Abstract
We proposed that nose-blowing without pinching was safer and able to get rid of mucus and maintain nasal patency as effective as the pinch and blow method. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nasal patency after nose-blowing by pinching the nose versus no pinching. The patients who have nasal discharge such as allergic rhinitis or common cold were recruited. The patients were randomized to perform pinching or no pinching nose-blowing. Fifty patients were enrolled in this study. The objective evaluation using acoustic rhinometry found no difference in nasal patency between the two groups (p > 0.05). The subjective patency score was significantly higher in the pinch one nostril shut group (mean difference 0.88, 95% CI 0.20–1.55). The patency of the two methods were comparable according to the objective test. However, the patients felt that their nose was clearer when pinching and blowing.
Subject terms: Respiratory tract diseases, Infectious diseases
Introduction
A respiratory infection can be transmitted through droplets or aerosol particles1. Breathing, talking, or coughing are capable to be a source of respirable particles carrying infectious virus2. Bioaerosol transmission usually occurs when a person is in close contact with a respiratory disease patient created by coughing, sneezing or other aerosol-generating procedures such as nose-blowing3,4.
Nose-blowing is the act to get rid of nasal mucus by forcefully exhale through the nose. The handkerchief or facial tissues were usually used to cover the nose, prevent the mucus or droplet spreading and remove the mucus remnant from the nose5. This procedure can be done by pinching the nose to generate more exhalation pressure or without pinching.
The pressure generated during nose-blowing with pinching is much higher than the pressures generated during nose-blowing without pinching. One study found the pressure during nose-blowing was around 500 daPa without pinching but increased to around 900 daPa when the nostril was blocked6.
Moreover, forceful nose-blowing can cause adverse events such as epistaxis or mucosal injury. The adverse events can be severe such as pneumocephalus7, pneumolabyrinth8, and orbital blowout fracture9. Additionally, the nasal fluid can be propelled into the paranasal sinus or middle ear causing rhinosinusitis or otitis media10.
We proposed that nose-blowing without pinching is safer and able to get rid of mucus and maintain nasal patency as effective as the pinching and blowing method. This study's objectives were to evaluate the nasal patency and middle ear pressure after nose-blowing by pinching versus no pinching.
Methods
Study design and setting
This randomized controlled trial was conducted from September 2018 to March 2021 at Khon Kaen University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Thailand.
Participants
The patients aged more than 20 years who have nasal mucus such as allergic rhinitis or common cold were invited to participate in this study. We excluded the patients with nasal tumor, nasal polyps, septal deviation, external ear and middle ear diseases, history of nasal sinus surgery, skull base surgery, orbital surgery, ear surgery, any surgery with contraindicating to blow the nose.
Randomization
The randomization list was computer-generated by a statistician based on the block randomization method with randomly selected block sizes. The allocation assignment was sealed in opaque, sequentially numbered envelopes. If the patient is eligible for the trial, the envelope will be opened by a research assistant.
Blinding
This study was single-blind. The attending physicians and evaluators were blinded from the allocation.
Measurement protocol
After the patients agree to enroll in this study, the baseline data, nasal patency score measured by the visual analogue scale score were collected along with acoustic rhinometry test and tympanometry test of the right ear and right nose. As nasal patency may vary with room acclimatization, all procedures were performed in a controlled temperature room with a temperature setting of 21 °C.
Then, the patients were randomly assigned to perform (1) the nose-blowing with pinching by pressing a finger on the left nostril to shut the left nostril off or (2) blowing without pinching (both nostrils open). There was no specific instruction on the exhalation force the patients need to produce. The patients were instructed to perform nose-blowing as their usual habit. The dynamic closing and opening of the nostril was not allowed. The facial tissue was provided to the patients to cover the nose and to remove the mucus remnant.
Within 5 mins, the nasal patency score, acoustic rhinometry, and tympanometry test results of the right ear and right nose were collected again. Any adverse events were recorded.
