Abstract
Objective
To better understanding and differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes in severe aplastic anemia (SAA) patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) and their correlation with iron metabolism, cAMP/cGMP, 17-OH-CS and thyroxine.
Methods
Eighteen patients with SAA who underwent HSCT were enrolled. The syndrome was evaluated before conditioning and days after stem cell reinfusion (−10d, −1d, +7d, +30d, +60d, and +90d). The correlation of TCM syndrome (Yin, Yang, and stasis) to cyclic nucleotides, 17-OH-CS, thyroxine, and iron metabolism were analyzed and compared to data from normal subjects.
Results
More “Yin deficiency” (n=11, 11/18) syndrome was observed before HSCT, and nearly 61% was complicated with “blood stasis”. After conditioning, the proportion of “kidney Yin and Yang deficiency” increased to 61.6%. Fourteen days after HSCT, the syndrome developed into “Spleen-Kidney Yang Deficiency,” and the stasis score decreased. On +90day, majority patients were diagnosed with “Kidney Yang Deficiency” (35.7%) or “Spleen-Kidney Yang Deficiency” (28.6%), and 88.9% were diagnosed without stasis. The correlation analysis showed that cGMP might represent “Deficient Yang” as well as low total triiodothyronine (T3) and free T3 (FT3). There was also a positive relation between labile plasma iron (LPI), hepcidin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and “Yin deficiency”, and the last two factors, along with marrow nitric oxide synthase were also positively related to “Stasis” syndrome.
Conclusion
During HSCT, the syndrome evolved from “kidney Yin and Yang deficiency” to “kidney Yang deficiency” or “spleen–kidney Yang deficiency”, and the “stasis” along with “Yin deficiency” syndromes were quickly relieved within 90 days. The changes of cyclic nucleotides, 17-OH-CS, thyroxine, and iron metabolism indexes can be applied for better differentiation of TCM syndrome.
Keywords: aplastic anemia, traditional Chinese medicine syndrome, iron metabolism, syndrome evolution, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Background
Aplastic anemia (AA) is a bone marrow failure syndrome often present with pancytopenia. Patients with AA are at high risk of infection and hemorrhage.1 The incidence of AA in China is ~7.4/106, which is almost three times higher compared to Europe and North America.2,3 Severe AA (SAA) accounts for ~18%,4 with a characteristic of rapid disease progression and high mortality if left untreated. According to the guidelines and clinical practice,5 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and immune suppression therapy (IST) are the first treatment options for SAA, while disease-free survival (DFS) of HSCT is around 50–80%.6,7
Since 1964, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) had been applied in the management of AA in China. The beneficial effect of TCM has also been confirmed in the treatment of aplastic anemia.8 And the combination of TCM with androgen or IST (cyclosporine with or without anti-thymoglobulin antibody) may significantly improve the overall response rate in patients with AA.9–12 In addition, our previous study revealed that the combination of TCM during the HSCT might reduce graft failure, transplant-related mortality and improve the 5 years overall survival.13 Yet, there are still limited data available on how and when the TCM should be applied. In addition, the principle of TCM during different stages of stem cell transplantation remains unclear.
The basic TCM syndrome is based on “qi and blood”, “Yin and Yang”, “deficiency and excess”, and “exterior and interior”, also known as “eight principles”. “Yin and Yang” differentiation is the general and main principle. To better understanding the material basis of TCM syndrome, many studies have disclosed the correlation of syndrome differentiation with objective indicators, including endocrine hormone (adrenocorticosteroids, thyroid hormones, prostaglandins), plasma cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP, and their dynamic balance), as well as energy metabolism situation,14,15 which have been applied as the evaluation index for TCM treatment.16,17 However, TCM syndrome is complex, and the syndrome evolution is not always clear. During the HSCT, we found that the changing of TCM syndrome occurred much more rapidly, and the deviation of “Yin” and “Yang” were more obvious, thus suggesting that HSCT can also be an ideal disease model for observing TCM syndrome evolution and verifying the material basis of “Yin”, “Yang”, as well as “blood stasis” syndrome in our AA patients. Herein, we investigated the evolution and characteristics of TCM syndromes in SAA patients undergoing HSCT, and also analyzed the correlation with the objective indicators, which may profit from developing a TCM treatment proposal for HSCT.
Materials and Methods
Participants and Recruitment
A total of 18 patients with SAA who underwent HSCT between December 2015 and January 2017 were recruited in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Twelve of them were male (12/18), with a median age of 28.5 (11–53) years, and 12 of them progressed from non-SAA. All the patients met the diagnostic and severity assessment criteria for SAA.18 The syndrome differentiation was made according to the “Revised Edition of Guidelines for The Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Aplastic Anemia (Sui Lao)” issued by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 2013.19 Moreover, 21 healthy subjects without obvious syndrome deviation (equilibrium in Yin and Yang) were included as normal control for peripheral serum and urine detection, 11 males (11/21), with a median age of 39 (21–53) years. In addition, five bone marrow samples from normal bone marrow transplantation donors were also prepared as control bone marrow samples.
