving long-term outcomes of advanced gastric cancer.
Keywords: Laparoscopy, Gastric cancer, Minimally invasive surgery, Prognostic factor, Stomach neoplasms
Core Tip: This retrospective cohort study on 814 patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery for primary gastric cancer revealed a 5-year overall and recurrence-free survival of 80.3% and 78.2%, respectively. Moreover, our analysis identified age, American Society of Anesthesiologists status, type of gastrectomy, and pathological T and N status as prognostic predictors for overall and recurrence-free survival. The robotic approach was also identified as an independent positive predictor for recurrence-free survival in patients with pathological stage II/III disease, confirmed by the lesser morbidity in the robotic group following propensity score analysis.
INTRODUCTION
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide[1]. Surgical resection remains the sole curative treatment for gastric cancer, with regional lymphadenectomy being recommended as a component of radical gastrectomy[2]. Laparoscopic gastrectomy has been increasingly used, considering its better short-term effects and comparable long-term outcomes compared to open gastrectomy[2].
The da Vinci surgical system (DVSS; Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, United States) had been developed to overcome several disadvantages identified for standard minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery[2]. Most laparoscopic surgeons expect that utilizing the DVSS for gastric surgery would allow them to overcome the technical difficulties of laparoscopic gastrectomy, thereby improving its safety, reproducibility, teachability, and long-term outcomes. However, only one large, nonrandomized prospective study (NCT01309256) has compared DVSS with laparoscopic gastrectomy. Accordingly, the study results mentioned above demonstrated that DVSS had higher operative time and cost than laparoscopic gastrectomy with no difference in morbidity, suggesting that DVSS might reduce cost-effectiveness[3]. Concurrently, robotic gastrectomy, which has been actively used for operable patients with resectable gastric cancer at the patient’s own expense[2], was introduced at our institution in 2009. Analysis of patient outcomes following robotic gastrectomy had demonstrated that its morbidity was approximately one-fifth of that observed with laparoscopic gastrectomy, with such a reduction in morbidity, including decreased incidences of postoperative pancreatic fistula, certainly improving the short-term postoperative course[2]. Moreover, our previous study had compared the oncological outcomes, particularly 3-year survival rates, between robotic gastrectomy and laparoscopic gastrectomy[2]. Thus far, only a few reports have investigated the oncological outcomes following robotic gastrectomy, considering that DVSS remains a relatively new technology. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the prognostic factors of minimally invasive gastrectomy, including laparoscopic and robotic procedures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients
This single-center retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent curative gastrectomy for gastric cancer at our institution between January 2009 and September 2014. The inclusion criteria were patients with primary gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent curative resection using minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The exclusion criteria were patients with other synchronous cancer and those whose resection was limited due to poor physical functioning. Among the 939 patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer during the study period, 125 were excluded due to non-curative surgery (n = 77), other synchronous cancer (n = 2), remnant gastric cancer (n = 25), insufficient physical function (n = 13), and open gastrectomy (n = 8). Thus, the 814 patients who satisfied the study criteria were ultimately analyzed. The clinicopathological variables collected included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification, date of surgery, type of approach, histologic type, lymphovascular invasion status, TNM staging (Japanese Gastric Cancer Association classification, 14th edition), number of harvested lymph nodes, postoperative complications determined by Clavien–Dindo (C-D) classification[4], date of the first recurrence, and date and status of the last follow-up. The extent of gastrectomy and lymphadenectomy was defined based on Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines[5]. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of resection to the date of the last follow-up or death of any cause. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was calculated from the date of resection to the date of first recurrence, last follow-up, or death of any cause, whichever occurred first. Details regarding indications for radical gastrectomy, including the selection of laparoscopic or robotic approach, surgical procedures, perioperative management, adjuvant chemotherapy, and oncologic follow-up, have been previously reported[2]. