Table 4.

Selected phenolic compounds with bioprotectant activity.

Phenolic Compound	Solvent	Effective Concentration	Bioprotectant Effect	References
Ferulic acid	Water	LC50, 120 µg/mL	Strong repellent, nematistatic and nematicidal activity against Radopholus similis	[121]
Curcumin	95% Ethanol	MIC < 5 ppm	Inhibition of in vitro growth of Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium sporogenes	[122]
Ellagic acid	95% Ethanol	MIC < 5 ppm	Inhibition of in vitro growth of Listeria monocytogenes	[122]
Catechol, coumarin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid	Water	MIC, 100–2000 µM	Inhibition of in vitro growth of Xylella fastidiosa	[123]
Catechin, naringenin, quercetin, resveratrol, rutin, sinapic acid	DMSO	MIC, 200–2000 µM	Inhibition of in vitro growth of X. fastidiosa	[123]
Salicylic acid		LC50, 46 µg/mL	Attractant, motility and hatch inhibition and nematicidal effects on Meloidogyne incognita	[121]
		2 mg/mL	Reduction of the severity of anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in mangoes	[124]
4-hydroxybenzoic acid	20% Methanol	0.1 to 1.5 mM	Herbicidal activity against Dactylis glomerata	[125]
Pyrogallol, ethylgallate, gentistic acid, juglone, apigenin 7-O-glucoside and 7-hydroxycoumarin	Water	1100 ppm	Nematicidal effects on M. incognita	[126,127]
Syringic acid	50% Acetone	1 mg/mL	Inhibition of radial growth of Ganoderma boninense in vitro	[128]