Outcomes
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of nasal patency
The VAS is a unidimensional measure of symptom intensity, which has been widely used in diverse adult populations11. The nasal patency VAS is a continuous scale comprised of a horizontal line. The scale is anchored by “severe obstruction” (score of 0) and “no obstruction” (score of 10)12. There was a strong correlation between VAS of nasal patency, Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) questionnaire, and computational fluid dynamics of nasal airflow13.
Acoustic rhinometry
Acoustic rhinometry is a diagnostic measurement of the cross-sectional area and length of the nose and the nasal cavity through acoustic reflections14. This tool was used to objectively measure the minimal cross-sectional area at the nasal isthmus (MCA1) and head of the inferior turbinate (MCA2)15.
Tympanometry
Tympanometry is an acoustic evaluation used to evaluate the condition of the middle ear. This tool was used to objectively measure the middle ear pressure16. The normal middle ear pressure ranged between + 50 to – 200 daPa (mm water)17,18.
Adverse events
The adverse events that were collected include bleeding, pain/discomfort, and headache.
Statistical analysis
The sample size was calculated based on the expected difference in nasal patency score of 1 ± 1.2 points. With a significance level of 0.5 and power of 90 percent, the total number of specimens required was determined to be 50 patients.
Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS version 20. Data were described as either means (for the continuous variables) or frequencies and percentages (for the categorical variables). Significant differences between groups were determined using the Student t-test or the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables. The chi-square test or the Fisher exact test were used to determine whether there was a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies. For all tests, p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Ethical considerations
This study was approved by the Khon Kaen University Ethics Committee in Human Research (HE611338) and registered in the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (registration number: TCTR20210617005, date of registration: 16 June 2021). Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by all patients enrolled. All authors abided by the Declaration of Helsinki.
Results
A total of 50 patients participated in our study. The participant’s flow diagram was shown in Fig. 1. There were 19 males and 31 females. The mean age of the patients was 42.7 years. There was no statistical difference in patients’ baseline between groups (p > 0.05) (Table 1).
Figure 1.
Participant flow diagram.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Pinch (n = 26) | No pinch (n = 24) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male | 9 | 10 | 0.263 |
| Female | 17 | 14 | |
| Age (years) | 44.77 ± 15.03 | 40.63 ± 12.71 | 0.300 |
| VAS of nasal patency | 5.77 ± 1.45 | 4.83 ± 2.04 | 0.066 |
| MCA1 (cm2) | 0.52 ± 0.14 | 0.48 ± 0.16 | 0.355 |
| MCA2 (cm2) | 0.60 ± 0.25 | 0.51 ± 0.25 | 0.195 |
| Middle ear pressure (daPa) | − 28.85 ± 0.25 | − 35.0 ± 34.95 | 0.458 |
| Diseases | |||
| Allergic rhinitis | 14 | 17 | 0.216 |
| Common cold | 7 | 4 | 0.382 |
| Chronic sinusitis | 5 | 3 | 0.517 |
The mean VAS nasal patency score (range 0–10, higher is better) after nose-blowing in pinching group was 8.00 points and 7.13 points in no pinching group (mean difference 0.88 points, 95% CI 0.20–1.55, p = 0.012). The mean nasal minimal cross-sectional area at nasal isthmus (MCA1) was 0.53 cm2 in pinching group and 0.54 cm2 in no pinching group (mean difference − 0.003 cm2, 95% CI − 0.08 to 0.08, p = 0.939). The mean nasal minimal cross-sectional area at the head of the inferior turbinate (MCA2) was 0.65 cm2 in pinching group and 0.54 cm2 in no pinching group (mean difference 0.14 cm2, 95% CI − 0.04 to 0.27, p = 0.144) (Table 2).
Table 2.
