ABSTRACT
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is considered an aerosol-generating procedure. The aim of this study was to identify the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among healthcare providers (HCPs) involved in CPR in coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients. An online and offline anonymous survey with a preformed questionnaire was conducted among the HCPs involved in the care of COVID-19 patients. HCPs who developed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-positive confirmed COVID-19 and/or symptomatic influenza-like illness (ILI) within 14 days of their involvement in CPR of a confirmed COVID-19 patient were identified. Activities performed during CPR, the cumulative number of CPR performed, any breach in personal protective equipment (PPE), type of the mask used, use of any pharmacological prophylaxis, and any psychological impact among HCPs were also identified.
A total of 393 HCPs participated in the survey; out of them, 197 HCPs participated in CPR at least once (CPR group) and the rest 196 did not (control group). Ten in the control group and five in the CPR group developed confirmed COVID-19 within the next 2 weeks; however, only one of these five had a breach in PPE during CPR. To conclude, participation in CPR does not increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCPs caring for the COVID-19 patients.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the ethics committee of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, vide letter number: IEC-676/03.07.2020, dated July 4, 2020.
How to cite this article: Soni L, Maitra S, Ray BR, Anand RK, Subramaniam R, Baidya DK. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Healthcare Providers Involved in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in COVID-19 Patients. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(8):920–922.
Keywords: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Coronavirus disease 2019, Healthcare workers, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are considered at risk of getting infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during aerosol-generating procedures like intubation, ventilation, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, in a systematic review, Couper et al. concluded that it is uncertain whether chest compressions or defibrillation causes transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to the HCPs.1
We conducted an online and offline cross-sectional anonymous questionnaire survey among all HCPs regularly working in coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) designated areas of AIIMS, New Delhi, between August 3 and August 24, 2020, after Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC-676/03.07.2020) approval to identify the incidence and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Those who refused to participate or started working in the COVID-19 facility for the first time in the last 7 days were excluded. Definition of COVID-19 suspect, confirmed case of COVID-19, and testing strategy were kept as per the National Guideline of Government of India.2 Statistical analysis was done by SPSS statistical software (IBM SPSS 26.0. Armonk, New York: IBM Corp.).
A total of 393 HCPs participated in the survey; of them,197 HCPs participated in CPR (CPR group) and the rest 196 did not (control group). Ten in the control group and five in the CPR group developed confirmed COVID-19 within the next 2 weeks; however, only one of these five had a breach in personal protective equipment (PPE) during CPR. (Table 1) Nearly, 32.06% of HCPs reported a history of contact with a confirmed COVID-19 person in the family or workplace. Workplace exposure to colleagues was more common (85.7%), followed by exposure in family or neighborhood. This was similar to the World Health OrganizationChina report where the majority of the HCPs who turned SARS-CoV-2 positive had been traced to have a contact at home.3
Table 1.
Participant characteristics, CPR, infection rate, and other outcome data (n = 393)
| Characteristics | Data | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) | 31.29 ± 6.37 | ||
| Sex: n (%) Female Male |
129 (32.8%) 264 (67.2%) |
||
| Type of staff: Faculty Residents Nursing officers Technicians Others |
27 (7%) 275 (70%) 41 (10.4%) 36 (9 %) 14 (3.6%) |
||
| Duration of posting at the time of survey: >7 days 7–30 days 1–2 months >2 months |
14 (3.56%) 114 (29%) 93 (26.6%) 173 (44%) |
||
| Parameters [n (%)] | CPR group (n = 197) |
Control group (n = 196) |
Significance (p value) |
| Confirmed COVID-19 (Yes/No) | 5 (2.53%) | 10 (5.10%) | NA |
| ILI within 14 days of CPR | 9 (4.56%) | NA | NA |
| ILI within 14 days of posting in COVID-19 area | 30 (15.22%) | 35 (17.85%) | p = 0.512£ |
| History of breach in PPE during CPR | 5 (2.53%) | NA | NA |
| History of breach in PPE during other time of posting in COVID-19 area | 60 (30.4%) | 21 (10.71%) | p = 0.000£ |
| History of contact with a confirmed case in family/community | 64 (32.48%) | 62 (31.63%) | p = 0.856£ |
| HCQS prophylaxis | 84 (42.63%) | 69 (35.20%) | p = 0.131£ |
| Feeling of masks/goggles slipping away during CPR | 76 (38.57%) | NA | NA |
| Activities performed during CPR Bag-mask ventilation Intubation Assisted intubation Chest compression Defibrillation Injected drugs |
79 (40.10%) 68 (34.51%) 77 (39.08%) 150 (76.14%) 58 (29.44%) 84 (42.63%) |
NA | NA |
| Cumulative number of CPR performed 1 2–3 >3 |
47 87 63 |
NA | NA |
£-Chi-square test
In the SARS pandemic, critical care nurses involved in suctioning of endotracheal tubes and manipulating the face mask of patients were four times more infected.4 Small volume of airflow during chest compressions and tonic muscle spasms during defibrillation potentially generate aerosols. We found that performing CPR wearing appropriate PPEs does not increase the chance of infection among HCPs. Moreover, neither the cumulative number of CPRs performed nor the type of activity performed during CPR increased the risk of infection. Therefore, PPE should be considered to have a definite protective role. N-95 mask is an integral component of the PPE. N-95 masks have been shown to reduce the risk by 80% in a study during a SARS outbreak.5 However, we did not find any superiority of any type of N-95 mask (either cup-shaped with or without the valve or foldable type) over another.
There has been reported slipping of mask and goggles during chest compressions, which requires readjustment.6 In our series, 34.6% of HCPs reported the subjective feeling of masks and goggles slipping away during CPR, although actual breach was rare. However, this may mislead the HCPs, create panic, and affect the CPR performance. Moreover, this calls for better make and fitting of masks and goggles. In our unit, CPR was performed based on the American Heart Association guidelines for CPR. All HCPs were donned in level 3 PPE, with an early intubation to minimize the amount of aerosols generated, use of two-hand mask ventilation to prevent air leaks, and use of video laryngoscopes for intubations.7
Our survey revealed that 40% of HCPs took hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) prophylaxis. However, there was no decrease in the positivity rate for SARS-CoV-2 in HCPs who took HCQ prophylaxis. Five out of 10 HCPs who developed COVID-19 in the control group and all the five HCPs who developed COVID-19 in the CPR group were on HCQS prophylaxis. The average duration of HCQ prophylaxis during the survey was 2.5 ± 4.10 weeks. One RCT was prematurely terminated due to the lack of any clinical benefit of HCQS as preexposure prophylaxis.8 On the contrary, the Indian Council Medical Research (ICMR) advised for its use.9
Psychological impact was observed as depression in 5.09%, anxiety in 10.6%, and sleeplessness in 14.75% of HCPs. SARS-CoV-2 has a huge psychological impact, including fear of transmission to family members being one of the biggest.10
This is the first study that attempted to identify the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among HCPs involved in CPR in COVID-19 patients and gathered the objective data on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-positive infection rate, influenza-like illness (ILI) symptoms, HCQ prophylaxis, the incidence of the breach in PPE, and psychological impact. To conclude, participation in CPR with appropriate PPEs does not increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCPs caring for the COVID-19 patients.
Footnotes
Source of support: Nil
Conflict of interest: None
ORCID
Lipika Soni https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7665-1112
Souvik Maitra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2328-9201
Bikash R Ray https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-1518
Rahul K Anand https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7852-1231
Rajeshwari Subramaniam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3830-5278
Dalim K Baidya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7811-7039
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