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. 2021 Oct;12(5):2082–2092. doi: 10.21037/jgo-21-508

Prediction and prognostic significance of ALOX12B and PACSIN1 expression in gastric cancer by genome-wide RNA expression and methylation analysis

Zhiping Liu 1,#, Lei Li 1,#, Xindi Li 1, Mingtao Hua 1, Huaqing Sun 1, Shengui Zhang 1,^,✉
PMCID: PMC8576218  PMID: 34790376

Abstract

Background

Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) is one of the common gastrointestinal cancers, characterized by late discovery and metastasis. However, research of gene methylation and expression in gastric cancer (GC) metastasis has been quite limited. This study aimed to investigate the altered gene expression patterns between metastasis and non-metastasis samples using high-throughput RNA and methylation profiles from a large number of patients. Another aim was to identify a specific potential metastasis biomarker, with the ability to predict the metastasis possibility and prognosis of patients with STAD.

Methods

In this study, we integrated The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) program STAD datasets, analyzed the RNA expression and DNA methylation data between non-metastasis (M0) and distant metastasis (M1) samples, and evaluated the candidate biomarker in survival and prognosis of GC.

Results

Among all patients enrolled, 329 with M0 and M1 information were positive for RNA analysis, and 353 with M0 and M1 information were positive for methylation analysis. We found 29 upregulated and 200 downregulated genes in RNA level, and 5,046 hypermethylated and 8,563 hypomethylated probes in methylation level. Among these genes, we found high RNA expression level and low DNA methylation level of ALOX12B and PACSIN1 in GC metastasis samples. Patients with high expression of these 2 genes had poor overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and post-progression survival (PPS).

Conclusions

The expression levels of ALOX12B and PACSIN1 were higher in the metastasis than non-metastasis group, and participants with high expression of these 2 genes were found to have poor survival. The genes ALOX12B and PACSIN1 are potential biomarkers of metastasis and poor prognosis, especially in early stage GC, and provide additional information for subsequent comprehensive treatment of GC.

Keywords: Early biomarker, gastric cancer (GC), metastasis, ALOX12B, PACSIN1

Introduction

Globally, gastric cancer (GC), also known as stomach cancer, is one of the most common malignancies and the third-leading contributor to cancer deaths, accounting for 8.2% of the total mortality caused by tumors (1). The past several decades have witnessed a substantial decline in the incidence and mortality of GC (2), and there have been breakthroughs in the treatment of early-stage GC (3). However, GC has a high rate of recurrence, metastasis, and mortality. Between 70% and 80% of GC recurrences occur within the first 2 years after local therapy, and almost all (~90%) recurrences occur by 5 years (4-6). It tends to metastasize into lymph nodes, adjacent tissues, and organs (7). Although more and more studies focus on gastric cancer, there are still limited studies between metastasis and non-metastasis groups by integrated multi-layer omics method. As we all knows, gastric cancer is hard to detect micro-metastasis by conventional method which was crucial for following treatment and prognosis. Once the tumor cell metastasis to distance sites, the stage will be defined as advanced. Patients with advanced GC often have poor prognoses; the 5-year survival rate of under 10% is extremely low (8). Tumor metastasis is an important cause of mortality and represents a major barrier to improving the survival of patients with GC (9). It is challenging to overcome metastasis in GC with the current medical methods. Therefore, novel sensitive biomarkers that detect and predict metastasis in GC are urgently needed. However, the underlying mechanism of distant metastasis remains unclear in GC. It is a key imperative to investigate the molecular mechanisms that are associated with aggressive GC behavior, and reveal the potential target genes for early intervention to elevate the clinical treatment efficiency of GC. Dysregulated expression of RNA plays a role in tumor metastasis (10), and DNA methylation is also an important regulator of gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms (11), which can inhibit the binding of transcription factors or the recruitment of repression proteins.

