Table 1.
Adult starling a diet (binomial); b foraging effort (binomial); and c food intake rate (negative binomial GLMMs with log-link function) in relation to day status (high human presence, HHP; or low human presence, LHP), time block (morning, early afternoon or late afternoon), sex of adult (male or female) and age of nestlings (weeks one, two or three)
| (a) Response: adult diet (proportion anthropogenic food consumed) (n = 60 observations of 22 birds from 14 nests) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AICc | ΔAICc | ώi | ||
| Top model set | ||||
| Day status + Time block + Sex | 143.6 | 0.00 | 0.519 | |
| Day status + Time block | 144.6 | 1.04 | 0.309 | |
| Estimate | Adj. SE | 2.5% | 97.5% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect size of explanatory terms | ||||
| Intercept | 6.27 | 3.20 | 0.01 | 12.55 |
| Day statusϮ ‘LHP’ | − 4.95 | 1.70 | − 8.29 | − 1.62 |
| Time block† ‘late afternoon’ | − 0.31 | 1.35 | − 2.96 | 2.34 |
| Time block† ‘morning’ | − 4.79 | 1.87 | − 8.45 | − 1.13 |
| Sexϰ ‘male’ | − 1.83 | 1.98 | − 6.37 | 0.51 |
| (b) Response: foraging effort (proportion time spent foraging) (n = 163 observations of 30 birds from 15 nests) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AICc | ΔAICc | ώi | ||
| Top model set | ||||
| Day status + Sex | 480.0 | 0.00 | 0.595 | |
| Estimate | SE | 2.5% | 97.5% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect size of explanatory terms | ||||
| Intercept | − 2.50 | 0.17 | − 2.83 | − 2.17 |
| Day statusϮ ‘LHP’ | − 0.10 | 0.17 | − 0.44 | 0.24 |
| Sexϰ ‘male’ | 0.43 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.74 |
| (c) Response: food intake rate (beakfuls) (n = 163 observations of 30 birds from 15 nests) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AICc | ΔAICc | ώi | ||
| Top model set | ||||
| Null model | 478.1 | 0.00 | 0.574 | |
| Estimate | SE | 2.5% | 97.5% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect size of explanatory terms | ||||
| Intercept | − 2.11 | 0.23 | − 2.56 | − 1.66 |
AICc, ΔAICc and model weights (ωi) are presented for all models within Δ2AICc for each analysis. Estimates, standard errors and 95% confidence limits presented are for the top model in the case where only one model within Δ2AICc was returned, or are model-averaged coefficients in the case of more than one competing model within Δ2AICc (in which case adjusted SEs are presented). Estimates are not back-transformed. Factors highlighted in bold have confidence intervals which do not contain zero
Ϯ Day status: ‘HHP’, † time block: ‘early afternoon’, ϰ sex: ‘female’; and ǂ age: ‘week one’ were used as reference categories