Sources of Stem Cell
Donors were selected based on the best available human leukocyte antigen (HLA) match at the time of transplantation. HLA-A, B, C DRB1, and DQB1 loci were confirmed by the high-resolution molecular method. Six (6/18) patients were grafted from matched sibling donors, 7 (7/18) from matched unrelated donors from the China Marrow Donor Program (CMDP), 4 (4/18) from haploidentical donors, and 1 (1/18) from a mismatched related donor.
Conditioning Regimen
All 18 patients received the same conditioning regimen: fludarabine (Flu) 30mg/m2×5days, rabbit anti-thymoglobulin antibody (ATG) 2.5mg/kg×4days, cyclophosphamide (CY) 100–120mg/kg in total (given in 2 or 3 days).
GVHD Prophylaxis
GVHD prophylaxis consisted of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 1200–1500mg/m2, cyclosporine (target trough concentration 200–300ng/mL) per day, and methotrexate (MTX 15mg/m2 on day +1, and 10mg/m2 on day +3, +6, and +11).
Aplastic Anemia (AA) TCM Syndrome Diagnosing and Scoring
Diagnosing TCM syndrome in AA was done according to “Revised Edition of Guidelines for The Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment of Aplastic Anemia (Sui Lao)”,19 which included heat-toxin congestion and excessiveness syndrome, Yin deficiency and blood heat syndrome (spleen) kidney yang deficiency syndrome, (liver) kidney Yin deficiency syndrome, and kidney Yin and Yang deficiency syndrome. symptoms of the major syndrome included a pale face, dizziness, palpitations, and shortness of breath; symptoms of the minor syndrome included feverish palms and soles, hectic fever and night sweating, dipsia, yellow urine, cold body, anorexia, and diarrhea. All symptoms were scored according to the severity (light, moderate or severe): 0, 2, 4, and 6 points, or 0, 1, 2, and 3 points10 (Table 1). The assessment and scoring of TCM syndrome were performed 10 days before stem cell reinfusion (−10d), the day before stem cell reinfusion (−1d), 7 days after stem cell reinfusion (+7d), and on +14d, +30d, +60d, and +90d.
Table 1.
Scoring System for Basic TCM Syndrome
| Symptom | Scoring | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None (0) | Mild (2 for Major Syndromes, and 1 for Minor) | Moderate (4 for Major Syndromes, and 2 for Minor) | Severe (6 for Major Syndromes, and 3 for Minor) | ||
| Major syndromes | Pale face | Slightly | Moderate, pale without vitality | Severe, pale with a white paper looking | |
| Dizziness | Occasionally | Frequently | Persistently and hard to relieve | ||
| Fatigue | Slightly, can still work on daily life | Moderate, hard to work | Severe, can only stay in bed | ||
| Palpitations and shortness of breath | Occasionally | Frequently | Recurrently and hard to relieve | ||
| Minor syndromes | Feverish palms and soles | Slightly feverish in night | Moderate feverish with vexation | Feel burning, and away from clothing | |
| Hectic fever and night sweating | Occasionally, mostly on head | Recurrently, on chest and waist | Frequently, showing as wet body | ||
| Dipsia | Occasionally | Frequently, tolerable | Frequently, intolerable | ||
| Yellow urine | Primrose yellow | Medium yellow | Dark yellow | ||
| Cold body | Cold in hands and feet | Cold limbs | Clod body, cannot relieve with warming | ||
| Anorexia | Slightly, appetite decreases 1/3 to 2/3 | Bad, appetite decreases above 2/3 | Severe anorexia, even no diet | ||
| Diarrhea | Once daily | Two to three times daily | More than three times daily | ||
Blood Stasis Syndrome Evaluation and Scoring
The diagnosis of blood stasis syndrome included the inspection of the tongue, facial and skin, pain assessment, degree of hemorrhage evaluation, assessing consciousness, mental and bodily sensation, pulse manifestation, and abdominal mass evaluation. According to the severity (light, moderate or severe), syndromes were scored with 0, 1, 2, and 3 points (Table 2). With an overall score over 4, the diagnosis of blood stasis syndrome was confirmed. The assessment and scoring of stasis syndrome were performed on −10d, −1d, +7d, +14d, +30d, +60d, and +90d.
Table 2.
