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. 2021 Sep 28;13(9):e18349. doi: 10.7759/cureus.18349

Figure 4. The various effects produced by cell-to-cell interaction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and the immunomodulators of the immune system.

Figure 4

Abbreviations — Breg: regulatory B-cell; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IGF-1: insulin growth factor-1; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-10: interleukin-10; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; MCP1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (also known as CCL2); NK: natural killer; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1; PGE2: prostaglandin-E2; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; Treg: regulatory T-cell; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.