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) (S-1 80 mg/m2 days 1-21 + CDDP 60 mg/m2 day 8 or S-1 80 mg/m2 days 1-28) was offered to patients with clinical T ≥ 2, tumor size ≥ 5 cm, and/or swollen locoregional lymph nodes ≥ 1.5 cm[2]. All patients were uniformly offered robotic surgery without considering their backgrounds, including physical and oncological status. Patients who agreed to the uninsured use of the surgical robot underwent robotic gastrectomy, whereas those who wished for insured treatment underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy[2]. All patients were completely involved in the decision-making process and provided informed consent prior to participation. All surgical procedures were performed or guided by surgeons qualified by the Japanese Society for Endoscopic Surgical Skill Qualification System, initiated in 2004 by the Japanese Society for Endoscopic Surgery to develop a tool for the reliable and reproducible evaluation of trainees’ surgical techniques[6]. All procedures were supervised by an expert gastric surgeon (I.U.) who had performed more than 1500 Laparoscopic gastrectomies and 400 robotic gastrectomies. This study was approved by the institutional review board of Fujita Health University.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, United States). Long-term outcomes were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method with the log-rank test and Cox regression analyses. Considering our relatively small sample size, multivariate analysis was conducted using all variables determined to be significant (P < 0.1) during univariate analysis as independent variables. Data were expressed as median, interquartile range, or hazard ratio (HR) with the 95% confidence interval (CI) unless otherwise stated. A P value of < 0.05 (two-tailed) was considered statistically significant. Propensity score matching analysis was used to reduce selection bias with regard to potential confounding factors when establishing the laparoscopic and robotic groups. Possible confounders were selected based on their potential association with the outcome of interest according to clinical knowledge. Therefore, clinicopathological characteristics (age, BMI, sex, ASA status, pathological T and N factor, type of surgery, tumor size, and NAC) were used to adjust differences between the laparoscopic and robotic groups through one-to-one pair matching using optimal match without replacement. Propensity scores were matched using a caliper width 1/5 Logit of the standard deviation. The absolute standardized difference was used to measure covariate balance, in which an absolute standardized mean difference above represented a meaningful imbalance[7]. Independent continuous variables were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis test. Categorical variables were compared using the χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test.
RESULTS
Patient characteristics
Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of all patients included herein. Accordingly, the included patients had a median age of 68 years, among whom 31.4% (n = 256) were diagnosed with clinical stage II or more disease, while 14.6% (n = 119) underwent NAC. Laparoscopic and robotic gastrectomy was performed in 657 (80.7%) and 157 (19.3%) patients, respectively. None of the patients required intraoperative conversion to open procedure from MIS. Pathological stage II and III disease was diagnosed in 160 (19.7%) and 148 (18.2%) patients, respectively. Morbidity of C-D grade ≥ III was observed in 72 patients (8.8%).
Table 1.
Clinicopathological characteristics of the entire cohort
|
Variables
|
n
= 814
|
| Age, yr [IQR] | 68[61-74] |
| Sex, n (%) | |
| Male | 562 (69.0) |
| Female | 252 (31.0) |
| BMI, kg/m2 [IQR] | 22.2 [20.0-24.1] |
| ASA, n (%) | |
| 1 | 314 (38.6) |
| 2 | 396 (48.6) |
| 3 | 104 (12.8) |
| Clinical stage, n (%) | |
| I | 558 (68.6) |
| II | 125 (15.3) |
| III | 121 (14.9) |
| IV | 10 (1.2) |
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, n (%) | 119 (14.6) |
| Neoadjuvant radiotherapy, n (%) | 0 (0) |
| Approach, n (%) | |
| Laparoscopic | 657 (80.7) |
| Robotic | 157 (19.3) |
| Type of gastrectomy, n (%) | |
| Distal | 559 (68.7) |
| Total | 238 (29.2) |
| Proximal | 16 (2.0) |
| Pylorus preserving | 1 (0.1) |
| Lymphadenectomy, n (%) | |
| D1+ | 378 (46.4) |
| D2 | 436 (53.6) |
| Dissected nodes, n [IQR] | 38[28-48] |
| Tumor size, mm [IQR] | 30[20-50] |
| pT, n (%) | |
| 1 | 469 (57.6) |
| 2 | 87 (10.7) |
| 3 | 112 (13.8) |
| 4 | 138 (17.0) |
| CR | 8 (1.0) |
| pN, n (%) | |
| 0 | 559 (68.7) |
| 1 | 98 (12.0) |
| 2 | 79 (9.7) |
| 3 | 78 (9.6) |
| pStage, n (%) | |
| I | 498 (61.2) |
| II | 160 (19.7) |
| III | 148 (18.2) |
| TCRNany | 8 (1.0) |
| WHO histologic type, n (%) | |
| Tub/pap | 402 (49.4) |
| Por/sig | 352 (43.2) |
| Mixed/other | 60 (7.4) |
| Lymphovascular invasion, n (%) | 531 (65.2) |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy, n (%) | 242 (29.7) |
| Adjuvant radiotherapy, n (%) | 0 (0) |
| Morbidity (C–D grade ≥ III), n (%) | 72 (8.8) |
| Anastomotic leakage | 22 (2.7) |
| Pancreatic fistula | 30 (3.7) |
Categorical and continuous data are presented as n (%) and median [IQR], respectively. IQR: Interquartile range; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI: Body mass index; CR: Complete response at the primary site; C-D: Clavien-Dindo classification.