Scoring System for Stasis Syndrome
| Grading and Scoring | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (0) | Mild (1) | Medium (2) | Severe (3) | |
| Inspection of the tongue | Pink tongue, without ecchymosis and sublingual varices | Dark red tongue, with petechiae | Dark purple tongue, with petechiae and ecchymosis | Bluish purple tongue, or with sublingual varices |
| Inspection of the facial | No purplish black at face, lips, gums or eyes | Dark red less than two sites | Dark red or bluish purple more than two sites | Purple black more than two sites |
| Skin manifestation | No rough skin nor scales | Rough hand and foot, but without scales | Rough hand and foot, with scales | Rough skin throughout the body with scales |
| Pain | No fixed pain, prickling or cramping | Occasionally pain, and always relieved within half an hour | Pain sometimes, always relieved within three hours, and no need for drug | Persistent pain, and painkillers needed |
| Bleeding | No bleeding, hypodermic ecchymosis, nor menstrual disorders | Small petechiae in one site, or with occasionally dysmenorrhea and dark menstruation | Petechiaes more than two sites, or always with dysmenorrhea and dark menstruation | Petechiaes more than three sites, or suffer from abdominal pain during menstruation, and even amenorrhea |
| Conscious | No vertigo or forgetful | Occasionally happen | Happened sometimes, and more frequently after physical work | Always happen, and even during rest |
| Mentality | No mental abnormality | Occasionally happen, and relieved without intervene | Happened sometimes, and can be stopped by persuading | Always happen, and can only stopped by constraint or medication |
| Physical sensation | No numbness or hemiplegia | Occasionally happen, and relieved without intervene | Numbness cannot be alleviate by self, with mild hemiplegia | Numbness Limbs and with hemiplegia |
| Pulse manifestation | Normal pulse | Hesitant pulse | Thread and hesitant pulse | No pulse or irregularly pulse |
| Lump in abdomen | No organ enlargement, mass, tissue hyperplasia, new organisms, etc. | Slightly stiff and painful with pressing | Moderate stiff and painful | Painful and reject pressing |
Collection and Preparing of Clinical Specimens
The peripheral blood (10mL), urine (5mL), and bone marrow (10mL) were collected from each patient and volunteer. After centrifugation, serum, urine, and marrow mononuclear cells were prepared and frozen in −70°C for further use.
ELISA Assay
Approximately 0.5 mL serum was taken from each group for single detection. Serum cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), thyroxine (total triiodothyronine, free triiodothyronine, total tetraiodothyronine, and free tetraiodothyronine), iron load indicator (ferritin and labile plasma iron), and its regulator iron metabolism indicators (hepcidin, soluble transferrin receptor, and ferroportin) were detected after each time point (totally seven times). The levels of bone marrow vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected before HSCT and monthly after HSCT (totally four times). All detection was performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol of the ELISA kit.
Statistical Analysis
The compiled data were first inputted into the Excel spreadsheet and were then read into SPSS15.0 biometric statistical software program for further analysis. Normal data were expressed as mean±standard deviation, and non-normal data were expressed as medians (interquartile range). Variance and pairwise comparisons were used for normal data, whereas non-normal data were subjected to non-parametric tests. The Kruskal–Wallis H-test was used for pairwise comparisons and the Mann–Whitney U-test for multiple comparisons. Binary variable regression models were used to analyze the correlation among objective factors and TCM syndromes. A P value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
Syndrome Differentiation Based on “Yin–Yang” and “Zang–Fu Viscera”
Patients were primarily diagnosed with “Yin” or “Yang” deficiency syndrome, and further syndrome differentiation was performed based on “Zang–Fu viscera”. Yin deficiency syndrome was differentiated into “kidney Yin deficiency”, “liver–kidney Yin deficiency” and “kidney Yin and Yang deficiency” syndromes, and Yang deficiency syndrome was differentiated into “kidney Yang deficiency”, “spleen–kidney Yang deficiency”, “kidney Yin and Yang deficiency” syndromes, respectively. After careful assessment of the TCM syndrome and scoring, we found that before HSCT (−10d), the syndrome was more likely “Yin deficiency” or “Yang deficiency”, rather than “Yin and Yang deficiency”. During the conditional stage (−10d to −1d), more patients manifested “kidney Yin and Yang deficiency” syndrome. Moreover, after stem cell engraftment (+14d), more “spleen–kidney Yang deficiency” syndrome was seen. Finally, 2 months after stem cell reinfusion, the TCM syndrome became stable and mainly manifested as “kidney Yang deficiency” or “spleen–kidney Yang deficiency” syndrome (Table 3, Figure 1).
Table 3.