Nasal patency after nose-blowing.
| Pinch (n = 26) | No pinch (n = 24) | Mean difference (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAS of nasal patency | 8.00 ± 0.94 | 7.13 ± 1.39 | 0.88 (0.20 to 1.55) | 0.012* |
| MCA1 (cm2) | 0.53 ± 0.14 | 0.54 ± 0.14 | − 0.003 (− 0.08 to 0.08) | 0.939 |
| MCA2 (cm2) | 0.65 ± 0.29 | 0.54 ± 0.24 | 0.14 (− 0.04 to 0.27) | 0.144 |
*Significance.
After nose-blowing, the middle ear pressure in no pinching group remains relatively close to baseline (35 daPa). While in the pinching group, the middle ear pressure was increased from − 28.85 to − 17.69 daPa. However, there was no statistically significant difference in middle ear pressure between the two groups after nose-blowing (p > 0.05) (Table 3). There were no adverse events occur in both groups.
Table 3.
Middle ear pressure after nose-blowing.
| Pinch (n = 26) | No pinch (n = 24) | Mean difference (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Middle ear pressure (daPa) | − 17.69 ± 36.69 | − 35.42 ± 37.27 | 17.72 (− 3.32 to 38.77) | 0.097 |
Discussion
Nose-blowing is a common practice to remove excess mucus from the nasal cavity in humans. However, this practice can also produce droplets and aerosol particles which contribute to the spreading of virus particles that can transmit to other persons2,3.
The aerosol particles expelled from the nose and mouth could be increased in vigorous respiratory activities. One study compared the airborne particles expelled during coughs versus normal exhalations. They found that 53% of patients produced aerosol particles containing viable influenza A virus during coughing, and 42% produced aerosols with the viable virus during normal exhalation. The authors conclude that although the influenza A virus was detected more often in cough aerosol particles than in exhalation aerosol particles, both respiratory activities could be important in airborne viral transmission19.
Furthermore, a forceful inhalation to create the intrathoracic pressure before cough, nose-blowing or sneezing can also increase the risk of viral particle deposition in the airway. One fluid dynamic study found that higher levels of exercise can increased aerosolized volume that reaches into the lower airways20.
We proposed that nose-blowing without nostril occlusion is a safer and gentler procedure while giving acceptable mucus clearance. To our knowledge, this is the first randomized controlled trial comparing the nasal patency and middle ear pressure after nose-blowing with pinching versus without pinching.
In this study, we found that the nasal patency score (range 0–10) was higher in the patient who pinches one nostril (mean difference 0.88 points, 95% CI 0.20–1.55, p = 0.012). However, there was no statistically significant difference in mean nasal minimal cross-sectional area between-group (p > 0.05). Moreover, the middle ear pressure between the pinching and no pinching group was also no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05).
The minimal cross-sectional area using acoustic rhinometry is the gold standard to objectively evaluate the nasal patency21. The recent systematic review evaluated the correlation between the subjective and objective evaluation of the nasal airway found that from 16 included studies, the correlation between the outcomes found with rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry and an individual's subjective sensation of nasal patency remains uncertain22. Therefore, using both subjective and objective evaluations would provide more value than using only one type of assessment.
We already know from the previous study that blowing the nose while close or partially close the nostril can generate higher pressure in the airway10. Our study took a further step by subjectively and objectively evaluate the nasal patency and middle ear pressure after nose-blowing.
We suggested that blowing the nose without pinching might be safer. The patients may need to repeat this procedure until they feel that the nose was cleared. Rather than forcefully blowing the nose that increases the chance of viral spreading and gets the risk of mucosal injury.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the staff and nurses at Srinagarind Hospital for their excellent care of the patients. The authors also thank the Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University (Grant Number AS64207) for the grant.
Author contributions
P.P. conceptualized, designed, and supervised the study, raised funding for the study, performed data analysis, interpreted results, and drafted the manuscript. J.N. contributed to designed, data collection and revise the manuscript. S.S and P.T. contributed to conceptualized, designed, supervised the study and revise the manuscript. All authors contributed to the interpretation and discussion of the results, and read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher's note
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