Survival outcomes
The median follow-up period was 59.5 mo, while the 5-year OS and RFS were 80.3% and 78.2%, respectively (Figure 1A and B). Patients with pStage I, II, and III had a 5-year OS of 91.9%, 76.3%, and 43.7%, and a 5-year RFS of 91.6%, 74.7%, and 36.0%, respectively.
Figure 1.
Kaplan-Meier curves. Kaplan-Meier estimates in the entire cohort A: Overall survival probability; B: Recurrence-free survival probability. OS: Overall survival; RFS: Recurrence-free survival.
Factors related to survival
Univariate analysis identified age > 65 years, ASA status 3, total or proximal gastrectomy, D2 lymphadenectomy, tumor size > 30 mm, lymphovascular invasion, C–D grade ≥ III morbidity, NAC administration, adjuvant chemotherapy administration, and higher pT and pN status as factors significantly associated with OS (Table 2). However, multivariate analysis revealed that only age > 65 years [HR: 1.62 (1.09-2.40), P = 0.017], ASA status 3 [HR: 1.91 (1.18-3.10), P = 0.009], total or proximal gastrectomy [HR: 1.45 (1.03-2.05), P = 0.036], pT4 [HR: 4.31 (2.37–7.82), P < 0.001], and pN positive status were significantly and independently associated with OS (Table 2). Similarly, multivariate analysis identified age > 65 years [HR: 1.48 (1.02-2.14), P = 0.038], ASA status 3 [HR: 1.62 (1.02-2.60), P = 0.043], total or proximal gastrectomy [HR: 1.55 (1.12–2.15), P = 0.009], pT4 [HR: 4.20 (2.38–7.41), P < 0.001], and pN positive status as factors significantly and independently associated with RFS (Table 3). Moreover, multivariate analysis showed that robotic approach could likely be a positive predictor for RFS, although no significant association was observed [HR 0.68 (0.44-1.06), P = 0.088] (Table 3).
Table 2.
Factors associated with overall survival for the entire cohort (n = 814)
|
Univariate
|
Multivariate
|
|||||
|
|
HR
|
95%CI
|
P
|
HR
|
95%CI
|
P
|
| Age > 65 yr | 1.46 | 1.04–2.06 | 0.031 | 1.62 | 1.09–2.40 | 0.017 |
| Female sex | 0.75 | 0.52–1.09 | 0.129 | |||
| BMI > 23 kg/m2 | 0.77 | 0.55–1.07 | 0.123 | |||
| ASA | ||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 2 | 0.96 | 0.68–1.38 | 0.837 | 1.06 | 0.72–1.57 | 0.753 |
| 3 | 1.97 | 1.27–3.05 | 0.003 | 1.91 | 1.18–3.10 | 0.009 |
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy | 1.84 | 1.27–2.67 | 0.001 | 1.34 | 0.88–2.04 | 0.166 |
| Robotic approach | 0.77 | 0.50–1.21 | 0.258 | |||
| Type of gastrectomy | ||||||
| Distal/pylorus-preserving | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Total/proximal | 2.17 | 1.58–2.99 | < 0.001 | 1.45 | 1.03–2.05 | 0.036 |
| D2 lymphadenectomy | 1.86 | 1.32–2.61 | < 0.001 | 0.87 | 0.57–1.33 | 0.528 |
| Tumor > 30 mm | 3.23 | 2.20–4.75 | < 0.001 | 1.05 | 0.66–1.69 | 0.832 |
| WHO histologic type | ||||||
| Tub/pap | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Por/sig/mixed/other | 1.54 | 1.12–2.13 | 0.009 | 1.26 | 0.89–1.78 | 0.190 |
| Lymphovascular invasion | 4.38 | 2.68–7.17 | < 0.001 | 1.17 | 0.60–2.26 | 0.651 |
| pT | ||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 2 | 2.82 | 1.62–4.91 | < 0.001 | 1.72 | 0.90–3.27 | 0.099 |
| 3 | 3.03 | 1.82–5.03 | < 0.001 | 1.54 | 0.82–2.91 | 0.184 |
| 4 | 9.78 | 6.54–14.60 | < 0.001 | 4.31 | 2.37–7.82 | < 0.001 |
| CR | 1.67 | 0.23–12.17 | 0.613 | 1.34 | 0.16–10.97 | 0.784 |
| pN | ||||||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 1 | 2.76 | 1.74–4.39 | < 0.001 | 2.02 | 1.22–3.34 | 0.007 |
| 2 | 4.05 | 2.56–6.41 | < 0.001 | 1.97 | 1.15–3.36 | 0.013 |
| 3 | 8.08 | 5.40–12.10 | < 0.001 | 2.92 | 1.79–4.78 | < 0.001 |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | 3.27 | 2.37–4.50 | < 0.001 | 1.21 | 0.80–1.82 | 0.371 |
| Morbidity (C-D grade ≥ III) | 1.85 | 1.18–2.91 | 0.008 | 1.27 | 0.79–2.05 | 0.325 |
HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI: Body mass index; CR: Complete response at the primary site; C-D: Clavien–Dindo classification.