The Distribution of TCM Syndrome in AA Patients Undergoing HSCT
| Time Points (HSCT Following Up) | Yang Deficiency (n) | Yin Deficiency (n) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kidney Yang Deficiency | Spleen–Kidney Yang Deficiency | Kidney Yin and Yang Deficiency | Kidney Yin Deficiency | Liver–Kidney Yin Deficiency | Kidney Yin and Yang Deficiency | |
| 10 days before stem cell reinfusion (d-10) | 1 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 2 |
| The day before stem cell reinfusion (d-1) | 2 | 1 | 11 | 4 | 0 | 11 |
| 7 days after stem cell reinfusion (d+7) | 0 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 8 |
| 14 days after stem cell reinfusion (d+14) | 2 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 5 |
| 30 days after stem cell reinfusion (d+30) | 1 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 60 days after stem cell reinfusion (d+60) | 5 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| 90 days after stem cell reinfusion (d+90) | 5 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
Figure 1.
Evolution of TCM syndromes in severe aplastic anemia (SAA) patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) based on “Yin–Yang” and “Zang–Fu viscera” syndrome differentiation.
Blood Stasis Syndrome Evaluation During HSCT
The scoring of blood stasis syndrome was performed at the corresponding time point during HSCT. A total of 61% (11/18) patients were complicated with stasis syndrome before HSCT (score >4). During the transplantation conditioning, the stasis score further increased and peaked 7 days after stem cell reinfusion (+7d); however, no significant differences were observed (P>0.05). After the stem cell engraftment (around +14d), the stasis score decreased (P<0.01) and was kept at the same level (score ≤4) during +60d~+90d. At +90d, the stasis score decreased to the minimum value, and 88.9% (16/18) had no symptoms of stasis (Table 4, Figure 2).
Table 4.
Comparison of Stasis Score Among Different Time Point After During HSCT (Wilcoxon), P value
| Day 14 | Day+30 | Day+60 | Day+90 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day-10 | NS | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Day-1 | NS | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Day+7 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Day 14 | / | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.007 |
| Day+30 | 0.05 | / | NS | 0.047 |
| Day+60 | 0.015 | NS | / | NS |
| Day+90 | 0.007 | 0.047 | NS | / |
Figure 2.
Evolution of “blood stasis” syndrome in SAA patients during HSCT. The stasis syndrome was differentiated, scoring and compared during different stage of HSCT. A total of 61% (11/18) patients were complicated with stasis syndrome before HSCT, and increased after conditioning. After the stem cell engraftment (around +14d), the stasis score decreasing and 88.9% (16/18) had no symptoms of stasis at +90d.
Typical Evolution of Tongue Manifestation During HSCT
Tongue manifestations have a crucial role in TCM syndrome differentiation. During the syndrome assessment, we also recorded and compared the tongue manifestation. Three typical evolution (Type I:2A-2E; Type II:2F-2J; Type III:2K-2O) of tongue manifestation during the process of HSCT are shown in Figure 3. The evolution of TCM syndrome of Type I went from the firstly “spleen–kidney Yang deficiency” stage to “liver–kidney Yin deficiency with blood stasis” stage, “spleen–kidney Yang deficiency with blood stasis” stage, and finally of relatively stable “kidney Yang deficiency” stage. In Type II, the syndrome evolution was as follows: “kidney Yang deficiency”, to a syndrome of “Yin deficiency with blood stasis”, to “spleen–kidney Yang deficiency” and finally “kidney Yang deficiency” stage. In Type III, the syndrome evolution was as follows: “kidney Yin deficiency”, to “Yin deficiency fire hyperactivity”, to “Yin and Yang deficiency”, and finally “kidney Yang deficiency” stage.
Figure 3.
Typical evolution of tongue manifestation during HSCT. Type I: went from the firstly “spleen–kidney Yang deficiency” stage to “liver–kidney Yin deficiency with blood stasis” stage, “spleen–kidney Yang deficiency with blood stasis” stage, and finally of relatively stable “kidney Yang deficiency” stage (2A-2E); Type II: went from “kidney Yang deficiency”, to a syndrome of “Yin deficiency with blood stasis”, to “spleen–kidney Yang deficiency” and finally “kidney Yang deficiency” stage (2F-2J); and Type III: went from “kidney Yin deficiency”, to “Yin deficiency fire hyperactivity”, to “Yin and Yang deficiency”, and finally “kidney Yang deficiency” stage (2K-2O).
Changes of Serum cAMP and cGMP During the HSCT Process
The expression level of serum cAMP in the patient was relatively equal to the normal control, while the cGMP was significantly higher (P<0.01). During the process of HSCT, the cAMP remarkably decreased from day −1, and then reached the lowest level at day −60 (P<0.01). It then relatively increased at day −90. No differences were observed among day +30, +60, and +90 (P>0.05). For the cGMP, similar changes were observed. The cGMP decreased after the conditioning regimen and tended to stabilize after day +14, but the level was still higher than the normal control (P<0.01) (Figure 4).
