Abstract
Background
Coronary angiography is used as a qualified method to diagnose coronary heart disease. However, patients undergoing coronary angiography experience a great deal of anxiety. The present study is aimed at investigating the effect of virtual reality on anxiety before coronary angiography. In a randomized controlled trial, 60 candidates for coronary angiography were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups from April to July 2019. Data were collected by Spielberger’s situational anxiety questionnaire. The participants’ anxiety level and their heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure were measured before and immediately after the intervention. The Intervention group received virtual reality intervention, and the control group was cared for based on the hospital routine. Data were entered into the SPSS version 24.0 software (SPSS Inc.) and analyzed using Chi-square, Paired samples, and independent sample t tests.
Results
The majority of participants were male (71.25%) and the Mean ± SD age of them in the intervention and control groups was 50.95 ± 4.120 and 52.08 ± 4.002 years, respectively. The mean score of anxiety (p < 0.01), heart rate (p = 0.001), and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.016) after the intervention in the intervention group decreased significantly.
Conclusions
This study indicated the implementation of a VR distraction protocol in the patients could effectively reduce perioperative anxiety and its indices. It showed that VR is a safe method without any complications related to the device and with good acceptability.
Registration code IRCT201 40515017693N3.
Keywords: Virtual reality, Angiography, Anxiety state, Vital signs, Heart diseases
Background
Nowadays coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common non-communicable diseases worldwide [1]. It is the largest cause of death in many developed countries. However, the majority of the deaths due to CHD occurred in developing countries with a mortality rate of 220.8 cases per 100,000 people [2]. In Iran in a cohort study, high incidence rates were reported for cardiovascular disease mortality in both men and women [3].
Coronary artery angiography is used as a qualified method to diagnose CHD. It is also a gold standard technology to find the most appropriate treatment method [4]. However, angiography is an important cause of anxiety in cardiac patients, and 82% of patients undergoing angiography experience preoperative anxiety [5, 6]. A high percentage of patients with anxiety develop chest pain [7]. Anxiety can increase the risk of coronary artery spasm, tachycardia, hypertension, and cardiac dysrhythmias. According to the studies, severe anxiety is associated with decreased immunity and cardiovascular dysfunctions [6, 8, 9]. Moreover, because an anxious patient is less likely to collaborate with health care providers, technical problems might occur during coronary artery angiography [10].
Previous studies have shown that patients undergoing cardiac angiography experience a great deal of anxiety. Moreover, these patients receive inadequate and inappropriate care [11, 12]. Different interventions before the angiography can increase the patient's tolerability to procedural discomforts. As one of the major interventions of nurses is to relieve patients’ discomfort, therefore they should assess and control the anxiety using noninvasive methods [5].
Distraction by Virtual Reality (VR) is an effective non-invasive technique that reduces the physical and psychological discomforts in patients. The term VR was popularized in the late 1980s by Jaron Lanier, one of the pioneers of the field [13]. The Encyclopaedia Britannica defined VR as “the use of computer modeling and simulation that enables the person to interact with an artificial three-dimensional (3-D) visual or another sensory environment” [14]. Some studies indicated VR is a valuable new technology that provides a better mental preparedness for adults and pediatrics that undergoing invasive procedures using distraction techniques [15–19]. However, the other studies showed contradictory results about the effectiveness of VR on patients’ anxiety [17, 20, 21]. Certainly, the information about the effectiveness of VR on the psychosocial status of patients waiting for coronary artery angiography is scarce. Considering the importance of reducing anxiety in patients with CHD, administrating interventions such as VR might be effective in improving anxiety. Previous studies have demonstrated the application of VR to reduce anxiety in numerous medical settings such as dental hygiene clinics [22], bone marrow aspiration in an outpatient cancer center [22], hand injury requiring surgical wound care [23]. However, the review of the literature revealed that so far no study has investigated the effects of VR on the anxiety of the patients before coronary artery angiography in Iran.
Objective
The present study is aimed at investigating the effect of virtual reality on anxiety before coronary angiography in patients referred to the cardiovascular, Medical, and Research Center of Guilan University of Medical Sciences.
