Summary
Background
Aspirin has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of its anti-thrombotic properties. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of aspirin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.
Methods
In this randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial, several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. The trial took place at 177 hospitals in the UK, two hospitals in Indonesia, and two hospitals in Nepal. Eligible and consenting adults were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either usual standard of care plus 150 mg aspirin once per day until discharge or usual standard of care alone using web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment. The primary outcome was 28 day mortality. All analyses were done by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04381936).
Findings
Between Nov 1, 2020, and March 21, 2021, 14 892 (66%) of 22 560 patients enrolled into the RECOVERY trial were eligible to be randomly allocated to aspirin. 7351 patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to receive aspirin and 7541 patients to receive usual care alone. Overall, 1222 (17%) of 7351 patients allocated to aspirin and 1299 (17%) of 7541 patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (rate ratio 0·96, 95% CI 0·89–1·04; p=0·35). Consistent results were seen in all prespecified subgroups of patients. Patients allocated to aspirin had a slightly shorter duration of hospitalisation (median 8 days, IQR 5 to >28, vs 9 days, IQR 5 to >28) and a higher proportion were discharged from hospital alive within 28 days (75% vs 74%; rate ratio 1·06, 95% CI 1·02–1·10; p=0·0062). Among patients not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, there was no significant difference in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilation or death (21% vs 22%; risk ratio 0·96, 95% CI 0·90–1·03; p=0·23). Aspirin use was associated with a reduction in thrombotic events (4·6% vs 5·3%; absolute reduction 0·6%, SE 0·4%) and an increase in major bleeding events (1·6% vs 1·0%; absolute increase 0·6%, SE 0·2%).
Interpretation
In patients hospitalised with COVID-19, aspirin was not associated with reductions in 28 day mortality or in the risk of progressing to invasive mechanical ventilation or death, but was associated with a small increase in the rate of being discharged alive within 28 days.
Funding
UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council), National Institute of Health Research, and the Wellcome Trust through the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator.
Introduction
Thrombosis is a key feature of severe COVID-19, with 5–30% of hospitalised patients (depending on illness severity) having a major venous thromboembolic event (mostly pulmonary embolism) and up to 3% of patients having an arterial thromboembolic event, particularly myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke.1, 2 The risk of thromboembolic complications is reported to be higher in COVID-19 than in other acute medical illnesses and viral respiratory infections, and is associated with worse prognosis.3, 4
Anti-platelet therapy might have beneficial effects in severe COVID-19 through several mechanisms, including inhibition of platelet aggregation, reduction of platelet-derived inflammation, and blocking of thrombogenic neutrophil extracellular traps.5 Aspirin is an affordable, globally available drug which at low doses irreversibly inhibits the cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme, which is responsible for production of thromboxane A2 and proinflammatory prostaglandins. Aspirin can reduce both arterial and venous thrombotic events and has been shown to prevent in-vitro hyperactivity in platelets from patients with SARS-CoV-2.6, 7 Existing evidence from randomised trials has shown that 75–150 mg aspirin per day is as effective as higher doses in preventing cardiovascular events.6
Seven clinical trials of aspirin in COVID-19 are registered, but none have yet reported on the effect of aspirin therapy in COVID-19. Here we report the results of a large randomised controlled trial of aspirin in patients hospitalised with COVID-19.
Research in context.
Evidence before this study
Patients with COVID-19 are at risk of thromboembolic complications. Anti-thrombotic therapies such as aspirin might be useful to prevent vascular events and improve outcomes. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, bioRxiv, medRxiv, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), from Sept 1, 2019, up to Feb 25, 2021, for completed published randomised clinical trials establishing the effect of aspirin in patients with COVID-19. For MEDLINE and Embase, we used the search terms “Coronavirus infections/”, “SARS-CoV-2.mp.”, “Coronavirus/” or “CORONAVIRUS.mp”, “COVID.mp.”, “COVID-19.mp.”, “2019-nCoV.mp.”, “COVID19.mp”, “SARSCoV2.mp”, or “SARS-Cov2.mp” and “aspirin.mp”, “aspirin/”, or “acetylsalicylic acid/”, filtered by randomised controlled trials according to validated filters. For medRxiv and bioRxiv, we used the search term “aspirin”. We identified no published randomised controlled trials assessing aspirin as a treatment for patients with COVID-19 in any clinical scenario. The WHO ICTRP database listed seven ongoing randomised trials of aspirin, two in outpatients and five in inpatients.
Added value of this study
To the best of our knowledge, the Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy (RECOVERY) trial is the first randomised controlled trial to report on the effect of aspirin as a treatment for hospitalised patients with COVID-19. We found that in 14 892 adults hospitalised with COVID-19, 150 mg aspirin did not reduce 28 day mortality, and among patients who were not receiving invasive mechanical ventilation at randomisation, did not reduce the probability of progression to the composite outcome of invasive mechanical ventilation or death. Allocation to aspirin was associated with an increase in the rate of being discharged alive within 28 days, but the magnitude of the effect was small (1% absolute difference).
Implications of all the available evidence
Our findings do not support the use of aspirin as a treatment for hospitalised patients with COVID-19.
Methods
Study design and participants
The Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy (RECOVERY) trial is an investigator-initiated, individually randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial to evaluate the effects of potential treatments in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. Details of the trial design and results for other treatments evaluated (including lopinavir–ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone, azithromycin, tocilizumab, convalescent plasma, and colchicine) have been published previously.8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 Aspirin comparison was conducted at 167 hospitals in the UK, two hospitals in Indonesia, and two hospitals in Nepal (appendix pp 5–26), and is supported in the UK by the National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Network. The trial was coordinated by the Nuffield Department of Population Health at the University of Oxford (Oxford, UK), the trial sponsor. The trial was done in accordance with the principles of the International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines and approved by the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency and the Cambridge East Research Ethics Committee (reference 20/EE/0101). The protocol, statistical analysis plan, and additional information are available on the study website.
Patients admitted to hospital were eligible for the trial if they had clinically suspected or laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and no medical history that might, in the opinion of the attending clinician, put the patient at substantial risk if they were to participate in the trial. Children younger than 18 years were not eligible for random assignment to aspirin. Patients with known hypersensitivity to aspirin, a recent history of major bleeding, or currently receiving aspirin or another anti-platelet treatment were excluded. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients, or a legal representative if they were too unwell or unable to provide consent.
Randomisation and masking
Baseline data were collected using a web-based case-report form that included demographics, amount of respiratory support, major comorbidities, suitability of the study treatment for a particular patient, and treatment availability at the study site (appendix pp 33–34). Eligible and consenting adult patients were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either usual standard of care or usual standard of care plus aspirin using web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealed until after randomisation (appendix p 30). For some patients, aspirin was unavailable at the hospital at the time of enrolment or was considered by the managing physician to be either definitely indicated or definitely contraindicated. These patients were excluded from the randomised comparison between usual care plus aspirin and usual care alone.
As a platform trial, and in a factorial design, patients could be simultaneously randomly assigned to the following other treatment groups: azithromycin, colchicine, or dimethyl fumarate versus usual care; convalescent plasma or casirivimab and imdevimab versus usual care; and baricitinib versus usual care (appendix p 30). Until Jan 24, 2021, the trial also allowed a subsequent randomisation for patients with progressive COVID-19 (evidence of hypoxia and a hyperinflammatory state) to tocilizumab versus usual care. Participants and local study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment. The trial steering committee, investigators, and all other individuals involved in the trial were masked to aggregated outcome data during the trial.
Procedures
Patients allocated to aspirin received 150 mg by mouth (or nasogastric tube) or by rectum every day until discharge. The 150 mg dose of aspirin once per day was chosen to ensure sufficient inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase-1 activity in all participants, including those who were overweight.15
A single online follow-up form was completed when participants were discharged, had died, or 28 days after randomisation, whichever occurred earliest (appendix pp 35–41). We recorded information on adherence to allocated study treatment, receipt of other COVID-19 treatments, duration of admission, receipt of respiratory or renal support, and vital status (including cause of death). In addition, in the UK, we obtained routine health-care and registry data, including information on vital status (with date and cause of death), discharge from hospital, receipt of respiratory support, or renal replacement therapy.
Outcomes
Outcomes were assessed 28 days after randomisation, with further analyses specified at 6 months. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were time to discharge from hospital, and, among patients not on invasive mechanical ventilation at randomisation, progression to invasive mechanical ventilation (including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) or death. Prespecified subsidiary clinical outcomes were use of non-invasive respiratory support, time to successful cessation of invasive mechanical ventilation (defined as cessation of invasive mechanical ventilation within, and survival to, 28 days), use of renal dialysis or haemofiltration, cause-specific mortality, major bleeding events (defined as intracranial bleeding or bleeding requiring transfusion, endoscopy, surgery, or vasoactive drugs), thrombotic events (defined as acute pulmonary embolism, deep-vein thrombosis, ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction, or systemic arterial embolism) and major cardiac arrhythmias. Information on suspected serious adverse reactions was collected in an expedited fashion to comply with regulatory requirements.
Statistical analysis
We did an intention-to-treat comparison between patients randomly assigned to aspirin and patients randomly assigned to usual care but for whom aspirin was both available and suitable as a treatment. For the primary outcome of 28 day mortality, the observed log rank minus the expected statistic and its variance were used to both test the null hypothesis of equal survival curves (ie, the log-rank test) and to calculate the one-step estimate of the average mortality rate ratio. We constructed Kaplan-Meier survival curves to display cumulative mortality over the 28 day period. We used the same method to analyse time to hospital discharge and successful cessation of invasive mechanical ventilation, with patients who died in hospital censored on day 29. Median time to discharge was derived from Kaplan-Meier estimates. For the prespecified composite secondary outcome of progression to invasive mechanical ventilation or death within 28 days (among those not receiving invasive mechanical ventilation at randomisation), and the subsidiary clinical outcomes of receipt of ventilation and use of haemodialysis or haemofiltration, the precise dates were not available, and so the risk ratio was estimated instead.