Figure 4.
Changes of serum cAMP, cGMP and urine 17-OH-CS during the HSCT process. Data are presented as mean ± SD; *P < 0.01 (as compared with the normal population);+P < 0.05, and ++P < 0.01 (as compared with −10d); #P < 0.01 (as compared with −1d); @P < 0.05, @@P < 0.01 (as compared with +7d); &P < 0.05, and &&P < 0.01 (as compared with +14d).
Changes of Urine 17-OH-CS During HSCT Process
The urine level of 17-OH-CS in AA before HSCT was significantly higher than the normal group (P<0.01). After transplantation conditioning, the 17-OH-CS gradually decreased over time; the lowest level was observed after day +60, after which it remained stable until +90 (Figure 4).
Changes of Serum Thyroxine During HSCT Process
The serum level of total triiodothyronine (TT3), tetraiodothyronine (TT4), and free T3 (FT3), T4 (FT4) were detected during the HSCT. The TT3 and FT3 were significantly lower in AA before HSCT; the level decreased over time (from day-1 to day+30) after transplantation. Sixty to 90 days after stem cell reinfusion, the TT3 and FT3 remarkably increased (P<0.05) and reached the same level detected before HSCT (Figure 5A). For the TT4 and FT4, the expression level did not have a great change during the HSCT, but they decreased on day +30 and day +60 (P<0.05 or P<0.01) when compared to the level at the early stage of HSCT (day −10 to day +7) (Figure 5B).
Figure 5.
Changes of serum thyroxine during HSCT process. The serum level of total triiodothyronine (TT3), free T3 (FT3) (A) and tetraiodothyronine (TT4), free T4 (FT4) (B) were detected during the HSCT. Data are presented as mean ± SD; *P < 0.01 (as compared with the normal population);+P < 0.05, and ++P < 0.01 (as compared with −10d); #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 (as compared with −1d); @P < 0.05, @@P < 0.01 (as compared with +7d); &P < 0.01 (as compared with +14d); ▲P < 0.01 (as compared with +30d).
Comparison of Iron Load and Its Regulator During HSCT Process
The serum level of iron load indexes, ferritin and labile plasma iron (LPI), as well as iron-absorbing regulators, hepcidin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), were significantly higher in AA patients than the normal population before HSCT, while ferroportin (FPN) was much lower (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Moreover, after transplantation, the ferritin and LPI gradually decreased over time and then became stable after +60d. The LPI reached the lowest point on day +60 (Figure 6A). The change in hepcidin was much slower than ferritin, which obviously decreased 30 days after stem cell reinfusion (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while FPN gradually increased after day+7 (P<0.05 or P<0.01) (Figure 6B).
Figure 6.
Comparison of iron load and its regulator during HSCT process. The serum level of iron load indexes, ferritin and labile plasma iron (LPI) (A), as well as iron-absorbing regulators, hepcidin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) (B) were detected. Data are presented as mean ± SD; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 (as compared with the normal population);+P < 0.05, and ++P < 0.01 (as compared with −10d); #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 (as compared with −1d); @P < 0.05, @@P < 0.01 (as compared with +7d); &P < 0.05, and &&P < 0.01 (as compared with +14d).
Changes of Bone Marrow VEGF, NOS, and ROS During HSCT Process
The impairment of iron deposition is mainly mediated by oxygen-free radical damage. In this study, the marrow serum level of VEGF, NOS, and ROS was detected. The expression of VEGF in bone marrow from AA patients was significantly lower, while NOS and ROS were much higher than the normal subjects (all P<0.01). After HSCT, the VEGF remarkably increased after +60days, and NOS and ROS decreased after +30days (P<0.01) (Figure 7).
Figure 7.
Changes of bone marrow VEGF, NOS, and ROS during HSCT process. The marrow serum level of VEGF, NOS, and ROS were detected. Data are presented as mean ± SD; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 (as compared with the normal population); ++P < 0.01 (as compared with −10d); @P < 0.05, and @@P < 0.01 (as compared with +7d).
Correlation Analysis Between TCM Syndrome Evolution and Serum Indicators
To analyze the indicator of “Yin” and “Yang” syndrome, we deleted the patient without obvious “Yin” and “Yang” deviation during the HSCT. Patients with “Deficiency of both Yin and Yang” were assigned into “Yin” deficiency and “Yang” deficiency group. The Spearman coefficient analysis was used to assess the cross-correlation of “Yin”, “Yang” deficiency syndrome, “blood stasis” syndrome with metabolism indicators (cAMP, cGMP, 17-OH-CS, and thyroxine) as well as iron-related indicators (ferritin, LPI, Hepcidin, sTfR, and FPN). Results showed that “Yang deficiency” was significantly negatively correlated with TT3, FT3, and TSH, while “Yin deficiency” syndrome had a strong positive correlation with cGMP, 17-OH-CS, LPI, hepcidin, and sTfR (Tables 5 and 6). Considering “blood stasis” syndrome, it showed a remarkable positive correlation to cAMP, cGMP, 17-OH-CS, hepcidin, sTfR, and a negative correlation to FPN (Tables 7 and 8).