Table 3.
Factors associated with recurrence-free survival for the entire cohort (n = 814)
|
|
Univariate
|
|
Multivariate
|
||||
|
|
HR
|
95%CI
|
P
|
HR
|
95%CI
|
P
|
|
| Age > 65 yr | 1.33 | 0.97–1.84 | 0.076 | 1.48 | 1.02–2.14 | 0.038 | |
| Female sex | 0.76 | 0.54–1.06 | 0.108 | ||||
| BMI > 23 kg/m2 | 0.77 | 0.56–1.05 | 0.100 | ||||
| ASA | |||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 2 | 0.95 | 0.68–1.32 | 0.761 | 1.08 | 0.75–1.55 | 0.692 | |
| 3 | 1.67 | 1.09–2.55 | 0.018 | 1.62 | 1.02–2.60 | 0.043 | |
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy | 1.91 | 1.34–2.71 | < 0.001 | 1.39 | 0.93–2.08 | 0.104 | |
| Robotic approach | 0.69 | 0.45–1.06 | 0.087 | 0.68 | 0.44–1.06 | 0.088 | |
| Type of gastrectomy | |||||||
| Distal/pylorus-preserving | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Total/proximal | 2.24 | 1.66–3.02 | < 0.001 | 1.55 | 1.12–2.15 | 0.009 | |
| D2 lymphadenectomy | 2.08 | 1.50–2.86 | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.66–1.48 | 0.957 | |
| Tumor > 30 mm | 3.19 | 2.23–4.56 | < 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.61–1.48 | 0.827 | |
| WHO histologic type | |||||||
| Tub/pap | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Por/sig/mixed/other | 0.54 | 0.14–2.08 | 0.005 | 1.20 | 0.86–1.66 | 0.284 | |
| Lymphovascular invasion | 4.93 | 3.06–7.94 | < 0.001 | 1.29 | 0.69–2.43 | 0.430 | |
| pT | |||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 2 | 2.87 | 1.69–4.85 | < 0.001 | 1.57 | 0.85–2.89 | 0.148 | |
| 3 | 3.42 | 2.13–5.48 | < 0.001 | 1.60 | 0.89–2.89 | 0.120 | |
| 4 | 10.62 | 7.26–15.53 | < 0.001 | 4.20 | 2.38–7.41 | < 0.001 | |
| CR | 1.41 | 0.19–10.24 | 0.737 | 0.96 | 0.12–7.77 | 0.967 | |
| pN | |||||||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 1 | 3.08 | 1.99–4.77 | < 0.001 | 2.23 | 1.39–3.58 | 0.001 | |
| 2 | 5.01 | 3.29–7.62 | < 0.001 | 2.24 | 1.36–3.70 | 0.002 | |
| 3 | 8.92 | 6.07–13.11 | < 0.001 | 3.32 | 2.06–5.34 | < 0.001 | |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | 3.53 | 2.62–4.77 | < 0.001 | 1.18 | 0.80–1.73 | 0.410 | |
| Morbidity (C-D grade ≥ III) | 1.69 | 1.09–2.62 | 0.019 | 1.04 | 0.65–1.67 | 0.868 | |
ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI: Body mass index; CR: Complete response at the primary site; C-D: Clavien–Dindo classification; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.