Prespecified subgroup analyses (defined by characteristics at randomisation, including age, sex, ethnicity, amount of respiratory support, days since symptom onset, and use of corticosteroids) were done for the primary outcome. We did a sensitivity analysis restricting analysis of the primary outcome to patients with a positive PCR test for SARS-COV-2. In addition, we did post-hoc exploratory analyses of the primary and secondary outcomes by venous thromboprophylaxis treatment at randomisation. Observed effects within subgroup categories were compared using a χ2 test for heterogeneity or trend, in accordance with the prespecified analysis plan (appendix p 99).
Estimates of rate and risk ratios are shown with 95% CIs. All p values are two sided and are shown without adjustment for multiple testing. The full database is held by the study team that collected the data from the study sites and did the analyses at the Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford (Oxford, UK).
As stated in the protocol, appropriate sample sizes could not be estimated when the trial was being planned at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic (appendix p 33). As the trial progressed, the trial steering committee, whose members were unaware of the results of the trial comparisons, established that sufficient patients should be enrolled to provide at least 90% power at a two-sided significance level of 1% to detect a clinically relevant proportional reduction in 28 day mortality of 12·5% between the two groups. Consequently, on March 21, 2021, the steering committee, masked to the results, closed recruitment to the aspirin comparison as sufficient patients had been recruited.
Analyses were done using SAS version 9·4 and R version 4·0·3. The trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04381936).
Role of the funding source
The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report.
Results
Between Nov 1, 2020, and March 21, 2021, 14 892 (66%) of 22 560 patients enrolled into the RECOVERY trial were eligible to be randomly allocated to aspirin (ie, aspirin was available in the hospital at the time and the attending clinician was of the opinion that the patient had no known indication for or contraindication to aspirin; figure 1). Baseline characteristics of the patients are presentend (table 1). 7351 patients were randomly allocated to usual care plus aspirin and 7541 were randomly allocated to usual care alone. The mean age of study participants in this comparison was 59·2 years (SD 14·2) and the median time since symptom onset was 9 days (IQR 6–12 days; appendix p 45). At randomisation, 5035 (34%) patients were receiving thromboprophylaxis with higher-dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), 8878 (60%) patients were receiving standard-dose LMWH, and 979 (7%) patients were not receiving thromboprophylaxis (appendix p 54).
Figure 1.
Trial profile
Aspirin unavailable and aspirin unsuitable groups are not mutually exclusive. *Number recruited overall during the period that adult participants could be recruited into the aspirin comparison. †Includes 379 (5%) of 7351 patients in the aspirin group and 407 (5%) of 7541 patients in the usual care group allocated to tocilizumab.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
|
Treatment allocation |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Aspirin (n=7351) | Usual care (n=7541) | ||
| Age (years) | 59·2 (14·1) | 59·3 (14·3) | |
| <70 | 5658 (77%) | 5786 (77%) | |
| 70–79 | 1163 (16%) | 1165 (15%) | |
| ≥80 | 530 (7%) | 590 (8%) | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 4570 (62%) | 4631 (61%) | |
| Female* | 2781 (38%) | 2910 (39%) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| White | 5474 (74%) | 5655 (75%) | |
| Black, Asian, and minority ethnic | 1176 (16%) | 1202 (16%) | |
| Unknown | 701 (10%) | 684 (9%) | |
| Number of days since symptom onset | 9 (7–12) | 9 (6–12) | |
| Number of days since hospitalisation | 1 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | |
| Respiratory support received | |||
| None or simple oxygen | 4936 (67%) | 5036 (67%) | |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 2057 (28%) | 2133 (28%) | |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 358 (5%) | 372 (5%) | |
| Biochemistry | |||
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 88 (47–146) | 91 (47–150) | |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 76 (63–93) | 76 (62–92) | |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 475 (205–1088) | 489 (210–1083) | |
| Previous diseases | |||
| Diabetes | 1588 (22%) | 1659 (22%) | |
| Heart disease | 776 (11%) | 788 (10%) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 1425 (19%) | 1411 (19%) | |
| Tuberculosis | 20 (<1%) | 21 (<1%) | |
| HIV | 25 (<1%) | 21 (<1%) | |
| Severe liver disease† | 67 (1%) | 53 (1%) | |
| Severe kidney impairment‡ | 214 (3%) | 251 (3%) | |
| Any of the previous diseases | 3154 (43%) | 3247 (43%) | |
| Use of corticosteroids | |||
| Yes | 6906 (94%) | 7109 (94%) | |
| No | 441 (6%) | 425 (6%) | |
| Data missing | 4 (<1%) | 7 (<1%) | |
| SARS-CoV-2 test result | |||
| Positive | 7140 (97%) | 7327 (97%) | |
| Negative | 87 (1%) | 86 (1%) | |
| Unknown | 124 (2%) | 128 (2%) | |
Data are n (%), mean (SD), or median (IQR).
Includes 58 pregnant women.
Defined as requiring ongoing specialist care.
Defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate lower than 30 mL/min per 1·73 m2.
The follow-up form was completed for 7290 (99%) of 7351 participants in the aspirin group and 7457 (99%) of 7541 participants in the usual care group. Among participants with a completed follow-up form, 6587 (90%) patients allocated to aspirin received at least one dose of aspirin and 210 (3%) allocated to usual care received at least one dose of aspirin (figure 1; appendix p 46). Of the 6587 participants allocated to aspirin that received at least one dose of aspirin, 5040 (77%) received aspirin on most days following randomisation (≥90% of the days from randomisation to time to discharge or 28 days after randomisation, whichever was earlier). Use of other treatments for COVID-19 was similar among participants allocated to aspirin and among those allocated to usual care, with nearly 90% receiving a corticosteroid, about a quarter receiving remdesivir, and an eighth receiving tocilizumab (appendix p 46).
Primary and secondary outcome data were known for 99% of randomly assigned patients. We observed no significant difference in the proportion of patients who met the primary outcome of 28 day mortality between the two randomised groups (1222 [17%] of 7351 patients in the aspirin group vs 1299 [17%] of 7541 patients in the usual care group; rate ratio 0·96, 95% CI 0·89–1·04; p=0·35; figure 2, table 2). The rate ratio was similar across all prespecified subgroups (figure 3). In an exploratory analysis restricted to the 14 467 (97%) of 14 892 patients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result, the result was virtually identical (rate ratio 0·96, 95% CI 0·89–1·04; p=0·31).
Figure 2.
Effect of allocation to aspirin on 28 day mortality
RR=rate ratio.
Table 2.
Effect of allocation to aspirin on key study outcomes
|
Treatment allocation |
RR (95% CI) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspirin (n=7351) | Usual care (n=7541) | |||
| Primary outcome | ||||
| 28 day mortality | 1222 (17%) | 1299 (17%) | 0·96 (0·89–1·04) | 0·35 |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| Median time to being discharged alive (IQR), days | 8 (5 to >28) | 9 (5 to >28) | .. | .. |
| Discharged from hospital within 28 days | 5496 (75%) | 5548 (74%) | 1·06 (1·02–1·10) | 0·0062 |
| Receipt of invasive mechanical ventilation or death* | 1473/6993 (21%) | 1569/7169 (22%) | 0·96 (0·90–1·03) | 0·23 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 772/6993 (11%) | 829/7169 (12%) | 0·95 (0·87–1·05) | 0·32 |
| Death | 1076/6993 (15%) | 1141/7169 (16%) | 0·97 (0·90–1·04) | 0·39 |
| Subsidiary clinical outcomes | ||||
| Use of ventilation | 1131/4936 (23%) | 1198/5036 (24%) | 0·96 (0·90–1·03) | 0·30 |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 1101/4936 (22%) | 1162/5036 (23%) | 0·97 (0·90–1·04) | 0·36 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 296/4936 (6%) | 325/5036 (6%) | 0·93 (0·80–1·08) | 0·35 |
| Successful cessation of invasive mechanical ventilation | 135/358 (38%) | 135/372 (36%) | 1·08 (0·85–1·37) | 0·54 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 273/7291 (4%) | 282/7480 (4%) | 0·99 (0·84–1·17) | 0·93 |
RR=rate ratio for the outcomes of 28-day mortality and hospital discharge, and rate ratio for the outcome of receipt of invasive mechanical ventilation or death (and its subcomponents).
Analyses exclude those on invasive mechanical ventilation at randomisation.
Figure 3.
Effect of allocation to aspirin on 28 day mortality by baseline characteristics
Subgroup-specific rate ratio estimates are represented by squares (with areas of the squares proportional to the amount of statistical information) and the lines through them correspond to 95% CIs. The ethnicity, days since onset, and use of corticosteroids subgroups exclude patients with missing data, but these patients are included in the overall summary diamond. RR=rate ratio.
Allocation to aspirin was associated with a reduction of 1 day in median time until discharge alive from hospital compared with usual care and an increased rate of discharge alive within 28 days (table 2). Among patients not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, the number of patients progressing to the prespecified composite secondary outcome of invasive mechanical ventilation or death among those allocated to aspirin was similar to that among those allocated to usual care (table 2). There was no evidence that the effect of allocation to aspirin versus usual care on time until discharge alive from hospital, or invasive mechanical ventilation or death differed between the prespecified subgroups of patients (appendix pp 52–53). In a post-hoc exploratory analysis, there was no evidence that the effect of allocation to aspirin versus usual care on the primary and secondary outcomes differed by use of LMWH at randomisation (appendix p 54).
We found no significant differences in the prespecified subsidiary clinical outcomes of cause-specific mortality (appendix p 47), use of ventilation, successful cessation of invasive mechanical ventilation, or receipt of renal dialysis or haemofiltration (table 2). As expected with the use of aspirin, the incidence of thrombotic events was lower (4·6% vs 5·3%, absolute difference −0·6%, SE 0·4%) and the incidence of major bleeding events was higher (1·6% vs 1·0%, absolute difference 0·6%, SE 0·2%) in the aspirin group (appendix p 48) than in the usual care group. The incidence of new cardiac arrhythmias was similar in the two groups (appendix p 49). There were 18 reports of a serious adverse event believed to be related to aspirin, all of which were due to haemorrhagic events (appendix p 50).