Table 5.
Correlation Analysis Between “Yin” and “Yang” Deficiency Syndrome and Serum Indicators (I)
| Yang Deficiency (Ratio) | Yin Deficiency (Ratio) | cAMP | cGMP | 17-OH | TT3 | FT3 | TT4 | FT4 | Ferritin | LPI | Hepcidin | sTfR | FPN | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.076 | 3.601 | 29.579 | 1.683 | 4.552 | 6.485 | 1.000 | 9.17 | 0.25 | 73.23 | 73.23 | 2.68 |
| Day-10 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 30.765 | 6.682 | 85.623 | 0.965 | 2.523 | 5.685 | 0.963 | 4.69 | 0.80 | 93.60 | 93.60 | 2.32 |
| Day-1 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 27.949 | 6.164 | 78.7402 | 0.602 | 1.658 | 5.708 | 0.991 | 4.59 | 0.75 | 92.72 | 92.72 | 2.34 |
| Day+7 | 0.83 | 0.61 | 26.775 | 5.751 | 75.249 | 0.723 | 1.938 | 5.889 | 0.982 | 4.80 | 0.73 | 92.84 | 92.84 | 2.43 |
| Day+14 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 24.763 | 5.240 | 73.226 | 0.663 | 1.791 | 5.087 | 0.892 | 4.76 | 0.68 | 90.74 | 90.74 | 2.50 |
| Day+30 | 0.83 | 0.33 | 23.012 | 5.042 | 68.391 | 0.665 | 1.881 | 4.814 | 0.844 | 4.63 | 0.66 | 88.02 | 88.02 | 2.56 |
| Day+60 | 0.77 | 0.23 | 21.744 | 5.195 | 63.044 | 0.829 | 2.235 | 5.203 | 0.890 | 4.21 | 0.63 | 87.04 | 87.04 | 2.62 |
| Day+90 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 22.879 | 4.983 | 61.222 | 0.949 | 2.428 | 5.996 | 0.944 | 4.61 | 0.68 | 87.79 | 87.79 | 2.62 |
Table 6.
Correlation Analysis Between “Yin” and “Yang” Deficiency Syndrome and Serum Indicators (II)
| cAMP | cGMP | 17-OH | TT3 | FT3 | TT4 | FT4 | Ferritin | LPI | Hepcidin | sTfR | FPN | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yang Deficiency | Coefficient of association | −0.407 | 0.252 | 0.311 | −0.731* | −0.731* | −0.467 | −0.371 | −0.275 | 0.156 | 0.299 | 0.299 | −0.311 |
| Sig | 0.158 | 0.274 | 0.453 | 0.020 | 0.020 | 0.122 | 0.183 | 0.255 | 0.356 | 0.236 | 0.236 | 0.226 | |
| Yin Deficiency | Coefficient of association | 0.220 | 0.830** | 0.854** | −0.610 | −0.610 | −0.122 | 0.220 | −0.098 | 0.927** | 0.854** | 0.854** | −0.854** |
| Sig | 0.301 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.387 | 0.301 | 0.409 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Notes: Binary variable regression models were used to analyze the correlation among objective factors and “Yin” and “Yang” deficiency syndromes. *P<0.05; **P<0.01.
Table 7.
Correlation Analysis Between “Blood Stasis” Syndrome and Serum Indicators (I)
| Average Score of “Stasis Syndrome” | cAMP | cGMP | 17-OH | TT3 | FT3 | TT4 | FT4 | Ferritin | LPI | Hepcidin | sTfR | FPN | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day-10 | 4.111 | 30.765 | 6.682 | 85.623 | 0.965 | 2.523 | 5.685 | 0.963 | 4.69 | 0.80 | 93.60 | 93.60 | 2.32 |
| Day-1 | 4.389 | 27.949 | 6.164 | 78.7402 | 0.602 | 1.658 | 5.708 | 0.991 | 4.59 | 0.75 | 92.72 | 92.72 | 2.34 |
| Day+7 | 4.500 | 26.775 | 5.751 | 75.249 | 0.723 | 1.938 | 5.889 | 0.982 | 4.80 | 0.73 | 92.84 | 92.84 | 2.43 |
| Day+14 | 3.389 | 24.763 | 5.240 | 73.226 | 0.663 | 1.791 | 5.087 | 0.892 | 4.76 | 0.68 | 90.74 | 90.74 | 2.50 |
| Day+30 | 2.500 | 23.012 | 5.042 | 68.391 | 0.665 | 1.881 | 4.814 | 0.844 | 4.63 | 0.66 | 88.02 | 88.02 | 2.56 |
| Day+60 | 1.944 | 21.744 | 5.195 | 63.044 | 0.829 | 2.235 | 5.203 | 0.890 | 4.21 | 0.63 | 87.04 | 87.04 | 2.62 |
| Day+90 | 1.611 | 22.879 | 4.983 | 61.222 | 0.949 | 2.428 | 5.996 | 0.944 | 4.61 | 0.68 | 87.79 | 87.79 | 2.62 |
Table 8.