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification which influence downstream gene silencing, genetic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), genome stability, and cell fate determination (12). DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A) and beta (DNMT3B) had been demonstrated play a vital role in tumorigenesis mainly by changing methylation stage of specific genes (13). Aberrant methylated regions often lead to silencing tumor suppressor genes or activating the oncogenes. Epigenetic alterations played a crucial role in regulatory of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway which were important for gastric cancer development, prognosis, and metastasis (14). Another study also showed ALKBH5 promotes invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer by decreasing methylation of the lncRNA NEAT1 (15).

Therefore, combining RNA dysregulation and DNA methylation can provide a more comprehensive view in the search for biomarkers of GC metastasis. In this study, we aimed to mining metastasis markers for gastric cancer.

We present the following article in accordance with the REMARK reporting checklist (available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jgo-21-508).

Methods

Data sources

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) RNAseq reads count data from 329 samples and DNA methylation data (Illumina HumanMethylation450 k Array, Illumina Inc., San Diego, USA) from 353 samples were obtained from The Genomic Data Commons (GDC) Data Portal (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov) (16). Clinical information, including tumor stage and sample ID were also downloaded. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013).

Preprocessing and analysis of RNA data

Samples were divided into M0 and M1 groups according to clinical stage information. The RNA reads count data were preprocessed via DESeq2 (17), log2-fold change >1, P value <0.05 was selected as threshold. All differential expressed genes were obtained. A volcano plot of differential expressed genes was generated by ggplot2 (R package, https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org). All differential expressed genes for GSE11617 were analyzed by GEO2R (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/geo2r/).

Functional enrichment analyses

Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were performed by DAVID online tools (https://david.ncifcrf.gov) (18) for differentially expressed genes. The R package ggplot2 was utilized to visualize the gene number involved in GO term and KEGG pathways.

Preprocessing and analysis of DNA methylation data

The DNA methylation data were preprocessed and normalized using the minfi (R package, https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/minfi.html) (19), P value <0.05 was selected as threshold. All differentially methylated probes were obtained.

Overlap statics between RNA and methylation, copy number variation (CNV) analysis

Genes up-regulated at RNA levels and low methylated associated probes were extracted for further analysis. CNV analyses were performed by cBioPortal online tools (https://www.cbioportal.org) (20), TCGA PanCancer Atlas Studies were selected as the reference database, which enrolls 32 studies and 10,967 samples.

Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA)

Fragments per kilobase of exon model per million reads mapped (FPKM) data of STAD was downloaded from GDC Data Portal (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov) (16). After annotation, the expression matrix was ordered by selected gene FPKM value from low to high, all participants were divided into high and low groups by mean expression of ALOX12B or Protein Kinase C and Casein Kinase Substrate in Neurons 1 (PACSIN1). Hallmark gene sets (H), curated gene sets (C2), computational gene sets (C4), GO gene sets (C5), and oncogenic gene sets (C6) were selected as the reference molecular signature database (21) to perform GSEA. The GSEA analysis of selected genes were performed by GSEA official desktop tools (22).

Survival analysis

Survival plots of selected genes were generated by Kaplan-Meier Plotter tools (https://kmplot.com) (23); the GC database was selected, and overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and post-progression survival (PPS) plots were obtained. The level of significance was set at P<0.05.

Statistical analysis

This study used R software v4.0.3 for statistical analysis. DESeq statistical test was used for comparison of different expression genes between metastasis and non-metastasis samples. Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank test are used in survival analysis. ALOX12B and PACSIN1 expression comparison in GSE11617 using Wilcoxon test. For all statistical methods, the P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

Results

Identification of different genes between metastasis and non-metastasis samples

The sample stages landscape information was analyzed. Samples with metastasis information were divided into 2 groups (M0: non-metastasis, M1: distant metastasis) by labels from clinical data. Totally, 391 samples were enrolled in M0 group, and 30 samples enrolled in M1 group (Figure 1 and https://cdn.amegroups.cn/static/public/jgo-21-508-1.xlsx). After preprocessing of the data and annotation, 34,598 genes were retained for further analysis.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Landscape of STAD sample stages information. Clinical information (follow up days, TNM stage, Vital status) of patients with M0 (red color), M1 (green color), and MX (blue color). STAD, stomach adenocarcinoma; TNM, tumor, node, metastasis.