Discussion
In this large, randomised trial involving more than 14 000 patients and more than 2000 deaths, allocation to aspirin was not associated with reductions in mortality or, among patients not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, the risk of progressing to the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilation or death. Allocation to aspirin was, however, associated with a small increase in the rate of being discharged from hospital alive within 28 days. These results were consistent across the prespecified subgroups of age, sex, ethnicity, duration of symptoms before randomisation, amount of respiratory support at randomisation, and use of corticosteroids.
As expected, allocation to aspirin was associated with an increased risk of major bleeding and a decreased risk of thromboembolic complications, such that for every 1000 patients treated with aspirin, approximately six more patients would have a major bleeding event and approximately six fewer patients would have a thromboembolic event. The rate of reported thromboembolic events in our study population was low (5·3% in the usual care group) in comparison with previous reports.1, 2 This finding could be because participants were not systematically screened for thromboembolic events, could be related to the widespread use of corticosteroids in the trial population, resulting in reduced thromboinflammatory stimulus, or could be because of the exclusion of patients already receiving aspirin due to previous cardiovascular disease. It is possible that aspirin might have a more meaningful benefit in populations with a higher thrombotic risk, although there would also probably be a corresponding increase in bleeding risk.16
The pathogenesis of thromboembolism in COVID-19 is likely to be multifactorial. Coagulopathy is common in severe COVID-19 and is associated with an inflammatory state, neutrophil extracellular traps, and poor outcomes.2, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 Platelet activation is increased as a result (and potentially by direct interaction with the virus), amplifying inflammation locally and triggering immunothrombosis.22, 23 In addition, SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause inflammation, dysfunction, and disruption of the vascular endothelium in multiple organs, potentially via direct entry through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor.24, 25, 26 The resulting endothelial injury and tissue factor exposure promote thrombosis in the pulmonary circulation and other vascular beds, with microangiopathy and alveolar capillary occlusion contributing to the diffuse alveolar damage and hypoxaemia seen in COVID-19.25, 27 Furthermore, in autopsy studies pulmonary microthrombi are nine times more frequent in patients with COVID-19 than patients with influenza.25
A large number of randomised controlled trials of antithrombotic therapy in COVID-19 are registered, including trials of therapeutic doses of heparin, direct-acting oral anticoagulants, anti-platelet agents, serine protease inhibitors, and thrombolytics.28 In patients who are critically ill, the INSPIRATION, REMAP-CAP, ACTIV-4a, and ATTAC trials did not report a benefit in clinical outcomes from therapeutic anticoagulation.29, 30 Similarly, preliminary results from the COALIZAO-ACTION trial31 did not show a benefit from therapeutic anticoagulation (either heparin or rivaroxaban) in a combined endpoint of mortality, successful discharge, or need for oxygen in hospitalised patients with elevated D-dimers. However, the REMAP-CAP, ACTIV-4a, and ATTAC investigators have reported that in patients not critically ill with COVID-19, compared with thromboprophylaxis doses heparin at therapeutic doses was associated with an absolute increase of 4·6% (95% credible interval 0·7–8·1) in the proportion of participants surviving to hospital discharge without receipt of organ support during the first 21 days.32
Although there are no other published randomised trial data on the use of aspirin in COVID-19, the REMAP-CAP, ACTIV-4a, and ATTAC report does suggest that antithrombotic therapy might be important in some patients.32 The absence of meaningful benefit from aspirin in our trial could be because anti-platelet therapy confers no clinically significant additional benefit on top of high rates of anti-thrombotic therapy with LMWH and corticosteroid treatment diminishing thromboinflammatory stimulation. Alternatively, other non-platelet pathways leading to thrombosis and alveolar damage might be more important determinants of clinical outcomes.
Any potential benefit of antithrombotic therapies in patients with COVID-19 could also depends on timing of treatment initiation, especially if thrombi have already developed by the time of admission.33 Thromboembolic events and microthrombi are common in patients with COVID-19 on either prophylactic or therapeutic anticoagulation.34 The apparent absence of benefit in INSPIRATION and the REMAP-CAP, ACTIV-4a, and ATTAC severe disease cohorts suggests that these patients might have passed the point at which any benefit from therapeutic anticoagulation could be gained.29, 30 Although we found no evidence of heterogeneity on the basis of duration of symptoms, baseline disease severity, or background thrombotic prophylaxis regimen, ongoing trials of aspirin in ambulatory populations and those exploring more potent anti-platelet inhibition and fibrinolysis should provide further insights.
The strengths of this trial included that it was randomised, had a large sample size, broad eligibility criteria, and 99% of patients were followed up for the primary outcome. The trial also had some limitations. Detailed information on radiological or physiological outcomes was not collected. Although this randomised trial is open label (ie, participants and local hospital staff are aware of the assigned treatment), the primary and secondary outcomes are unambiguous and were ascertained without bias through linkage to routine health records. However, it cannot be excluded that reporting of thromboembolic and bleeding events might have been influenced by knowledge of treatment allocation. Nevertheless, the proportional effects of aspirin on these events were very similar to those reported in previous large clinical trials of aspirin in people with previous cardiovascular disease.6
The RECOVERY trial only studied patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalised, and therefore is not able to provide evidence on the safety and efficacy of aspirin used in other patient groups. Further studies to identify the safety and efficacy of aspirin in patients with COVID-19 who are not hospitalised are needed and are ongoing.
In summary, the results of this large, randomised trial do not support the addition of aspirin to standard thromboprophylaxis or therapeutic anticoagulation in patients hospitalised with COVID-19.
Data sharing
The protocol, consent form, statistical analysis plan, definition and derivation of clinical characteristics and outcomes, training materials, regulatory documents, and other relevant study materials are available online at https://www.recoverytrial.net. As described in the protocol, the trial Steering Committee will facilitate the use of the study data and approval will not be unreasonably withheld. Deidentified participant data will be made available to researchers registered with an appropriate institution within 3 months of publication. However, the Steering Committee will need to be satisfied that any proposed publication is of high quality, honours the commitments made to the study participants in the consent documentation and ethical approvals, and is compliant with relevant legal and regulatory requirements (eg, relating to data protection and privacy). The Steering Committee will have the right to review and comment on any draft manuscripts before publication. Data will be made available in line with the policy and procedures described at https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/data-access. Individuals wishing to request access should complete the form at https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/files/about/data_access_enquiry_form_13_6_2019.docx and e-mail data.access@ndph.ox.ac.uk.
Declaration of interests
The authors declare no competing interests or financial relationships relevant to the submitted work. No form of payment was given to anyone to produce the manuscript. The Nuffield Department of Population Health at the University of Oxford has a staff policy of not accepting honoraria or consultancy fees directly or indirectly from industry.
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
Above all, we would like to thank the thousands of patients who participated in this trial. We would also like to thank the many doctors, nurses, pharmacists, other allied health professionals, and research administrators at the participating hospitals in Nepal and Indonesia and at 176 UK National Health Service hospital organisations across the whole of the UK, supported by staff at the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Network, NHS DigiTrials, Public Health England, Department of Health and Social Care, the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, Public Health Scotland, National Records Service of Scotland, the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage at the University of Swansea, and the NHS in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The RECOVERY trial is supported by grants to the University of Oxford from the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and the NIHR (grant reference MC_PC_19056), the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC), UKRI, and NIHR COVID-19 Rapid Response Grant (COV19-RECPLA), and the Wellcome Trust (grant referebce 222406/Z/20/Z) through the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator. Core funding is provided by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Department, Health Data Research UK, the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, the NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, and NIHR Clinical Trials Unit Support Funding. TJ is supported by a grant from the UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00002/14) and an NIHR Senior Research Fellowship (NIHR-SRF-2015-08-001). WSL is supported by core funding provided by NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre. Combiphar supplied colchicine free of charge for use in this trial in Indonesia. AbbVie contributed some supplies of lopinavir-ritonavir for use in this trial. Tocilizumab was provided free of charge for this trial by Roche Products. Casivirimab and imdevimab was provided free of charge for this trial by Regeneron. The views expressed in this publication are our own and not necessarily those of the NHS or the NIHR.
Writing committee (on behalf of the RECOVERY Collaborative Group)
Peter W Horby,* Guilherme Pessoa-Amorim,* Natalie Staplin,* Jonathan R Emberson, Mark Campbell, Enti Spata, Leon Peto, Nigel J Brunskill, Simon Tiberi, Victor Chew, Thomas Brown, Hasan Tahir, Beate Ebert, David Chadwick, Tony Whitehouse, Rahuldeb Sarkar, Clive Graham, J Kenneth Baillie, Buddha Basnyat, Maya H Buch, Lucy C Chappell, Jeremy Day, Saul N Faust, Raph L Hamers, Thomas Jaki, Edmund Juszczak, Katie Jeffery, Wei Shen Lim, Alan Montgomery, Andrew Mumford, Kathryn Rowan, Guy Thwaites, Marion Mafham,† Richard Haynes,† and Martin J Landray†. *PWH, GP-A, and NS contributed equally. †MM, RH, and MJL contributed equally.
Contributors
This manuscript was initially drafted by PWH and MJL, further developed by the Writing Committee, and approved by all members of the trial steering committee. PWH and MJL approved the data and analyses, and for the fidelity of this report to the study protocol and data analysis plan. PWH, JKB, MHB, LCC, JD, SNF, RLH, TJ, EJ, KJ, WSL, AM, AM, KR, GT, MM, RH, and MJL designed the trial and study protocol. MM, MC, GP-A, LP, NJB, ST, VC, TB, HT, BE, DC, TW, RS, CG, and the Data Linkage team at the RECOVERY Coordinating Centre, and the Health Records and Local Clinical Centre staff listed in the appendix collected the data. NS, ES, and JRE did the statistical analysis. All authors contributed to data interpretation and critical review and revision of the manuscript. PWH and MJL had access to the study data and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.