Survival outcomes following the laparoscopic and robotic approach
The laparoscopic and robotic approach had a 5-year OS of 79.4% and 83.4% (P = 0.243) and a 5-year RFS of 76.9% and 84.2% (P = 0.085), respectively. No significant difference in the 5-year OS and RFS was noted between both groups for patients with pStage I (91.6% vs 93.4%, P = 0.471 and 91.4% vs 92.7%, P = 0.634) (Figure 2A and B). Notably, among patients with pStage II/III, those in the robotic group had significantly better RFS compared to those in the laparoscopic group (74.1% vs 51.7%, P = 0.006) (Figure 2D), although no significant difference in the 5-year OS was observed (P = 0.071) (Figure 2C).
Figure 2.
Kaplan-Meier curves. A and C: Kaplan–Meier estimates of overall survival probability for pathological stage I and II/III, B and D: Kaplan–Meier estimates of recurrence-free survival probability for pathological stage I and II/III. OS: Overall survival; RFS: Recurrence-free survival.
Factors associated with survival in pStage II/III diseases
Our analysis showed that pT4 [HR: 4.02 (1.21-13.42), P = 0.024] and pN positive status were significantly and independently associated with OS. Notably, univariate analysis showed that robotic gastrectomy (P = 0.007), total or proximal gastrectomy (P = 0.004), tumor size > 30 mm (P = 0.014), pT4 (P = 0.007), and pN positive status were significantly associated with RFS. Meanwhile, multivariate analysis found that robotic gastrectomy was independently and positively associated with RFS [HR: 0.56 (0.33–0.96), P = 0.035]. Apart from robotic gastrectomy, only pT4 and pN positive status were identified as factors independently associated with RFS (Table 4).
Table 4.
Factors associated with recurrence-free survival for patients with pathological stage II/III disease (n = 308)
|
Univariate
|
Multivariate
|
|||||
|
|
HR
|
95%CI
|
P
|
HR
|
95%CI
|
P
|
| Age > 65 yr | 1.04 | 0.73–1.48 | 0.848 | |||
| Female sex | 1.08 | 0.75–1.58 | 0.673 | |||
| BMI > 23 kg/m2 | 0.69 | 0.47–1.00 | 0.052 | 0.92 | 0.62–1.35 | 0.657 |
| ASA | ||||||
| 1 | 1 | |||||
| 2 | 0.82 | 0.56–1.19 | 0.297 | |||
| 3 | 1.07 | 0.63–1.80 | 0.809 | |||
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy | 1.37 | 0.93–2.01 | 0.114 | |||
| Robotic approach | 0.50 | 0.30–0.83 | 0.007 | 0.56 | 0.33–0.96 | 0.035 |
| Type of gastrectomy | ||||||
| Distal/pylorus-preserving | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Total/proximal | 1.67 | 1.18–2.37 | 0.004 | 1.32 | 0.91–1.90 | 0.145 |
| D2 lymphadenectomy | 1.26 | 0.80–2.00 | 0.320 | |||
| Tumor > 30 mm | 2.17 | 1.17–4.03 | 0.014 | 1.34 | 0.69–2.60 | 0.303 |
| WHO histologic type | ||||||
| Tub/pap | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Por/sig/mixed/other | 1.38 | 0.95–2.00 | 0.089 | 1.29 | 0.88–1.90 | 0.197 |
| pT | ||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 2 | 1.82 | 0.60–5.53 | 0.292 | 1.33 | 0.42–4.23 | 0.628 |
| 3 | 1.32 | 0.47–3.75 | 0.6 | 1.45 | 0.49–4.30 | 0.505 |
| 4 | 3.96 | 1.45–10.83 | 0.007 | 3.52 | 1.23–10.07 | 0.019 |
| pN | ||||||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 1 | 2.07 | 1.16–3.69 | 0.014 | 2.86 | 1.57–5.24 | 0.001 |
| 2 | 2.24 | 1.29–3.90 | 0.004 | 2.45 | 1.38–4.34 | 0.002 |
| 3 | 3.74 | 2.21–6.32 | < 0.001 | 3.25 | 1.88–5.61 | < 0.001 |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | 1.37 | 0.92–2.04 | 0.119 | |||
| Morbidity (C-D grade ≥ III) | 1.58 | 0.97–2.58 | 0.066 | 1.22 | 0.73–2.05 | 0.453 |
ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI: Body mass index; C–D: Clavien–Dindo classification; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.