Methods
Trial design
This was a single-center, randomized, controlled trial on the efficacy of VR on anxiety levels in patients candidates for coronary artery angiography. The CONSORT guidelines and the checklist was used for reporting this trial and the description of the interventions. The study contained one intervention and a control group and followed a pretest–posttest design. Each group consisted of 40 patients.
Study setting
The study was conducted at the school of nursing and midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Patients were enrolled from April to July 2019 in Heshmat hospital that is the central cardiac hospital at Guilan University of Medical Sciences.
Participants
Patients candidates for diagnostic coronary artery angiography through radial artery participated in this study. Eighty participants meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to one of two groups intervention (VR) and control. The participants were recruited through the angiography department in the Heshmat Cardiac Disease Hospital that was an outpatient setting. Inclusion criteria included the tendency to participate in the study, the first experience of angiography, patients without a history of neurological impairment (such as motor, visual and auditory disabilities), psychological disorders, and taking sedatives. Patients receiving psychological drugs were not included in the study. Also, the candidates were excluded if they had suffered from an inability to tolerate the virtual reality and the occurrence of anxiety symptoms such as fear of closed space. The eligible patients were identified and informed about the study objectives. After giving their preliminary informed written consent to participating in the study, the candidates were offered detailed information and had the opportunity to ask the questions of the study instrument.
Instruments
To collect the data, a personal information form and the short form of Spielberger’s situational anxiety questionnaire were used.
Personal information form
The Personal Information Form included two parts. The first part was demographic characteristics included seven questions: patient's age, gender, marital status, educational level, job title, life place, and having an experience of virtual reality. The second part included clinical indices of blood pressure, respiratory rate, and heart rate.
Short form of Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI)
The short form of Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to measure the level of anxiety before and after angiography [24]. This Inventory is a tool used to determine the level of state-trait anxiety and included 6-items. The STAI assesses what is felt at the time of measurement. The scoring of this scale is on a four-point Likert as follows: (1) very low, (2) low, (3) high (4) very high. The range of anxiety scores is between 6 and 20. A higher score indicates greater anxiety. In the current study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.80 for pre-angiography and 0.82 for post-angiography.
Sample size
Sample size calculation was based on the anxiety scores in a similar study [25]. In the study, the mean and standard deviation of anxiety score in the intervention and control group were, respectively, 9.70 ± 3.75 and 11.43 ± 4.51. Considering an alpha of 0.05, a power of 90%, β = 0.10 and d = 3, sample size was 40 patients per group; a total of 80 participants.
Randomization method and allocation concealment
Each patient scheduled for angiography who meets our inclusion criteria was asked to participate in the study. Then the participants were asked to fill out the demographic questionnaire. We recorded the number of patients who refused to participate in the study (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
CONSORT flow diagram
Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two groups of intervention (VR) or control (no intervention). Randomization was carried out using the block method. Blocks of four were used to maintain proportional allocation between the experimental and the control group throughout the study. The randomization list was created using specific software: whoever assigned the participants to the experimental and/or control groups did not take part in the creation of the randomization list and wasn’t aware of its contents. For the randomization and assigning of the participants to the experimental and control groups, we used opaque envelopes. The envelopes were only opened by the nurse carrying out the intervention, after receiving consent from the participants involved in the study.
Intervention and procedure
Sixty candidates for coronary artery angiography from the cardiac center of Heshmat hospital in Rasht city (A northern city in Iran) took part in this study in two intervention and control groups (30 participants in each group). First, the participants were assessed in terms of the eligibility criteria. Next, the participants were instructed to study objectives and informed consent was obtained. 10 min before the start of coronary artery angiography, the first pre-intervention assessment was carried out. The anxiety level of the participants using STAI as well as their vital signs including; heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure were measured as objective measures of anxiety immediately before the intervention in the two study groups. Blood pressure was measured using an Easy Life hand-held sphygmomanometer in a supine, right-hand position. Heart rate and respiration rate were measured with a digital watch made by CASIO. Then the intervention was done for the participants in the intervention group.