Data monitoring committee
Contributor Information
RECOVERY Collaborative Group:
Obbina Abani, Ali Abbas, Fatima Abbas, Mustafa Abbas, Sadia Abbasi, Hakam Abbass, Alfie Abbott, Nabeel Abdallah, Ashraf Abdelaziz, Mohamed Abdelfattah, Bushra Abdelqader, Basir Abdul, Althaf Abdul Rasheed, Ajibode Abdulakeem, Rezan Abdul-Kadir, Abdullah Abdullah, Abdulfatahi Abdulmumeen, Rasheed Abdul-Raheem, Niyaz Abdulshukkoor, Kula Abdusamad, Yazeed Abed El Khaleq, Mai Abedalla, Abeer Ul Amna Abeer Ul Amna, Katrina Abernethy, Adebanke Aboaba, Hani Abo-Leyah, Ahmed Abou-Haggar, Mahmoud Abouibrahim, Miriam Abraham, Tizzy Abraham, Abraheem Abraheem, Judith Abrams, Hyacinth-John Abu, Ahmed Abu-Arafeh, Syed Mohamed Abubacker, Akata Abung, Yaa Aceampong, Amaka Achara, Devikumar Acharya, Sarah Acheampong, Janet Acheson, Andres Acosta, Catherine Acton, Jacqueline Adabie-Ankrah, Fiona Adam, Matthew Adam, Huzaifa Adamali, Carol Adams, Charlotte Adams, Kate Adams, Richard Adams, Tim Adams, Kirsty Adcock, Ade Adebiyi, Ken Adegoke, Vicki Adell, Sherna Adenwalla, Oluwasegun A Adesemoye, Emmanuel O Adewunmi, Joyce Adeyemi, Binay Adhikari, Rina Adhikary, Gabrielle Adkins, Adnan Adnan, John Aeron-Thomas, Debbie Affleck, Carmel Afnan, Muhammad Afridi, Zainab A Aftab, Meenakshi Agarwal, Rachel Agbeko, Chris Agbo, Sunil Aggarwal, Arameh Aghababaie, Shafana Ahamed Sadiq, Mohamed H Ahammed Nazeer, Mohammad Ahmad, Syed Ahmad, Asim Ahmed, Bilal Ahmed, Forizuddin Ahmed, Hamze Ahmed, Iram Ahmed, Irshad Ahmed, Khaled Ahmed, Liban Ahmed, Mahin Ahmed, Maria C Ahmed, Muhammad S Ahmed, Naseer Ahmed, Nausheen Ahmed, Osama Ahmed, Rajia A Ahmed, Rizwan Ahmed, Saif Ahmed, Sammiya Ahmed, Sara Ahmed, Syed Ahmed, Syed Haris Ahmed, Roa Ahmed Ali, Sana Ahmed, Sana Ahmer, Dhiraj Ail, Mark Ainsworth, Myriam Aissa, Lindianne Aitken, Bini Ajay, Abdulakeem Ajibode, Ayesha Ajmi, Nasim Akhtar, Nauman Akhtar, Suha Akili, Oludoyinsola Akindolie, Yinka Akinfenwa, Olugbenga Akinkugbe, Ibrahim Akinpelu, Olugbenro Aktinade, Ahmad Al Aaraj, Asma Al Balushi, Majd Al Dakhola, Aladdin Al Swaifi, Eslam Al-Abadi, Narendra Aladangady, Ayaz Alam, Sajid Alam, Abbas Al-Asadi, Kyriaki Alatzoglou, Paul Albert, Lorraine Albon, Gemma Alcorn, Stephen Alcorn, Aggie Aldana, David Alderdice, Rayan Aldouri, Jonathan Aldridge, Nicolas Aldridge, Ana Alegria, Alison Alexander, John Alexander, Peter D G Alexander, Julyan Al-Fori, Laith Alghazawi, Bahij Al-Hakim, Shams Al-Hity, Ali Ali, Asad Ali, Fawzia R Ali, Jawad Ali, Mariam Ali, Mohammad Ali, Nayab Ali, Oudai Ali, Sakina Ali, Syed Ali, Abid Alina, Fine Aliyuda, Katrin Alizadeh, Maithem Al-Jibury, Saba Al-Juboori, Majid Al-Khalil, Moutaz Alkhusheh, Fiona Allan, Alison Allanson, Robert Allcock, Eireann Allen, Kerry Allen, Louise Allen, Poppy Allen, Rebecca Allen, Sam Allen, Sharon Allen, Simon Allen, Kathryn Allison, Bethan Allman, Lynne Allsop, Hassan Al-Moasseb, Magda Al-Obaidi, Lina Alomari, Akram Al-Rabahi, Bahar Al-Ramadhani, Zayneb Al-Saadi, Inji Alshaer, Rustam Al-Shahi Salman, Warkaq Al-Shamkhani, Bashar Al-Sheklly, Sara Altaf, Mary Alvarez, Maysaa Alzetani, Susan Amamou, Noor Amar, Sakkarai Ambalavanan, Sarah-Jayne Ambler, Robert Ambrogetti, Chris Ambrose, Amir Ameen, Maria R Amezaga, Allison Amin, Amina Amin, Kanish Amin, Syed Amin, Tara Amin, Amjad Amjad, Neelma Amjad, Victoria Amosun, Khaled Amsha, Pugh Amy, Atul Anand, Samantha Anandappa, Julie Anderson, Laura Anderson, Michelle Anderson, Nicola Anderson, Rachel Anderson, Rory Anderson, Wendy Anderson, Prematie Andreou, Angela Andrews, Antonette Andrews, Jill Andrews, Kanayochukwu Aneke, Andrew Ang, Wan Wei Ang, Tammy Angel, Aramburo Angela, Paola Angelini, Lazarus Anguvaa, Oleg Anichtchik, Millicent Anim-Somuah, Krishnan Aniruddhan, Jessica Annett, Patrick James Anstey, Rebekah Anstey, Alpha Anthony, Aaron Anthony-Pillai, Philip Antill, Zhelyazkova Antonina, Varghese Anu, Muhammad Anwar, Aristeidis Apostolopoulos, Sarah Appleby, Diane Appleyard, Maia Far Aquino, Bianca Araba, Samuel Aransiola, Mariana Araujo, Ann Archer, Denise Archer, Simon Archer, Christian Ardley, Ana-Maria Arias, Ryoki Arimoto, Charlotte Arkley, Charlotte Armah, Ilianna Armata, Adam Armitage, Ceri Armstrong, Maureen Armstrong, Sonia Armstrong, Philippa Armtrong, Heike Arndt, Clare Arnison-Newgass, David Arnold, Rachael Arnold, Dhawal Arora, Kavan Arora, Pardeep Arora, Rishi Arora, Arslam Arter, Ayush Arya, Rita Arya, Denisa Asandei, Adeeba Asghar, Catherine Ashbrook-Raby, Helen Ashby, Jan Ashcroft, John Ashcroft, Samuel Ashcroft, Georgia Asher, Ayesha Ashfaq, Abdul Ashish, Sally Ashman-Flavell, Sundar Ashok, Abd-El-Aziz Ashour, Muhammad Zubair Ashraf, Saima Ashraf, Mohammad Bilal Ashraq, Deborah Ashton, Susan Ashton, Andrew Ashworth, Rebecca Ashworth, Arshia Aslam, Harshini Asogan, Atif Asrar, Omar Assaf, Raine Astin-Chamberlain, Deborah Athorne, Billie Atkins, Christopher Atkins, Stacey Atkins, John Atkinson, Vicki Atkinson, Brygitta Atraskiewicz, Abdul Ahmad Attia, Paula Aubrey, Avinash Aujayeb, Aye Chan Thar Aung, Hnin Aung, Kyaw Thu Aung, Yin Aung, Zaw Myo Aung, Emily Austin, Karen Austin, Abdusshakur Auwal, Miriam Avery, Nicholas Aveyard, Joanne Avis, Georgina Aviss, Cristina Avram, Paula Avram, Gabriel Awadzi, Atia Awan, Aszad Aya, Eman Ayaz, Amanda Ayers, Jawwad Azam, Mohammed Azharuddin, Ghazala Aziz, N Aziz, Ali Azkoul, Ashaari Azman Shah, Giada Azzopardi, Hocine Azzoug, Fiyinfoluwa Babatunde, Melvin Babi, Babiker Babiker, Gayna Babington, Matthew Babirecki, Marta Babores, Adetona O Babs-Osibodu, Sammy Bacciarelli, Roudi Bachar, Gina Bacon, Jenny Bacon, Bibi Badal, Gurpreet Rani Badhan, Shreya Badhrinarayanan, Joseph P Bae, Alice Baggaley, Amy Baggott, Graham Bagley, Dinesh Bagmane, Lynsey Bagshaw, Kasra Bahadori, James Bailey, Katie Bailey, Lindsey Bailey, Liz Bailey, Morgan Bailey, Pippa Bailey, Sarah Bailey, Hamish Baillie, J Kenneth Baillie, Jennifer Bain, Vikram Bains, David Baird, Kevin Baird, Susan Baird, Tracy Baird, Yolanda Baird, Aiysha Bajandouh, Evelyn Baker, Johanne Baker, Josephine Baker, Kenneth Baker, Rebecca Baker, Terri-Anne 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Bawani, Simon Bax, Matt Baxter, Nicola Baxter, Zachary Baxter, Hannah Bayes, Farid Bazari, Rohit Bazaz, Ahmad Bazli, Laura Beacham, Wendy Beadles, Philip Beak, Andy Beale, Jack Bearpark, Karen Beaumont, Dawn Beaumont-Jewell, Theresa Beaver, Sarah Beavis, Christy Beazley, Sarah Beck, Virginia Beckett, Rosie Beckitt, Heidi Beddall, Seonaid Beddows, Deborah Beeby, Gail Beech, Michelle Beecroft, Sally Beer, Jane Beety, Gabriela Bega, Alison Begg, Susan Begg, Sara Beghini, Ayesha Begum, Salman Begum, Selina Begum, Teresa Behan, Roya Behrouzi, Jon Beishon, Claire Beith, James Belcher, Holly Belfield, Katherine Belfield, Ajay Belgaumkar, Dina Bell, Gareth Bell, Gillian Bell, Lauren Bell, Louise Bell, Nicholas Bell, Pippa Bell, Stephanie Bell, Jennifer L Bell, Jennifer Bellamu, Mary Bellamy, Arianna Bellini, Amanda Bellis, Fionn Bellis, Lesley Bendall, Naveena Benesh, Nicola Benetti, Leonie Benham, Guy Benison-Horner, Ann Bennett, Caroline