Comparison between robotic and laparoscopic gastrectomy in pStage II/III diseases
To account for confounding factors between both groups, propensity score matching was performed (Table 5). In the prematched cohort of 308 patients with pStage II/III disease, 67 and 241 patients belonged to the robotic and laparoscopic groups, respectively. After matching, each group comprised 61 patients. The matched cohort had a considerably better balance of covariates, with < 0.245 of the cutoff value of an absolute standardized difference. In the postmatched cohort, no differences in clinicopathological variables were observed between the laparoscopic and robotic groups, although the robotic group had lower morbidity (4.9% vs 16.4%, P = 0.04) (Table 5). Furthermore, the robotic group had significantly better 5-year OS (70.4% vs 50.2%, P = 0.039) and RFS (74.1% vs 44.5%, P = 0.005) than the laparoscopic group in the postmatched cohort (Figure 3A and B).
Table 5.
Clinicopathological characteristics of pStage II/III patients in the pre- and postmatched cohort
|
Prematched
|
Postmatched
|
|||||||
|
|
Lap (n = 241)
|
Robotic (n = 67)
|
P
|
ASD
|
Lap (n = 61)
|
Robotic (n = 61)
|
P
|
ASD
|
| Sex, n (%) | 0.132 | 0.204 | 0.580 | 0.100 | ||||
| Male | 174 (72.2) | 42 (62.7) | 35 (57.4) | 38 (62.3) | ||||
| Female | 67 (27.8) | 25 (37.3) | 26 (42.6) | 23 (37.7) | ||||
| Age, yr [IQR] | 69 [61–75] | 65 [60–77] | 0.134 | 0.235 | 68 [61–75] | 65 [60–77] | 0.824 | 0.042 |
| BMI, kg/m2 [IQR] | 21.6 [19.2–23.7] | 23.1 [20.0–24.8] | 0.008 | 0.329 | 22.6 [20.4–24.9] | 23.0 [20.0–24.9] | 0.810 | 0.007 |
| ASA, n (%) | 0.074 | 0.315 | 0.959 | 0.052 | ||||
| 1 | 89 (36.9) | 35 (52.2) | 31 (50.8) | 30 (49.2) | ||||
| 2 | 118 (49.0) | 24 (35.8) | 23 (37.7) | 23 (37.7) | ||||
| 3 | 34 (14.1) | 8 (11.9) | 7 (11.5) | 8 (13.1) | ||||
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, n (%) | 61 (25.3) | 11 (16.4) | 0.128 | 0.220 | 10 (16.4) | 11 (18.0) | 0.810 | 0.043 |
| Type of gastrectomy, n (%) | 0.075 | 0.329 | 1 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Distal | 136 (56.4) | 48 (71.6) | 42 (68.9) | 42 (68.9) | ||||
| Total | 104 (43.2) | 19 (28.4) | 19 (31.1) | 19 (31.1) | ||||
| Proximal | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Tumor size, mm [IQR] | 50[35-70] | 40[30-63] | 0.026 | 0.265 | 50 [35–77] | 43 [30–65] | 0.192 | 0.187 |
| pT, n (%) | 0.042 | 0.391 | 0.860 | 0.158 | ||||
| 1 | 11 (4.6) | 8 (11.9) | 4 (6.6) | 6 (9.8) | ||||
| 2 | 35 (14.5) | 4 (6.0) | 4 (6.6) | 4 (6.6) | ||||
| 3 | 85 (35.3) | 27 (40.3) | 21 (34.4) | 23 (37.7) | ||||
| 4 | 110 (45.6) | 28 (41.8) | 32 (52.5) | 28 (45.9) | ||||
| pN, n (%) | 0.15 | 0.338 | 0.617 | 0.244 | ||||
| 0 | 65 (27.0) | 24 (35.8) | 16 (26.2) | 22 (36.1) | ||||
| 1 | 48 (19.9) | 15 (22.4) | 17 (27.9) | 13 (21.3) | ||||
| 2 | 68 (28.2) | 10 (14.9) | 9 (14.8) | 10 (16.4) | ||||
| 3 | 60 (24.9) | 18 (26.9) | 19 (31.1) | 16 (26.2) | ||||
| pStage, n (%) | 0.246 | 0.716 | ||||||
| II | 121 (50.2) | 39 (58.2) | 32 (52.5) | 34 (55.7) | ||||
| III | 120 (49.8) | 28 (41.8) | 29 (47.5) | 27 (44.3) | ||||
| Dissected nodes, n [IQR] | 44 [35–53] | 43 [35–51] | 0.858 | 45 [35–54] | 43 [30-65] | 0.556 | ||
| WHO histological type, n (%) | 0.667 | 0.229 | ||||||
| Tub/pap | 88 (36.5) | 27 (41.8) | 17 (27.9) | 26 (42.6) | ||||
| Por/sig | 129 (53.5) | 34 (50.7) | 37 (60.7) | 30 (49.2) | ||||
| Mixed/other | 24 (10.0) | 5 (7.5) | 7 (11.5) | 5 (8.2) | ||||
| Lymphovascular invasion, n (%) | 241 (100) | 66 (98.5) | 0.218 | 61 (100) | 60 (98.4) | 0.5 | ||
| Adjuvant chemotherapy, n (%) | 161 (66.8) | 47 (70.1) | 0.605 | 38 (62.3) | 43 (70.5) | 0.338 | ||
| Morbidity (C-D grade ≥ III), n (%) | 31 (12.9) | 3 (4.5) | 0.053 | 10 (16.4) | 3 (4.9) | 0.04 | ||
Categorical and continuous data are presented as n (%) and median [IQR], respectively. ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI: Body mass index; CR: Complete response at the primary site; C–D: Clavien–Dindo classification; ASD: Absolute standardized mean difference.