The genes between the STAD metastasis samples and non-metastasis control samples were then determined using DESeq2 package in R. In total, 229 genes were identified between metastasis and control tissue samples according to the following parameters: log2 fold change >1, P<0.05. Of the 229 genes, 29 were upregulated genes and 200 were downregulated genes (Figure 2A and https://cdn.amegroups.cn/static/public/jgo-21-508-2.xlsx).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Upregulated (red point) and downregulated (blue point) genes between metastasis and non-metastasis samples (A). Differentially expressed genes functional analysis by GO terms, numbers of genes involved in different GO terms was calculated (B). GO, Gene Ontology.

Through GO functional analysis, differentially expressed genes were found mainly involving in cell extracellular GO terms (Figure 2B), such as: plasma membrane, extracellular space, extracellular region, extracellular exosome, and so on.

Identification of methylation probes between metastasis and non-metastasis samples

The DNA methylation data of 485,577 loci were downloaded from the TCGA database. After preprocessing of the data and quality control, 467,971 probes were retained for further analysis. After normalization of expression value, the methylation level of all samples was evaluated, and a relatively low methylation level was observed in all groups (Figure 3A). The different methylation probes (DMPs) between the metastasis samples and control tissue samples were then determined using a minfi package by default parameter. In total, 13,608 DMPs were identified. Among the 13,608 DMPs, 5,046 were hypermethylated probes and 8,563 were hypomethylated probes.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Overall methylation expression level in all gastric cancer samples (M0: green; M1: orange) (A), low methylation level was showed in both M0 and M1 group. Methylation level was scaled from 0 to 1. Genomic location of DMPs between M0 and M1 group (B). Gene overlap by high expression RNA level and low methylation level in M1 group comparing with M0 group (C). Up-regulation of overlapped genes in GSE11617 (D). DMPs, different methylated probes.

Genomic characteristics of DMPs between metastasis and non-metastasis tissue samples

A total of 13,608 DMPs were mapped onto genomic features based on the annotations provided by Illumina under GPL18809. Genomic distribution of 13,608 DMPs across different genomic regions was investigated and it was found that the DMPs were not randomly distributed across the genome. The 13,608 DMPs were located in Island (6,239, accounting for 45.8% of total DMPs), N_shelf (497, accounting for 3.68%), N_shore (1,714, accounting for 12.6%), S_shelf (480, accounting for 3.52%), S_shore (1,387, accounting for 10.2%), NA (3,290, accounting for 24.2%). The majority of the 13,608 DMPs were found locating in the Island (Figure 3B and https://cdn.amegroups.cn/static/public/jgo-21-508-3.xlsx).

RNA expression, DNA methylation and CNV

Genes that were up-regulated in RNA analysis and with low methylation were extracted, and 2 genes (ALOX12B and PACSIN1) were obtained under this criterion (Figure 3C). In order to validate the similar up-regulation pattern, another dataset from GEO database (GSE11617) was analysis, results also showed an up-regulated trend (Figure 3D). The CNV of ALOX12B and PACSIN1 was investigated, and low CNV levels in both ALOX12B (Figure 4A) and PACSIN1 (Figure 4B) (ALOX12B: 0.68% deletion, PACSIN1: 0.68% amplification and 0.23% deletion) were found, indicating that ALOX12B and PACSIN1 up-regulation may not associate with copy number alteration.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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CNV of ALOX12B (A) and PACSIN1 (B) across PanCancer data. Low CNV level were found in all gastric tumor samples (both M0 and M1) (mutation rate: ALOX12B: 0.68% deletion; PACSIN1: 0.68% amplification and 0.23% deletion). CNV, copy number variation.