Bennett, Gillian Bennett, Kristopher Bennett, Lorraine 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Davison, Christine Dawe, H Dawe, Mark Dawkins, Danielle Dawson, Elizabeth Dawson, Joy Dawson, Susan Dawson, Tom Dawson, Andrew Daxter, Andrew Day, Jacob Day, Jeremy N Day, Jamie D'Costa, Parijat De, Duneesha de Fonseka, Toni de Freitas, Frederico De Santana Miranda, Eleanor de Sausmarez, Shanika de Silva, Thushan de Silva, Jessica De Sousa, Paulo De Sousa, James de Souza, Anthony de Soyza, Natasha de Vere, Johannes de Vos, Bethan Deacon, Sharon Dealing, Anna Dean, Julie Dean, Katrina Dean, Stephen Dean, Tessa Dean, Jill Deane, James Dear, Effie Dearden, Catherine Deas, Samuel Debbie, Gabor Debreceni, Vashist Deelchand, Matthew Deeley, Joanne Deery, Emmanuel Defever, Manuela Del Forno, Arnold Dela Rosa, Amanda Dell, Carrie Demetriou, David DeMets, Jane Democratis, Jacqueline Denham, Emmanuelle Denis, Laura Denley, Craig Denmade, Kathy Dent, Martin Dent, Elise Denton, Tom Denwood, Nishigandh Deole, Darshita Depala, Maria Depante, Susan Dermody, Amisha Desai, Asmita Desai, Purav Desai, Sanjeev Deshpande, Vai Deshpande, Sirjana Devkota, Usha Devkota, Prakash Dey, Vishal Dey, Rogin Deylami, Kevin Dhaliwal, Sundip Dhani, Amandeep Dhanoa, Mili Dhar, Devesh Dhasmana, Ekanjali Dhillon, Reiss Dhillon, Meghnath Dhimal, Priya Dias, Stephanie Diaz, Kayleigh Diaz-Pratt, Debbie Dickerson, Pamela Dicks, Stuart Dickson, Sean Dillane, Sarah Diment, Paul Dimitri, Thai Ha Dinh, Alex Dipper, Laura Dirmantaite, Lisa Ditchfield, Sarah Diver, Lavanya Diwakar, Caroline Dixon, Giles Dixon, Brice Djeugam, Petr Dlouhy, Paul Dmitri, Laurence Dobbie, Marinela Dobranszky Oroian, Charlotte Dobson, Lee Dobson, Marie Docherty, David Dockrell, James Dodd, Jackie Dodds, Rebecca Dodds, Steve Dodds, Richi Dogra, Erin Doherty, Warren Doherty, Yumiko Doi, Iain Doig, Eleanor Doke, Daniel Dolan, Mark Dolman, Rozzie Dolman, Lisa Donald, Callum Donaldson, Christopher Donaldson, Denise Donaldson, Gillian Donaldson, Kate Donaldson, Joanne Donnachie, Christopher Donnelly, Eilish Donnelly, Ronan Donnelly, 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DuRand, Natalie Duric, Alison Durie, Emily Durie, Hannah Durrington, Haris Duvnjak, Akshay Dwarakanath, Laasya Dwarakanath, Ellen Dwyer, Claudia Dyball, Kristyn Dyer, Harvey Dymond, Tom Dymond, Chris Eades, Laura Eagles, Joanne Early, Melissa Earwaker, Nicholas Easom, Clare East, Amy Easthope, Fraser Easton, Ruth Eatough, Beate Ebert, Oluwadamilola Ebigbola, Martin Ebon, Sinan Eccles, Chloe Eddings, Michael Eddleston, Maureen Edgar, Katharine Edgerley, Nicholas Edmond, Mary Edmondson, Tracy Edmunds, Alexandra Edwards, Catherine Edwards, Joy Edwards, Kennedy Edwards, Mandy Edwards, Jenny Eedle, Dawn Egginton, Loveth Ehiorobo, Sarah Eisen, Ugochukwu Ekeowa, Mohamed Ekoi, Ayomide Ekunola, Soha El Behery, Mohamed Elbeshy, Kate El-Bouzidi, Jennifer Elder, Mohammed El-Din, Diana Eleanor, Ibrahim Eletu, Eman Elfar, Mayy Magdy Elgamal, Amr Elgohary, Stellios Elia, Jennifer Elias, Tania Elias, Nadia Elkaram, Andrew Victor Elkins, Julie Ellam, Nikki Ellard, Laura Nicola Ellerton, Lucy Elliot, Amy Elliott, Fiona Elliott, Kerry Elliott, Scott Elliott, Annie Ellis, Christine Ellis, Kaytie Ellis, Tak-Yan Ellis, Yvette Ellis, Rahma Elmahdi, Einas Elmahi, Hannah-May Elmasry, Najla Elndari, Omer Elneima, Mohamed Elokl, Ahmed Elradi, Mohamed Elsaadany, Sally El-Sayeh, Hana El-Sbahi, Tarek Elsefi, Karim El-Shakankery, Hosni El-Taweel, Sarah Elyoussfi, Jonathan Emberey, Jonathan R Emberson, John Emberton, Julian Emmanuel, Ingrid Emmerson, Michael Emms, Florence Emond, Marieke Emonts, Nicu Enachi, Angila Engden, Katy English, Emma Entwistle, Hene Enyi, Marios Erotocritou, Peter Eskander, Hanif Esmail, Brynach Evans, Chris Evans, Debra Evans, Gail Evans, Gareth Evans, Jennifer Evans, Jolanta Evans, Lisa Evans, Lynn Evans, Mim Evans, Morgan Evans, Ranoromanana Evans, Teriann Evans, Terry J Evans, Caroline Everden, Serenydd Everden, Hayley Evison, Lynsey Evison, Jacqueline Faccenda, Leila Fahel, Youstina Fahmay, Sara Fairbairn, Terry Fairbairn, Andy Fairclough, Louise Fairlie, Mark Fairweather, Anne Fajardo, Naomi Falcone, Euan Falconer, John Fallon, Andrea Fallow, David Faluyi, Victoria Fancois, Qayyum Farah, Novin Fard, Leila Fares, Amr Farg, Adam Farmer, Katie Farmer, Toni Farmery, Samantha Farnworth, Faiyaz Farook, Hadia Farooq, Sidrah Farooq, Fiona Farquhar, Aaron Farrell, Barbara Farrell, James Farthing, Syeda Farzana, Rahmatu Fasina, Azam Fatemi, Mina Fatemi, Nibah Fatimah, Maria Faulkner, Saul N Faust, Joe Fawke, Sinmidele Fawohunre, Abul Fazal, Simon Fearby, Alex Feben, Federico Fedel, Daria Fedorova, Christopher Fegan, Mae Felongco, Lynsey Felton, Tim Felton, Kate Fenlon, Andrea Fenn, Isabelle Fenner, Ciara Fenton, Melisa Fenton, Cameron Ferguson, Jenny Ferguson, Kathryn Ferguson, Katie Ferguson, Susan Ferguson, Susie Ferguson, Victoria Ferguson, Denzil Fernandes, Candida Fernandez, Eduardo Fernandez, Maria Fernandez, Sonia Fernandez Lopez, Callum Jeevan Fernando, Ahmed Feroz, Pietro Ferranti, Thais Ferrari, Eleanor Ferrelly, Alexandra Ferrera, Emma Ferriman, Nicholas Fethers, Ben Field, Janet Field, Rebecca Field, Karen Fielder, Lindsey Fieldhouse, Andra Fielding, Julie Fielding, Sarah Fielding, Asma Fikree, Sarah Ann Filson, Sarah Finbow, Debbie Finch, Joanne Finch, Laurie Finch, Natalie Fineman, Lauren Finlayson, Adam Finn, Joanne Finn, Clare Finney, Sofia Fiouni, Jo Fiquet, James Fisher, Neil Fisher, Daniel Fishman, Krystofer Fishwick, Fiona Fitzgerald, Jan Flaherty, Michael Flanagan, Charles Flanders, Julie Fleming, Lucy Fleming, Paul Fleming, William Flesher, Alison Fletcher, Jonathan Fletcher, Lucy Fletcher, Simon Fletcher, Sophie Fletcher, Karen Flewitt, Christopher Flood, Ian Floodgate, Vincent Florence, Sharon Floyd, Rachel Flynn, Claire Foden, Adama Fofana, Georgina Fogarty, Paul Foley, Linda Folkes, Daniela Mock Font, Aiwyne Foo, Jane Foo, Andrew Foot, Jayne Foot, Jane Forbes, Jamie Ford, Jennifer Foreman, Caroline Fornolles, Adam Forrest, Ellie Forsey, Miranda Forsey, Thomas Forshall, Elliot Forster, Julian Forton, Emily Foster, Joseph Foster, Rachel Anne Foster, Tracy Foster, Angela Foulds, Ian Foulds, Folakemi Fowe, Emily Fowler, Robert Fowler, Stephen Fowler, Claire Fox, Heather Fox, Jonathan Fox, Lauren Fox, Natalie Fox, Olivia Fox, Simon Fox, Sarah-Jane Foxton, Rebecca Frake, Alex Francioni, Olesya Francis, Rebecca Francis, Sarah Francis, Theodora Francis-Bacon, Helen Frankland, Jessica Franklin, Catherine Fraser, Sharon Frayling, Martyn Fredlund, Carol Freeman, Elaine Freeman, Hannah Freeman, Nicola Freeman, Clare Freer, Eleanor French, Matthew Frise, Renate Fromson, Claire Froneman, Adam Frosh, John Frost, Victoria Frost, Oliver Froud, Rachel Frowd, Arun Fryatt, Bridget Fuller, Liz Fuller, Tracy Fuller, Duncan Fullerton, Carrie Fung, Gayle Fung, Sarah Funnell, John Furness, Andrew Fyfe, Nytianandan G, Elizabeth Gabbitas, Claire Gabriel, Zoë Gabriel, Hadiza Gachi, Joshua Gahir, Sarveen Gajebasia, Katarzyna Gajewska-Knapik, Christopher