Correlation Analysis Between “Blood Stasis” Syndrome and Serum Indicators (II)
| cAMP | cGMP | 17-OH | TT3 | FT3 | TT4 | FT4 | Ferritin | LPI | Hepcidin | sTfR | FPN | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stasis syndrome | Coefficient of association | 0.821* | 0.821* | 0.857* | −0.357 | −0.357 | 0.143 | 0.714 | 0.536 | 0.750 | 0.857* | 0.857* | −0.857* |
| Sig | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.014 | 0.432 | 0.432 | 0.760 | 0.071 | 0.215 | 0.052 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 |
Notes: Binary variable regression models were used to analyze the correlation among objective factors and “blood stasis” deficiency syndromes. *P<0.05.
Discussion
Our data suggested that the main syndrome of a newly diagnosed patient with SAA was “Yin deficiency with fire hyperactivity” or “heat toxic exacerbation”,20 while those with non-severe chronic AA presented with “kidney deficiency with blood stasis”.10 For patients who were planning to receive stem cell transplantation, the severe infection was kept under control, and the “Heat Toxic” syndrome was alleviated before HSCT. In this study, we found that the 9/18 patients were diagnosed with “Yang deficiency” and 11/18 with “Yin deficiency” before conditioning (two of them deficient in both Yin and Yang). For patients with “Yang deficiency”, 66.7% were diagnosed with “spleen–kidney Yang deficiency”, while in “Yin deficiency” group, “kidney Yin deficiency” (36%) and “liver–kidney Yin deficiency” (45%) occupied the majority. After conditioning, the proportion of “Kidney Yin and Yang deficiency” increased to 61.6% and decreased after stem cell transfusion. Fourteen days after stem cell transfusion, the TCM syndrome gradually developed into “spleen–kidney Yang deficiency”. The proportion reached the peak at +30day (61.1%) and became stable after +60day. On +90day, the majority of patients were diagnosed with “kidney Yang deficiency” (35.7%) or “spleen–kidney Yang deficiency” (28.6%), and four patients manifested with no obvious “Yin” or “Yang” deviation. Our research presented a whole syndrome map during HSCT for a patient without severe complications.
The cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) act as intercellular second messengers by stimulating hormones, neurotransmitters, and inflammatory mediators.21 cAMP is considered as “Yang”, and cGMP as “Yin” in “Yang deficiency” model, which can be restored by warming and recuperating kidney yang.22–24 However, cAMP and cGMP function may differ in different syndrome or disease models. It is reported that in patients with “Yang deficiency” physique, the serum cGMP increased and cAMP/cGMP decreased after Yang nourishment, while no changes in cAMP were observed.25 Besides cyclic nucleotides, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction has a crucial role in the pathological basis of “Kidney Yang Deficiency”.23,26 Our results showed that the SAA patient had a significantly higher cGMP level and lower cAMP than the normal subjects; cGMP and cAMP remarkably decreased after conditioning. After stem cell reinfusion, the cGMP became stable since +14day, and cAMP recovered around +90day. In addition, patients also had a higher level of 17-OH-CS, which decreased during the HSCT, and became stable around +60-+90day. The correlation analysis showed a positive relation between cGMP, 17-OH-CS, and “Yin Deficiency”, which means that cGMP may form the basis of “Yang” here, and the “Yang” that cGMP represented actually was “deficient Yang” ascribed to the “Yin deficiency”. The increased expression of 17-OH-CS before HSCT means that the activated adrenocortical function may also be due to hyperactivation of “deficient Yang”. The extremely low TT3 and FT3 in SAA before HSCT and their negative correlation with “Yang deficiency” suggested “Yang deficiency” before HSCT. All these changes indicated that both “Yin” and “Yang” were deficient in SAA; the “Yin deficiency” or “Yang deficiency” syndrome was actually the manifestation of deviated deficiency based on “Yin and Yang Deficiency”.