Figure 3.
Kaplan-Meier curves. Kaplan-Meier estimates in the postmatched cohort. A: Overall survival probability; B: Recurrence-free survival probability. OS: Overall survival; RFS: Recurrence-free survival.
DISCUSSION
The current study clearly identified factors related to survival in patients with gastric cancer who underwent MIS, subsequently presenting three significant findings.
First, the present study highlighted the feasibility and safety of MIS for gastric cancer as determined by the 5-year outcomes. While the long-term outcomes of laparoscopic surgery have been increasingly reported in recent years, only a few studies have investigated the long-term outcomes of the robotic approach[2,8,9]. Consistent with previous studies, including those from our group, the current study demonstrated no significant difference in OS and RFS between the laparoscopic and robotic approaches[2,8,9]. However, among patients with pStage II/III, those in the robotic group demonstrated significantly better RFS than those in the laparoscopic group (P = 0.006).
Second, our results showed that pT and pN status was independently associated with both OS and RFS. Currently, multidisciplinary treatment for gastric cancer utilizing various chemotherapeutic options has been developed worldwide. In Western countries, neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy combined with curative resection has been the standard treatment for advanced gastric cancer[10,11], whereas adjuvant chemotherapy following curative resection remains the standard approach in Japan[5]. Regardless of treatment options, however, evidence has shown that the pN factor is consistently strongly associated with survival following gastric cancer treatment[12-14]. The results of the current study are consistent with those presented in previous studies.
Third, the use of the surgical robot was significantly associated with improved RFS among propensity score-matched patients with pStage II/III disease. This could have been attributed to lower morbidity in the robotic gastrectomy group, a causal relationship between morbidity and survival, and higher morbidity in patients undergoing surgery for advanced disease. First, a few studies have shown that robotic gastrectomy was technically safe and feasible but did not have superior morbidity compared to the laparoscopic approach[3]. However, Wang et al[15] who compared morbidity between robotic and laparoscopic gastrectomy using propensity score-matched analysis, reported that the robotic group exhibited significantly lower morbidity, particularly with regard to infectious complications (e.g., anastomotic leakage and intra-abdominal abscess)[15]. Furthermore, a multicenter, prospective, single-arm study by our group recently reported that robotic gastrectomy promoted lesser morbidity than laparoscopic gastrectomy among historical controls[2]. Similarly, the present study showed that the robotic group had significantly lesser morbidity compared to the laparoscopic in the postmatched cohort. Second, several studies have demonstrated that morbidity was associated with worse survival in gastric cancer[16-19]. In fact, Jin et al[16] reported that patients with and without postoperative complications had RFS rates of 23% and 40%, respectively (P < 0.001). Third, advanced gastric cancer requires complicated procedures, which can cause more complications. Notably, studies have reported that patient with advanced disease had morbidity rates of 8.3%-15.2% following minimally invasive gastrectomy, respectively[20,21]. The aforementioned findings therefore indicate that utilizing surgical robots, which cause less morbidity, might at least partly contribute to the better RFS in patients with advanced gastric cancer, suggesting that surgical robots may be more beneficial for patients with advanced disease. However, although univariate analysis found morbidity to be significantly associated with RFS, multivariate analysis did not identify the same as a significant independent factor associated with RFS in the entire cohort. As such, further investigations are warranted to confirm such findings.