Gale, Hugo Gale, Rebecca Gale, Swetha Gali, Bernadette Gallagher, Jude Gallagher, Rosie Gallagher, William Gallagher, Joanne Galliford, Catherine Galloway, Chris Galloway, Emma Galloway, Jacqui Galloway, James Galloway, Laura Gamble, Liz Gamble, Brian Gammon, Jaikumar Ganapathi, Ramesh Ganapathy, Kaminiben Gandhi, Sarah Gandhi, Usha Ganesh, Abrar Gani, Emma-James Garden, Antoni Dariusz Gardener, Emma Gardiner, Michael Gardiner, Phil Gardiner, Siobhan Gardiner, Caroline Gardiner-Hill, Jonathan Gardner, Mark Garfield, Atul Garg, Nathan Garlick, Justin Garner, Lucie Garner, Zoe Garner, Rosaline Garr, Florence Garty, Rachel Gascoyne, Hyeriju Gashau, Aoife Gatenby, Erin Gaughan, Alok Gaurav, Mariana Gavrila, Jane Gaylard, Emma Gaywood, Catherine Geddie, Ian Gedge, Sarah Gee, Minerva Gellamucho, Karzan Gelly, L Gelmon, Leila Gelmon, Sandra Gelves-Zapata, Gemma Genato, Susan Gent, Natalie Geoghegan, Sam George, Tina George, Simon Georges, Domonique Georgiou, Peter Gerard, Leigh Gerdes, Louise Germain, Helen Gerrish, Abel Getachew, Louise Gethin, Hisham Ghanayem, Anca Gherman, Alison Ghosh, Justin Ghosh, Sudhamay Ghosh, Sarra Giannopoulou, Malick Gibani, Ben Gibbison, Kerry Gibbons, Alex Gibson, Bethan Gibson, Kimberley Gibson, Kirsty Gibson, Sian Gibson, Cat Gilbert, Jeanette Gilbert, Kayleigh Gilbert, Benjamin Giles, Mandy Gill, Lynne Gill, Paul Gillen, Annelies Gillesen, Katherine Gillespie, Elizabeth Gillham, Andrew Gillian, Deborah Gilliland, Robert Gillott, Danielle Gilmour, Kate Gilmour, Franciscus Ginting, Theodora Giokanini-Royal, Anna Gipson, Joanna Girling, Rhian Gisby, Angelena Gkioni, Aikaterini Gkoritsa, Effrossyni Gkrania-Klotsas, Amy Gladwell, James Glanville, Jessica Glasgow, Susannah Glasgow, Jon Glass, Lynn Glass, Sharon Glaysher, Lisa Gledhill, Ana Glennon, John Glover, Kyle Glover, Jan Glover Bengtsson, Chevanthy Gnanalingam, Julie Goddard, Wendy Goddard, Emily Godden, Jo Godden, Emma Godson, Sukanya Gogoi, Aiky Goh, Rebeca Goiriz, Sriya Gokaraju, Raphael Goldacre, Arthur Goldsmith, Portia Goldsmith, Darren Gomersall, Lucia Gomez, Raquel Gomez-Marcos, Ali Gondal, Celia Gonzalez, Jack Goodall, Bob Goodenough, Laura Goodfellow, James Goodlife, Camelia Goodwin, Elizabeth Goodwin, Jayne Goodwin, Paula Goodyear, Rajiv Gooentilleke, Michelle Goonasekara, Sheila Gooseman, Shameer Gopal, Sally Gordon, Hugh Gorick, Caitlin Gorman, Claire Gorman, Stuart Gormely, Diana Gorog, Michelle Gorst, Thomas Gorsuch, Jayshreebahen Gosai, Rebecca Gosling, Sally Gosling, Georgina Gosney, Vanessa Goss, Dzintars Gotham, Naomi Gott, Elizabeth Goudie, Susan Gould, Lysander Gourbault, Abha Govind, Sharon Gowans, Girish Gowda, Rohit Gowda, Hannah Gower, Thomas Gower, Pankaj Goyal, Sunil Goyal, Sushant Goyal, Clive Graham, Jonathan Graham, Justin Graham, Libby Graham, Sharon Graham, Matthew Graham-Brown, Julia Grahamslaw, Gianluca Grana, Tracyanne Grandison, Louis Grandjean, Alison Grant, Ann Grant, David Grant, Matthew Grant, Pauleen Grant, Rhys Gravell, Jenny Graves, Alasdair Gray, Catherine Gray, Georgina Gray, Jackie Gray, Karen Gray, Nicola Gray, Sebastian Gray, Alan Grayson, Fiona Greaves, Paul Greaves, Alastair Green, Charlotte Green, Christopher A Green, David Green, Frederick Green, Joel Green, Marie Green, Nicola Green, Stacey Green, Diarra Greene, Philippa Greenfield, Alan Greenhalgh, Daniel Greenwood, Sandra Greer, James Gregory, Jane Gregory, Katie Gregory, Tamsin Gregory, Jill Greig, Julia Greig, Rebecca Grenfell, Teena Grenier, Susan Grevatt, Glaxy Grey, Andrew Gribbin, Amy Gribble, Natasha Grieg, Douglas Grieve, Ben Griffin, Denise Griffin, Mel Griffin, Sian Griffith, Andrew Griffiths, Daniel Griffiths, David Griffiths, Donna Griffiths, Isabel Griffiths, Mark Griffiths, Nicola Griffiths, Oliver Griffiths, Sarah Griffiths, Yvonne Griffiths, Sofia Grigoriadou, Steph Grigsby, Evelina Grobovaite, Clarissa Grondin, Rachel Groome, Liliana Grosu, Jenny Grounds, Margaret Grout, Helen Grover, Jayne Groves, Neil Grubb, Julie Grundy, Francesca Guarino, Sharada Gudur, Sharazeq Guettari, Shivang Gulati, Vikas Gulia, Pumali Gunasekera, Malin Gunawardena, Kirun Gunganah, Jessica Gunn, Emma Gunter, Alok Gupta, Atul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Richa Gupta, Rishi Gupta, Tarun Gupta, Vineet Gupta, Ankur Gupta-Wright, Victoria Guratsky, Alvyda Gureviciute, Sambasivarao Gurram, Anju Gurung, Bhawana Gurung, Shraddha Gurung, Hazel Guth, Pradip Gyanwali, Ruth Habibi, Berkin Hack, Pamela Hackney, Christian Hacon, Aiman Haddad, Denise Hadfield, Michalis Hadjiandreou, Nikolaos Hadjisavvas, Anna Haestier, Nauman Hafiz, Rana Hafiz-Ur-Rehman, Javed Hafsa, Samantha Hagan, Jack William Hague, Rosemary Hague, Kate Haigh, Christina Haines, Scott Hainey, Morton Hair, Brigid Hairsine, Juraj Hajnik, Anne Haldeos, Writaja Halder, Jennie Hale, Carmel Halevy, Paul Halford, William Halford, Alistair Hall, Anthony Hall, Claire Hall, Elizabeth Hall, Fiona Hall, Helen Hall, Jennifer Hall, Kathryn Hall, Jan Hallas, Kyle Hallas, Charles Hallett, Heather Halls, Maryam Hamdollah-Zadeh, Bilal Hameed, Raph 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Haylett, Antara Hayman, Melanie Hayman, Matthew Haynes, Richard Haynes, Rachel Hayre, Sarah Haysom, James Hayward, Patrick Haywood, Tracy Hazelton, Phoebe Hazenberg, Zhengmai He, Elizabeth Headon, Carrie Heal, Brendan Healy, Amy Hearn, Angela Heath, Rowan Heath, Diane Heaton, Kerry Hebbron, Gemma Hector, Andy Hedges, Katrine Hedges, Cheryl Heeley, Elaine Heeney, Rajdeep Heire, Ulla Hemmila, Scott Hemphill, Deborah Hemsley, Abigail Henderson, Jennifer Henderson, Steven Henderson, Joanne Henry, Karol Henry, Lavinia Henry, Margo Henry, Natalie Henry, David Henshall, Gillian Herdman, Rosaleen Herdman-Grant, Morag Herkes, Emma Heron, William Herrington, Emilia Heselden, Peta Heslop, Simon Hester, Emily Hetherington, Joseph Hetherington, Chamila Hettiarachchi, Pramodh Hettiarachchi, Hayley Hewer, John Hewertson, Anna Hewetson, Sue Hewins, Claire Hewitt, Davina Hewitt, Richard Hewitt, Samuel Hey, Robert Heyderman, Mathis Heydtmann, Joseph Heys, Jonathan Heywood, Meg Hibbert, John Hickey, 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Emma Hughes, Gareth Hughes, Heather Hughes, Luke Hughes, Rachel Hughes, Rebecca Hughes, Samantha Hughes, Stephen Hughes, Vikki Hughes, Wesley Hughes, Lukas Huhn, Ching Hui, Ruth Hulbert, Diana Hull, Grace Hull, Robert Hull, Amanda Hulme, Peter Hulme, Wendy Hulse, George Hulston, Ryan Hum, Megan Hume, Charlotte Humphrey, Alasdair Humphries, Joanne Humphries, Fiona Hunt, Jonquil Hunt, Kristen Hunt, Luke Hunt, Sophie Hunt, Alexandra Hunter, Karl Hunter, Neil Hunter, George Huntington, Elizabeth Hurditch, Cian Hurley, Katrina Hurley, Mohammed A Husain, Syeda Y Husaini, Coralie Huson, Afreen Hussain, Ibraar Hussain, Ifza Hussain, Mohammad Hussain, Muhammad Hussain, Reda Hussain, Samia Hussain, Sanniah Hussain, Yasmin Hussain, Mohammed Hussam El-Din, Rebecca Hussey, Anja Hutchinson, Camille Hutchinson, Dorothy Hutchinson, Elizabeth Hutchinson, John Hutchinson, Claire