GSEA assay of ALOX12B and PACSIN1

To further investigate the potential functions of ALOX12B and PACSIN1, GSEA was performed on the TCGA STAD RNAseq data. Genes in high expression groups of ALOX12B were enriched in “ATP dependent microtubule motor activity” and “Mechanoreceptor differentiation” pathways (Figure 5A). Meanwhile, genes in high expression groups of PACSIN1 were enriched in AKT, Cyclin D1, KRAS, PTEN, and VEGF associated pathways (Figure 5B). These results implied that ALOX12B and PACSIN1 involved in typical cancer pathways and tumor invasion process.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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GSEA analysis of ALOX12B and PACSIN1. In high expression group of ALOX12B or PACSIN1, related pathways are shown. GSEA, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis.

The ALOX12B and PACSIN1 genes predict the survival level in STAD

In ALOX12B and PACSIN1 survival analysis, the information of 876 and 631 patients were enrolled, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that the high expression of ALOX12B and PACSIN1 were associated with significantly poor patient survival in OS, PFS, and PPS (Figure 6; all subtypes).

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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OS, PFS, and PPS of ALOX12B and PACSIN1. Patients with high expression (red line) ALXO12B or PACSIN1 resulted in poor prognosis. OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; PPS, post-progression survival.

Discussion

GC is a very common gastrointestinal disease, which has been regarded as the most common risk factor for eastern people. It is also well accepted that the possibility of metastasis is crucial during clinical treatment (8,24). Therefore, investigating the metastasis biomarkers of GC will provide comprehensive information for effective therapeutic indicators.

In recent years, several studies have investigated the functions and clinical implications of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (25-27) and molecular genotype in GC (2,28,29). However, the molecular factor of metastasis on GC has not been well addressed. In this study, we showed that both ALOX12B and PACSIN1 RNA high expression were negative prognostic factors in patients with STAD. In our screening results for all tumor samples, we found the general methylation level was low, which may indicate relatively high expression for all genes in GC. However, among all genes, we found only 29 genes upregulated in comparison with the non-metastasis group, which may indicate these 29 genes play crucial role in metastasis progress.

Previous studies have shown diseases associated with ALOX12B include collodion baby (30,31) with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (32). Low expression levels of ALOX12B were found to significantly reduce both cell proliferation and clone formation ability, and block cell cycle at G1 phase in cervical cancer. Tumor growth was also suppressed in vivo in a xenograft tumor model (33). Studies associating PACSIN1 have revealed that it works as a critical regulator of synaptic inhibition (30), regulator for toll-like receptor (TLR)7/9 interferon response (34), for axonal elongation and branching (35), and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPA) receptor trafficking (36). PACSIN1 had been detected low expression levels in grade IV, IDH1 wild-type and 1p/19q non-codel group gliomas, its expression levels were positively correlated with OS in all gliomas and negatively correlated with the malignant degree of gliomas. These results indicated that PACSIN1 would play an essential role in the occurrence and development of gliomas (37). However, the role of ALOX12B and PACSIN1 in cancer metastasis had not been explored, and we found these 2 genes have potential to be the metastasis biomarker in GC.

High-throughput data mining can extract the relevant biological information (38,39), and integrated analysis of multiple omics has become a new trend of disease research, especially in precision medicine (40,41). Cancer patients will benefit from biomarkers in personalized medicine, and they will enable doctors to improve cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention (42,43).

As we know, cancer epigenome is characterized by global DNA hypomethylation and CpG island promoter hypermethylation. Previous studies demonstrated that abnormal methylation changes occurred at the CGI shores, which were important in cancers (44). Besides, methylation alterations involved in the earliest stage of tumorigenesis (45). Therefore, comprehensively investigation of methylation between subtypes of cancers is helpful to uncover the role of methylation in cancer initiation and development. Such study identified PCR2 which responsible for H3K27 trimethylation as a promising therapeutic target in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (46).

In conclusion, our study generated a comprehensive view of RNAseq and methylation co-analysis in STAD associated with metastasis status. We identified 2 candidate metastasis biomarkers for STAD associating with prognosis. The proposed potential predicted biomarker could provide information for further effective therapeutics.

Acknowledgments

Funding: None.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). Institutional ethical approval and informed consent were waived.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the REMARK reporting checklist. Available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jgo-21-508

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jgo-21-508). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

(English Language Editor: J. Jones)

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