The current study has several limitations worth noting. First, this study was retrospective in nature and involved only a single institution. Moreover, the sample size, particularly that of the robotic group, was relatively small. Therefore, given that biases may exist in our data, the overall results should be interpreted with caution. As described in our previous reports[2,6], patients were selected according to whether the they agreed to the uninsured use of robot-assisted surgery, which may have caused selection bias due to a possible preference for robotic gastrectomy in patients of higher economic status. However, this was an inherent limitation at the time of study enrollment considering that the DVSS was not covered by the medical insurance in Japan at the time the enrolled patients underwent gastrectomy, whereas conventional laparoscopic gastrectomy was covered. Second, propensity score matching between the laparoscopic and robotic group did not account for adjuvant chemotherapy administration given that, similarly to postoperative complications, adjuvant chemotherapy was determined after robotic or laparoscopic gastrectomy was conducted. Considering that both adjuvant chemotherapy and postoperative complications may affect prognosis[2,6,21], well-designed prospective trials are needed to determine a cause-effect relationship between robotic or laparoscopic gastrectomy and postoperative complications, as well as adjuvant chemotherapy administration.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the current study identified age, ASA status, type of gastrectomy, and pathological T and N status are prognostic factors of minimally invasive gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Moreover, the use of robotic assistance was associated with reduced early morbidity, as well as potentially better oncological outcomes in advanced gastric cancer.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) including laparoscopic and robotic approaches for gastric cancer has been increasingly used because of its beneficial short-term effects over the open approach. However, oncological outcomes are not established.
Research motivation
There have been few reports on the oncological outcomes of MIS for gastric cancer patients, especially for the robotic approach, because a surgical robot remains a relatively new technology. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prognostic factors of minimally invasive gastrectomy, including laparoscopic and robotic approaches.
Research objectives
This study aimed to determine the prognostic factors of minimally invasive gastrectomy, including laparoscopic and robotic approaches.
Research methods
This single-institutional retrospective cohort study included 814 consecutive patients with primary gastric cancer who underwent minimally invasive R0 gastrectomy between 2009 and 2014. We retrospectively examined 5-year overall survival and recurrence-free survival and investigated factors related to survival.
Research results
Age > 65 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status 3, total or proximal gastrectomy, and pathological T4 and N positive status were independent predictors of overall survival and recurrence-free survival. The five-year overall survival and recurrence-free survival were 80.3% and 78.2%, respectively. Of all 814 patients, 157 patients (19.3%) underwent robotic gastrectomy and 308 (37.2%) were diagnosed with pathological stage II or III disease. Robotic gastrectomy was an independent positive predictor for recurrence-free survival in pathological stage II/III patients (hazard ratio: 0.56 [0.33-0.96], P = 0.035). Comparison of recurrence-free survival between robotic and laparoscopic approach using propensity score matching analysis verified that with less morbidity in the robotic group (P = 0.005).
Research conclusions
Age, ASA status, type of gastrectomy, and pathological T and N status were prognostic factors of minimally invasive gastrectomy for gastric cancer, and the use of a surgical robot may improve its long-term outcomes for advanced gastric cancer.
Research perspectives
Future studies to better prove the efficacy of robotic gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer patients are warranted.
Footnotes
Institutional review board statement: This study was approved by the institutional review board of Fujita Health University.
Informed consent statement: Informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors have no commercial association or financial involvement that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. I. U. received lecture fees from Intuitive Surgical, Inc. K. S. and K. K. received funding from Medicaroid, Inc. in relation to Collaborative Laboratory for Research and Development in Advanced Surgical Technology. K.S. also received advisory fees from Medicaroid, Inc. outside of the submitted work.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement—checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement—checklist of items.
Manuscript source: Invited manuscript
Peer-review started: April 26, 2021
First decision: June 13, 2021
Article in press: September 23, 2021
Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology
Country/Territory of origin: Japan
Peer-review report’s scientific quality classification
Grade A (Excellent): A
Grade B (Very good): 0
Grade C (Good): 0
Grade D (Fair): 0
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P-Reviewer: Preda SD S-Editor: Wu YXJ L-Editor: A P-Editor: Li JH
Contributor Information
Masaya Nakauchi, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan.
Koichi Suda, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan. ko-suda@nifty.com.
Susumu Shibasaki, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan.
Kenichi Nakamura, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan.
Shinichi Kadoya, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kanazawa 920-8535, Ishikawa, Japan.
Kenji Kikuchi, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan.
Kazuki Inaba, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan.
Ichiro Uyama, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan.
Data sharing statement
No additional data are available.
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Data Availability Statement
No additional data are available.