Hutsby, Paula Hutton, Thuong Huyen, Daniella Hydes, Jamie Hyde-Wyatt, Niamh Hynes, Megan Hyslop, Mazen Ibraheim, Abdalla 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Lauren Jackson, Melanie Jackson, Nicola Jackson, Shane Jackson, Patricia Jacob, Reni Jacob, Nicola Jacques, Anisa Jafar, Daniel Jafferji, Ali Jaffery, Chandrashekar Jagadish, Vijay Jagannathan, Mandeep Jagpal, Fernandez Roman Jaime, Neemisha Jain, Seema Jain, Susan Jain, Sanjay Jaiswal, Danyal Jajbhay, Thomas Jaki, Bintou Jallow, Yusuf Jaly, Sabine Jamal, Zeba Jamal, Yasmin Jameel, Albie James, Christie James, Kate James, Lee James, Linda James, Mark James, Nicholas James, Olivia James, Rebecca James, Ruth James, Tracy James, Jack Jameson, Aaron Jamison, Phoebe Jane, Azara Janmohamed, Sabrina Jansz, Deepa Japp, Victor Jardim, Catherine Jardine, Emma Jarnell, Ellie Jarvie, Claire Jarvis, Rosina Jarvis, Patrycja Jastrzebska, Hafsa Javed, Mays Jawad, Lona Jawaheer, Anu Jayachandran, D Jayachandran, Angelina Jayakumar, Deepak Jayaram, Ravi Jayaram, Geeshath Jayasekera, Thilina Jayatilleke, Abi Jayebalan, Saman Jeddi, Mohammad S Jeelani, Katie Jeffery, Helen Jeffrey, Rachel Jeffrey, Nathan Jeffreys, Benjamin Jeffs, Debbie Jegede, Taylor Jemima, Ifan Jenkin, Alison Jenkins, Christopher Jenkins, David Jenkins, Elinor Jenkins, Sarah Jenkins, Sian Jenkins, Stephen Jenkins, Jacqui Jennings, Louise Jennings, Virginia Jennings, Ellen Jerome, Douglas Jerry, Ellen Jessup-Dunton, Jorge Antonio Jesus Silva, Champa Jetha, Kishan Jethwa, Roshan Jha, Shaman Jhanji, Khoo Jian, Zhixin Jiao, Laura Jimenez, Ana Jimenez Gil, Jithin Jith, Teishel Joefield, Navraj Johal, Karine Johannessen, Aisyah Johari, Annie John, Anu John, Navin John, Emma Johns, Margaret Johns, Antoinette Johnson, Emma Johnson, Gillian Johnson, Kathryn Johnson, Katie Johnson, Luke Johnson, Mark Johnson, Oliver Johnson, Claire Johnston, Janet Johnston, Susan Johnston, Victoria Johnston, Dawn Johnstone, Ed Johnstone, Janet Johnstone, Manohar Joishy, Adam Jones, Alistair Jones, Annabel Jones, Ben Jones, Bryony Jones, Carys Jones, Ceri Jones, Charlotte Jones, Christine E Jones, Debra Jones, Emily Jones, Gareth Jones, Geraldine Jones, Jac Jones, James Jones, Jonathon Jones, Julie Jones, Kate E Jones, Laura Jones, Laura M Jones, Louise Jones, Mathew Jones, Nicola Jones, Paul Jones, Rhianna Jones, Ruth E Jones, Samantha Jones, Sophie Jones, Stefanie Jones, Steve Jones, Taya Jones, Tim Jones, Tracey Jones, Ramya Jonnalagadda, Rebecca Jordache, Sanal Jose, Anna Joseph, P Aiden Joseph, Rosane Joseph, Sibet Joseph, Dhaara Joshi, Mehul Joshi, Pratichi Joshi, Benz Josiah, Tiffany Joyce, Adriel Ju Wen Kwek, Edward Jude, Parminder Judge, Jessica Juhl, Sirisha Jujjavarapu, Mark Juniper, Edmund Juszczak, Deepthi Jyothish, Kasamu Kabiru Dawa, Mark Kacar, Nikhil Kadam, Rebecca Kahari, Gail Kakoullis, Azad Kala Bhushan, Richard J K Kalayi, Roobala Kaliannan Periyasami, Efthymia Kallistrou, Seika Kalsoom, Elisa Kam, John Kamara, Mohamed Kamara, Ajay Kamath, Prakash Kamath, Ravindra Kamath, Siddharth Arun Kamerkar, Nick Kametas, Musaiwale Kamfose, Leia Kane, Osei Kankam, Thogulava Kannan, Abhinav Kant, Vikas Kapil, Ritoo Kapoor, Sonal Kapoor, Sourjya Kar, Janaka Kara, Rona Kark, Abhilasha Karkey, Nicholas Karunaratne, Natashja Kasianczuk, Vidya Kasipandian, Rizwan Kassam, Janarth Kathirgamachelvam, Victoria Katsande, Kulbinder Kaul, Daljit Kaur, Dervinder Kaur, Jasmin Kaur, Jaspreet Kaur, Zunaira Kausar, Mohammad A A Kawser, Andrea Kay, Sarah Kay, Jossy N Kayappurathu, Callum Kaye, Ahemd Kazeem, Rachel Kearns, Nichola Kearsley, Joanne Keating, John Keating, Liza Keating, Elizabeth Keddie-Gray, Natalie Keenan, Jonathan Kefas, Stephen Kegg, Laura Keith, Uzoamaka Keke, Joanne Kellett, Alison Kelly, David Kelly, Diane Kelly, Dominic Kelly, Emma Kelly, Laura Kelly, Martin Kelly, Michael Kelly, Rosalind Kelly, Sinead Kelly, Stephen Kelly, Mary Kelly-Baxter, Marketa Keltos, Timothy Kemp, Alexandra Kendall-Smith, Sarah Kennard, Ann Kennedy, James Kennedy, Sophie Kennedy-Hay, Julia Kenny, Melanie Kent, Lynne Keogan, Alexander Keough, A Kerr, Andrew Kerr, Caroline Kerrison, Anthony Kerry, Helen Kerslake, Ian Kerslake, Helen Kerss, Jocelyn Keshet-Price, Evelyne Kestelyn, Georgina Keyte, Abdul Khadar, Ali Khalid, Muhammad U Khalid, Syed Khalid, Amir Khalil, Asma Khalil, Sijjad Khalil, Abubakar Khan, Ali Khan, Al-Imran Khan, Arham Khan, Asad Khan, Aurangzeb Khan, Burhan Khan, Fatimah Khan, Kausik Khan, Malik Aamaz Khan, Marria Khan, Mehrunnisha Khan, Mohammad Khan, Nayeem Khan, Omar Khan, Rahila Khan, Shabana Khan, Shahul Khan, Shoaib Khan, Tasaduksultan Khan, Waseem Khan, Usman Feroze Khatana, Jibran Khatri, Jyoti Khatri, Hafiza Khatun, Taslima Khatun, Mena Kheia, Jacyntha Khera, Htet Htet Ei Khin, Najaf Khoja, Kiran Khokhar, Chloe Khurana, Faith Kibutu, Andrew Kidd, Michelle Kidd, Joe Kidney, Shane Kidney, Will Kieffer, James Kilbane, Caroline Kilby, Eileen Killen, Susan Kilroy, Bomee Kim, Jee Whang Kim, Sarah Kimber, Andy King, Barbara King, Jennifer King, Kirsten King, Rachel King, Sarah King, Victoria King, Emily King-Oakley, Laura Kingsmore, Fiona Kinney, Sidra Kiran, Jeremy Kirk, Jodie Kirk, Amy Kirkby, Emily Kirkham, Gemma Kirkman, Ursula Kirwan, Toby Kitching, Laura Kitto, Lauren Kittridge, Sarah Klaczek, Frieder Kleemann, Susan Kmachia, Christopher P Knapp, Lucy Knibbs, Alicia Knight, Fraser Knight, Marian Knight, Sarah Knight, Steven Knight, Tom Knight, Ellen Knights, Jane Knights, Martin Knolle, Carol Knott, Charlotte Knowles, Karen Knowles, Laurence Knowles, Emily Knox, Lucy Knox, Oliver Koch, Ronan Kodituwakku, Gouri Koduri, Aisha Koirata, Eirene Kolakaluri, Magdalena Kolodziej, Eirini Kolokouri, Samantha Kon, Niladri Konar, Mari Kononen, Athanasios Konstantinidis, Hui Fen Koo, Imogen Koopmans, Emmanuela Kopyj, Laura Korcierz, James Korolewicz, George Koshy, Chris Kosmidis, Jalpa Kotecha, Easwari Kothandaraman, Koushan Kouranloo, Rukhsana Kousar'c, Margarita Kousteni, Maja Kovac, Alex Kozak Eskenazia, Kestutis Krasauskas, Raghu Krishnamurthy, Vinodh Krishnamurthy, Manju Krishnan, Hari Krishnan, Suzanne Krizak, Sean Krupej, Agnieszka Kubisz-Pudelko, Soren 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Langoya, Emily Langthorne, Taiya Large, Anna Last, Scott Latham, John Latham-Mollart, Afzal Latheef, Nang Latt, Dawn Lau, Eva Lau, Myra Laurenson, Hou Law, Jessica Law, Penny Law, Richard Law, Emma Lawrence, Neil Lawrence, Ryan Lawrie, Louise Lawson, Michael Lay, Christine Laycock, Reina Layug, Maria Lazo, Vietland Le, Amelia Lea, William Lea, Ian Leadbitter, Thomas Leahy, Richard Lean, Lorna Leandro, Darren Leaning, Sandra Leason, Marie Anne Ledingham, Emma Lee, Hannah Lee, Irish Lee, Judith Lee, Sam Lee, Shi Han Lee, Simon Lee, Sindy Lee, Stephanie Lee, Tracey Lee, Xiang Lee, Diana Lees, Jennifer Lees, Helen Legge, Julian Leggett, Katie Leigh-Ellis, Nicky Leitch, Eleni Lekoudis, Petula Lemessy, Nicholas Lemoine, Katy Leng, Katrina Lennon, Liz Lennon, Kelly Leonard, Wen Leong, Nicky Leopold, Oskar Lepiarczyk, Isla Leslie, Eleni Lester, Emma