Table 2.

Organisms used for the evaluation of in vivo nanotoxicity.

Organism	Description	References
Arabidopsis thaliana	It is a simple model system because its life cycle is rapid, it can easily be cultivated in a small space, and the information regarding its genome can also be clearly obtained. During the seedling period, A. thaliana is exposed to NPs for a given period of time; then, using the microarray technique, genomic analysis of harvested roots and leaves is done.	[52]
Dapniapulex and Daphnia magna	They are small planktonic crustaceans primarily used for pre-screening since the biological differences between crustaceans and humans are extremely wide. They can be used to evaluate the effect of NP on mortality and reproduction.	[53]
Caenorhabditis elegans	After exposing worms to NPs, a customized microfluidic chip is used to measure the level of metallothionein (mtl-2) gene expression, behavior, and worm length/width. Evaluating the physiological responses of C. elegans against chronic or acute anti-inflammatory and neurological therapeutics is helpful because the human biochemical pathways correlate well with the metabolic pathways and stress-associated markers of C. elegans.	[62]
Drosophila melanogaster	Different modes of nanotoxicity like metabolic defects, fecundity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress can be investigated in D. melanogaster.	[63]