Before the start of the angiography, the subjects viewed a 5-min natural scene that was filmed at various natural locations and landscapes such as the beach, mountains, waterfalls, rivers with pleasant sounds by a VR camera. The sounds included soft music, birdsong, and waterfall sounds. A virtual reality video headset made by Remix company which had the ability to change the 360-degree angle of view at the same time as changing the position of the patient's head was used for playing VR video. Also, a Huawei mobile phone and a headphone were used to play the distraction music concurrent with virtual reality film play-back. At the end of the 5-min VR session, subjects were asked to fill out the STAI again and the vital signs were assessed for the second time. The intervention was done only in the intervention group in a private silent room. No intervention and placebo were used for patients of the control group. They completed the study questionnaire at similar times as the intervention group.
Data analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0 software (SPSS Inc.). Chi-square test was used to assess demographic differences between the two groups. Paired samples and independent sample t tests were used to compare the level of state anxiety. The statistical significance was set to 0.05.
Ethical consideration
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, with the ethical code of IR.GUMS.REC.1397.369. In addition, the study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials with the code of IRCT20140515017693N3. Written informed consent forms were signed by all participants as well as the aim of the study was described to all participants. Moreover, they were ensured that the study was voluntary and they could withdraw from the study at any time.
Results
We evaluated a total of 95 candidates of coronary artery angiography for eligibility, of whom 15 patients (15.8%) failed to meet inclusion criteria. The excluded patients were ineligible due to respiratory problems (33.3%), chest pain (40%), being prone to vomiting (6.7%), being too debilitated (13.3%), and injury to face (6.7%). Finally, 40 patients were allocated to each group. The participant flow is present in (Fig. 1).
The majority of participants were male (71.25%) and married (76.25%). The educational level of the majority of participants was diploma (30%). The Mean ± SD age of them in the intervention and control groups was 50.95 ± 4.120 and 52.08 ± 4.002 years, respectively. The results of the Chi-square and independent t test revealed no significant differences among the two groups with regard to demographic characteristics (Table 1).
Table 1.
The demographic characteristics of the participants in the studied groups
| Variables | Groups | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention No (%) |
Control No (%) |
||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 32 (80) | 25 (62.5) | 0.083* |
| Female | 8 (20) | 15 (37.5) | |
| Marital statues | |||
| Single | 7 (17.5) | 5 (12.5) | 0.233* |
| Married | 29 (72.5) | 32 (80) | |
| Divorced | 3 (10) | 3 (7.5) | |
| Educational level | |||
| Illiterate | 1 (2.5) | 3 (7.5) | 0.611* |
| Under diploma | 12 (30) | 10 (25) | |
| Diploma | 12 (30) | 12 (30) | |
| Associate degree | 6 (15) | 4 (10) | |
| Baccalaureate | 6 (15) | 10 (25) | |
| Master’s degree and higher | 3 (7.5) | 1 (2.5) | |
| Occupation | |||
| Worker | 6(15) | 9 (22.5) | 0.626* |
| Officeholder | 8 (20) | 7 (17.5) | |
| Self-employment | 15 (37.5) | 18 (45) | |
| Housekeeper | 10 (25) | 5 (12.5) | |
| Retired | 1 (2.5) | 1 (2.5) | |
|
Age Mean ± SD |
4.002 (52.08) | 4.120 (50.95) | 0.219** |
| Place of residence | |||
| Urban area | 67.5 (27) | 77.5 (31) | 0.317* |
| Rural area | 32.5 (13) | 22.5(9) | |
| Type of insurance | |||
| Health insurance | 3 (7.5) | 5 (12.5) | 0.359* |
| Social security insurance | 21 (52.5) | 26 (65) | |
| Rural health insurance | 13 (32.5) | 8 (20) | |
| Army insurance | 3 (7.5) | 1 (2.5) | |
| Without insurance | 0(0) | 0 (0) | |
| Complementary insurance | |||
| Yes | 2 (5) | 4 (10) | 0.396* |
| No | 38 (95) | 36 (90) | |
| Experience of using virtual reality | |||
| Yes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| No | 40 (100) | 40 (100) | |
*Chi-square test
**Independent t test
The majority of the patients had no history of heart disease (86.25%) and 76.25% were candidates for angiography due to chest pain. There were no significant differences among the two groups in the clinical characteristics and the groups were homogenous (Table 2).
