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. 2021 Nov 5;29(10):665–680. doi: 10.1007/s13233-021-9093-5

Systematic Combination of Oligonucleotides and Synthetic Polymers for Advanced Therapeutic Applications

Moohyun Han 1,#, Jiyun Beon 1,#, Ju Young Lee 2, Seung Soo Oh 1,✉
PMCID: PMC8568687  PMID: 34754286

Abstract

The potential of oligonucleotides is exceptional in therapeutics because of their high safety, potency, and specificity compared to conventional therapeutic agents. However, many obstacles, such as low in vivo stability and poor cellular uptake, have hampered their clinical success. Use of polymeric carriers can be an effective approach for overcoming the biological barriers and thereby maximizing the therapeutic efficacy of the oligonucleotides due to the availability of highly tunable synthesis and functional modification of various polymers. As loaded in the polymeric carriers, the therapeutic oligonucleotides, such as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs, microRNAs, and even messenger RNAs, become nuclease-resistant by bypassing renal filtration and can be efficiently internalized into disease cells. In this review, we introduced a variety of systematic combinations between the therapeutic oligonucleotides and the synthetic polymers, including the uses of highly functionalized polymers responding to a wide range of endogenous and exogenous stimuli for spatiotemporal control of oligonucleotide release. We also presented intriguing characteristics of oligonucleotides suitable for targeted therapy and immunotherapy, which can be fully supported by versatile polymeric carriers.

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Keywords: nucleic acid, gene delivery, polymeric carrier, stimuli-responsive system, immunotherapy

Footnotes

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant [NRF-2017R1C1B3012050], and figures were prepared using BioRender. Com for scientific illustrations.

Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

These authors equally contributed to this work.

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