Owing to dysfunctional iron metabolism and excess transfusion, iron overload (IO) is one of AA’s most encountered complications, even in newly diagnosed patients.27,28 Analogism is regarded as a major theoretical construction tool of TCM, which has an important role in concept design and theory systematization. In patients with heavy IO, hyperpigmentation occurs; some may even suffer from abdominal pain, which was similar to the patient with “Stasis” syndrome. Our previous study revealed a close relationship between IO and “Stasis” syndrome in chronic AA. Also, the iron chelation therapy contributed to the alleviation of “Stasis” syndrome and promoted the hematopoiesis,29,30 which is also in accordance with the TCM theory of “removing blood stasis for promoting tissue regeneration”. Our result showed that nearly 61% of the patients were diagnosed with “blood stasis” syndrome before HSCT, and the stasis scoring increased after conditioning (until +7d). However, after +14day, the stasis score decreased, and 88.9% patients were diagnosed without stasis.
There was also a notable higher level of ferritin and LPI in AA patients, which suggested a higher iron load. Hepcidin is a major communicator between liver iron stores and the intestinal iron absorption and transport mechanisms that can negatively regulate the iron assimilation, and induce FPN endocytosis, phosphorylation, and catabolism. The expression of hepcidin was regulated by sTfR mediated HJV-BMP-SMAD pathway,31,32 and was upregulated in AA or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with IO.33,34 Higher hepcidin, sTfR, and decreased FPN were also found in our cases. After HSCT, hepcidin started to significantly decrease 30 days after stem cell reinfusion, and FPN recovered to a normal level around +60day, while no obvious changes were observed on sTfR. In addition, the correlation analysis showed a strong positive relation of LPI, hepcidin, sTfR to “Yin Deficiency”, while FPN was negatively related with “Yin deficiency” syndrome. We also found a positive correlation between hepcidin and sTfR, and a negative correlation between FPN and “stasis” syndrome. All these indicated that IO might contribute to the formation of “stasis”, and that “Yin deficiency and blood stasis” may the tendentiousness syndrome in IO.
Besides the direct influence of iron overload to “Stasis”, the impaired angiogenesis induced by oxygen free radical damage may also contribute to the stasis formation in AA patient.35 This study showed a significantly lower VEGF and extremely higher NOS and ROS in bone marrow from patients with SAA compared to the normal controls, and these indexes were corrected 30 to 90 days after HSCT. There was positive correlation of bone marrow NOS level to “Stasis” syndrome, and a negative correlation of VEGF to “Yin Deficiency” syndrome, which means that the oxygen free radical damage and impaired angiogenesis may also be the pathologic basis of “Yin deficiency and blood stasis” syndrome.
In conclusion, our study revealed the syndrome evolution pattern in AA patients undergoing HSCT, and found the possible basis of “Yin deficiency”, “Yang deficiency”, and “stasis” syndromes, which may promote the diagnosis and differentiation of the syndrome. For clinical practice, our results suggest it is necessary to take care of “Yin” during the whole stage of HSCT, as herbs with “hot” nature should be avoided in case of exhaustion of “Yin” regardless of their beneficial effect on hematopoiesis at the early stage, and “warm” herbs should be preferred instead. In addition, it is also necessary to understand “Stasis” in AA, where the abnormal iron metabolism may have a crucial role in the “blood stasis” syndrome formation, and therapeutic methods with blood-activating and stasis-resolving may be of considerable importance during the process of HSCT.
Funding Statement
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82174138), Research Project for Practice Development of National TCM Clinical Research Bases (No. JDZX2015109), Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Scientific Research Foundation (No. 2016ZA069, 2020ZB085, and 2020ZB095), and China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine Commissioned Project (No.202169-003).
Abbreviations
AA, aplastic anemia; HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; IST, immune suppression therapy; DFS, disease free survival; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; CMDP, China Marrow Donor Program; Flu, fludarabine; ATG, anti-thymoglobulin antibody; CY, cyclophosphamide; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; MTX, methotrexate; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; TT3, total triiodothyronine; FT3, free triiodothyronine; TT4, total tetraiodothyronine; FT4, free tetraiodothyronine; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; LPI, labile plasma iron; sTfR, soluble transferrin receptor; FPN, ferroportin; HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; IO, iron overload; MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome.
Data Sharing Statement
Additional data can be requested by contacting the corresponding author (wudijiong@zcmu.edu.cn) on the email address provided.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
This study was approved by the ethical committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University and registered with the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry, # ChiCTR-ONC-1600803030. All the patients enrolled were gave informed consent and agreed to participate in the study. Informed consent was signed by all participants or their legal guardian (for patients under 18 years old). All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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