Table 2.
The clinical characteristics of the participants in the study groups
| Variables | Groups | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention N (%) |
Control N (%) |
||
| History of cardiac diseases | |||
| Yes | 15 (6) | 12.5 (5) | 0.745* |
| No | 85 (34) | 87.5 (35) | |
| Reasons for referral | |||
| Chest pain | 75 (30) | 77.5 (31) | 0.841 * |
| Arrhythmia | 10 (4) | 10 (4) | |
| Tachycardia | 7.5 (3) | 5 (2) | |
| Abnormal ECG | 5 (2) | 7.5 (3) | |
| Other factors | 2.5 (1) | 0 (0) | |
| Type of admission | |||
| Elective | 75 (30) | 65 (26) | 0.329* |
| Emergency referral | 25 (10) | 35 (14) | |
| Days of hospitalization Mean ± SD | 1.297 (2.60) | 1.392 (2.90) | 0.322** |
*Chi-square test
**Independent t test
At baseline, no significant differences were reported regarding anxiety scores between the two groups. However, the comparison of the anxiety scores after the intervention revealed a statistically significant difference in the two groups (p = 0.002). There also was a significant decrease in intergroup anxiety score (p < 0.01) in the intervention group after the intervention (Table 3).
Table 3.
Scores of situational anxiety in the intervention and control group at baseline and after intervention
| Intervention group | Control group | * p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Before intervention (baseline) | 3.144 (14.9) | 3.233 (14.4) | 0.507* |
| After intervention | 2.131 (13.07) | 3.529 (15.1) | 0.002* |
| ** p value | 0.010** | 0.292** |
*Independent samples T test
**Paired t test
A statistically significant difference was revealed in the mean heart rate after the intervention among the two groups (p = 0.035). In the intervention group, the paired t test showed a significant decrease in the mean heart rate (p = 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.016) from pre- to post-intervention (Table 4).
Table 4.
Comparison of mean values of vital sign before and after the intervention in the two study groups
| Intervention group | Control group | *p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heart rate (min) | |||
| Before intervention | (5.334) 71.6 | 7.21 (4.562) | 0.736 |
| After intervention | 69.43 (4.230) | 7.4 (4.224) | 0.035 |
| **p value | 0.001 | 0.362 | |
| Respiratory rate (min) | |||
| Before intervention | 18.93 (0.997) | 18.58 (1.466) | 0.216 |
| After intervention | 18.68 (0.829) | 18.53 (1.396) | 0.561 |
| **p value | 0.115 | 0.728 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| Before intervention | 135.63 (20.730) | 130 (20.646) | 0.238 |
| After intervention | (18.115) 125.25 | 12/ (20.121) | 0.522 |
| **p value | 0.016 | 0.677 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | |||
| Before intervention | 79 (9.001) | 78.2 (8.883) | 0.709 |
| After intervention | (10.025) 76.63 | (10.252) 77.3 | 0.742 |
| **p value | 0.235 | 0.688 | |
*Independent samples T-test
**Paired t-test
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effect of VR on reducing anxiety in candidates for coronary angiography in Iran. The findings revealed virtual reality distraction is effective to reduce anxiety before coronary artery angiography. There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding the mean score of anxiety after the intervention. Also, the reduction from baseline to post-intervention anxiety for the VR group was significantly greater than in the control group.
These results are consistent with other research that used VR to reduce anxiety in patients undergoing coronary artery angiography and showed that the level of anxiety in the patients decreased significantly after the intervention [25, 26]. Morgan et al. demonstrated that an immersive VR experience improves patient familiarity with cardiac catheterization and can reduce pre-procedural anxiety [26]. It seems that VR can divert the patients’ attention with attractive audiovisual materials, which dispels the patient’s anxiety before coronary angiography.
The study of Tadayonfar et al. indicated auditory guided imagery can effectively reduce the level of anxiety in hospitalized patients before cardiac angiography [27]. Guided imagery has been defined as a directed, deliberate daydream that uses all senses to create a state of relaxation and well-being. It is similar to VR and can diminish the anxiety and pain in patients [28]. Considering the similarity of guided imagery with VR, it can be acknowledged that the results are consistent with the present study.
Although researchers have encountered few studies about the effect of VR on pre-angiographic anxiety, there are several similar studies in other fields about the effectiveness of VR and the various audio-visual interventions which are the main mechanism of VR. In this regard, there are studies that are either similar or inconsistent with the findings of the present study.
Brown and Foronda introduced VR as a novel intervention that can reduce perioperative anxiety for patients undergoing surgical and non-surgical procedures [23]. Ganry et al. showed that VR is an effective complementary technique to manage preoperative stress as it allows patients to be immersed in a relaxing environment and is a safe way to reduce stress levels [29].
Some studies in other fields also reported a positive effect of virtual reality in the reduction of anxiety and other psychological symptoms such as stress and depression in patients with cancer [30] and the endoscopic candidates [31].
Contrary to the results of the current study, previous research in china among patients with coronary artery disease has not reported a reduction in anxiety following an auditory and sensory stimulation which was similar to the VR [32]. It seems that the inconsistency of the findings is due to the lack of use of visual stimulation.
The results of the present study indicated a significant reduction in the heart rate and blood pressure after the intervention in the intervention group in comparison with the control group.
The results of the other study that investigated the effect of an auditory relaxation technique on anxiety and physiologic indices in patients before angiography showed a significant decrease in the anxiety score, heart rate, and blood pressure in the intervention group [32] that is consistent with our findings. Decreased blood pressure after relaxation and distraction is caused by muscle relaxation, decreased vascular resistance, and decreased sympathetic system activity in patients.
This study is the first research to examine the effect of virtual reality exposure in candidates of coronary artery angiography in Iran. In order to improve the generalizability of the results, we recommend more studies for the development of evidence-based practice.
There are some strengths and limitations of the study. One of the strengths of this study was that it consisted of two groups. However, the short duration of the intervention and the follow-up were the limitations of this study. Similar to the other study and innovations in the field of facilitators of non-invasive care and treatment [33], this study was conducted for the first time in Iran and the impact of virtual reality on the pre-angiography anxiety was confirmed as an innovation.
Conclusions
The results of this study indicated a significant difference between the two groups with respect to the mean score of anxiety, heart rate, and blood pressure after the intervention. Implementation of the VR distraction protocol as a practical non-invasive method could effectively reduce pre-angiography anxiety and its indices in the angiography candidates. Further studies are needed to more accurately assess its long-term effects in reducing anxiety and complications caused by angiography.
Acknowledgements
This study is performed in the form of a master’s dissertation in nursing with Grant Number 1311816421. It was registered in Iran Randomized Clinical Trial with code: IRCT201 4051501 7693N3, and ethical code IR.GUMS.REC.1397.369. The authors appreciate the financial support of the Deputy of Research and Technology of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS). Also, we thank all the participants.
Abbreviations
- CHD
Coronary heart disease
- VR
Virtual reality
- STAI
Short form of Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory
Authors' contributions
MK, MR Y, EP, and MP contributed to conceptualization; MK, MR Y, EP, and MP contributed to methodology; Z AR and MK contributed to formal analysis and investigation; MP contributed to writing—original draft preparation; MR Y and MP contributed to writing—review and editing; MK contributed to data collection; MK, MR Y, and EP provided the resources; MR Y and EP contributed to supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by Guilan University of Medical Sciences with Grant Numbers 1311816421.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran with the ethical code of IR.GUMS.REC.1397.369. In addition, the study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials with the code of IRCT20140515017693N3. The study was performed in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written informed consent forms were signed by all participants as well as the aim of the study was described to all participants.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
All authors have none to declare.
Footnotes
Publisher's Note
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Contributor Information
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Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.