Levell, Chris Levett, Alice Lewin, Alison Lewis, David Lewis, Dee Lewis, Joanne Lewis, Joseph Lewis, Kathryn Lewis, Keir Lewis, Leon Lewis, 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Sheree Mutton, Natasha Muzengi, Memory Mwadeyi, Bettina Mwale, Esther Mwaura, Raji Myagerimath, Alice Myers, Sam Myers, Khin Swe Myint, Yadee Myint, Libor Myslivecek, Evelyn Nadar, Iftikhar Nadeem, Moosa Nadheem, Asma Naeem, Hassan Naeem, Salman Naeem, Samraiz Nafees, Mohamed Nafei, Thapas Nagarajan, Imrun Nagra, Deepak Nagra, Mina Naguib, Kirushthiga Naguleswaran, K Shonit Nagumantry, Kevin Naicker, Sarveshni Naidoo, Gireesha Naik, Rishi Naik, Samir Naik, Devu Sasikumar Nair, Rajiv Nair, Tanushree Nair, Jay Naisbitt, Kerry Naismith, Sri Nallapareddy, Soum Nallapeta, Arumugan Nallasivan, Uttam Nanda, Aarti Nandani, Ali Raza Naqvi, Asadullah Naqvi, Sara Naqvi, Sophia Nasa, Dominic Nash, Nader Nasheed, Abdul Nasimudeen, Umer Nasir, Tahir Nasser, Anuja Natarajan, Geetha Natarajan, Nalin Natarajan, Nikhila Natarajan, Rajkumar Natarajan, Noel Nathaniel, Mala Nathvani, Priyan Nathwani, George Nava, Neena Navaneetham, Jeya Navaratnam, Helen Navarra, Sadaf Naveed, John Navin, Khuteja Nawaz, Sarfaraz Nawaz, Shasta Nawaz, Bonilla Nayar, Suzanne Naylor, Moez Nayyar, Farrah Naz, Mobeena Naz, Babak Nazari, S Nazir, Sehar Nazir, Dumisani Ncomanzi, Onyine Ndefo, Alan Neal, Elaine Neary, Mostafa Negmeldin, Paula Neill, Hector E Neils, Avideah Nejad, Louise Nel, Marie Nelson, Richard Nelson, Scott Nelson, Erni Nelwan, Rajesh Nemane, Samiksha Nepal, Daniel Nethercott, Kimberley Netherton, Kimberley Nettleton, Alison Newby, Angela Newby, David Newby, Tracy Newcombe, Charlotte Newman, Diana Newman, Julie Newman, Oscar Newman, Tabitha Newman, Thomas Newman, Rachel Newport, Christopher Newson, Maria Newton, Anthony Y K C Ng, Ka Wing Ng, Maxine Ng, Sarah Ng, Wee Jin Ng, Thomas Ngan, Gabriel CE Ngui, Alice Ngumo, Caoimhe Nic Fhogartaigh, Nathalie Nicholas, Philip Nicholas, Donna Nicholls, Lisa Nicholls, Alice Nicholson, Anne Nicholson, Annette Nicholson, Ian Nickson, Eileen Nicol, Elizabeth Nicol, Rebecca Nicol, Pantelis Nicola, Antony Nicoll, Pantzaris Nikolaos, Georgii Nikonovich, Annette Nilsson, Kofi Nimako, Louise Nimako, Camus Nimmo, Preethy Ninan, Mahesh Nirmalan, Muhammad Nisar, Toby Nisbett, Aksinya Nisha James, Sabaahat Nishat, Tomoko Nishiyama, Sara Nix, Jennifer Nixon, Maxine Nixon, Khwaja Nizam Ud Din, Maria Nizami, Lyrics Noba, Harriet Noble, Hsu Noe, Jerry Nolan, Zahid Noor, Zaid Noori, Louis Norman, Rachel Norman, Karen Norris, Lillian Norris, Sally Ann Nortcliffe, Fiona North, Julie North, Thomas North, John Northfield, Samantha Northover, Jurgens Nortje, Donna Norton, Rowen Norton, Holly Notman, Khalid Nourein, Timea Novak, Mohamed Nugdallah, Anne Marie Nugent, Justine Nugent, Kribashnie Nundlall, Kieran Nunn, Michelle Nunn, Jane Nunnick, Yvonne Nupa, Zubeir Nurgat, Godfrey Nyamugunduru, Maggie Nyirenda, Kerry Nyland, Daire O Shea, Chloe O'Hara, Kevin O'Reilly, William O'Rourke, Caroline Oakley, Begho Obale, Clements Oboh, Clare O'Brien, Julie O'Brien, Kirsty O'Brien, Linda O'Brien, Neale O'Brien, Rachel O'Brien, Tracey O'Brien, Emma O'Bryan, 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Otite, Marie O'Toole, Rachel Owen, Stephanie Owen, Emma Owens, Yetunde Owoseni, Michael Owston, Ruth Oxlade, Feray Ozdes, Jamie Pack, Sophie Packham, Piotr Paczko, Grace Padden, Anand Padmakumar, Iain Page, Joseph Page, Valerie Page, Jodi Paget, Katherine Pagett, Lee Paisley, Susie Pajak, Angela Pakozdi, Soubhik Pal, Sushi Pal, April Palacios, Vishnu Bharadwaj Palagiri Sai, Vadivu Palaniappan, Priya Palanivelu, Adrian Palfreeman, Deepshikha Palit, Alistair Palmer, Lynne Palmer, Ian Pamphlett, Daniel Pan, Anmol Pandey, Nithya Pandian, Krishnaa Pandya, Tej Pandya, Alice Panes, Yee Wei Pang, Laura Pannell, Kanwar Pannu, Suman Pant, Sathianathan Panthakalam, Charles Thomas Pantin, Norman Pao, Helen Papaconstantinou, Padmasayee Papineni, Kitty Paques, Kerry Paradowski, Vinay Parambil, Supathum Paranamana, Siddhant Parashar, Ian Parberry, Amy Parekh, Dhruv Parekh, Louise Parfitt, Helen Parfrey, Omi Parikh, Gemma Parish, John Park, Angela Parker, Ben Parker, Emma Parker, Jacob Parker, Julie 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Peacock, Henry Peake, Jasmine Pearce, Rupert Pearse, Andrew Pearson, Daniel Pearson, Harriet Pearson, Karen Pearson, Samuel Anthony Pearson, Sandra Pearson, Alice Peasley, Hilary Peddie, Russell Peek, Claire Pegg, Suzannah Peglar, Benjamin H Peirce, Claire Pelham, Abigail Pemberton, Melchizedek Penacerrada, Anthony Pender, Carmel Pendlebury, Jessica Pendlebury, Rachel Penfold, Catherine Penman, Julie Penman, Rachel Penman, Justin Penner, Kristi Penney, James Penny, Justin Pepperell, Adriana Pereira, Rita Pereira, Carlota Pereira Dias Alves, Elena Perez, Jane Perez, Tanaraj Perinpanathan, Lakshmi Periyasamy, Elizabeth Perritt, Alison Perry, Emily Perry, Meghan Perry, Thomas M Perumpral, Guilherme Pessoa-Amorim, Ruth Petch, Lionel Peter, Cecilia Peters, Mark Peters, Steve Peters, Tim Peters, Remy Petersen, Alexandra Peterson, Leon Peto, Iulia Petras, Ilianna Petrou, Boyanka Petrova, Mirela Petrova, Paul Pfeffer, Mysore Phanish, Paul Phelan, Christopher Philbey, Jennifer Philbin, Alex Phillips, Dylan Phillips, Rachael Phillips, Marie Phipps, Virach Phongsathorn, Mandeep Phull, Masroor Mubeen Phulpoto, Myat Tin Trafford PI, Sara Pick, James Pickard, Charlotte Pickering, Gillian Pickering, Thomas Pickett, Joanna Pickles, Benjamin Pickwell-Smith, Natalia Pieniazek, Charlie Piercy, Angelo Pieris, Samia Pilgrim, Paul Anthony Pillai, Zoe Pilsworth, Heather Pinches, Stacey Pinches, Kirsty Pine, Muni Tejha Pinjala, Stefania Pintus, Graeme Piper, Tasneem Pirani, Marcus Pittman, Sally Pitts, Nicolene Plaatjies, Naomi Platt, Robert Pleass, Laura Plummer, Charles Plumptre, Jonathan Pobjoy, Tatiana Pogreban, Stephen Poku, Rachel Pollard, Louisa Pollock, Oluwamayowa Poluyi, Gary John Polwarth, Fiona Pomery, Ponmurugan Ponnusamy, Suresh Ponnusamy, Aravind Ponnuswamy, Inês Ponte Bettencourt dos Reis, Suman Pooboni, Alice Poole, Lynda Poole, Michele Poole, Sharon Poon, Tajinder Poonian, David Porter, Jo Porter, Linda Porter, Ross Porter, Kelly Postlethwaite, Narayana Pothina, Priyadarshan Potla, Dorota Potoczna, Jason Pott, Alison Potter, Jean Potter, Sarah Potter, Tracey Potter, Elspeth Potton, Joanne B Potts, Julie Potts, Kathryn Potts, Beli Poudyal, Una Poultney, Katherine Poulton, Vanessa Poustie, James Powell, Jordan Powell, Deborah Power, Nick Power, Joseph Poxon, Robin Poyner, Vidushi Pradhan, Helena Prady, Aalekh Prasad, Krishna Prasad, Fredy Prasanth Raj, Sangeetha Prasath, Anezka Pratley, Steven Pratt, David Preiss, Claire Prendergast, Lynn Prentice, Peter Prentice, Verity Prescott, Laura Presland, Catharine Prest, Stephen Preston, Martha Pretorius, Natalie Prevatt, Sandra Prew, Ashley Price, Carly Price, Claire Price, David Price, Elizabeth Price, Nathan Price, Vivien Price, Anne Priest, Jimena Prieto, Lorraine Primrose, Clare Prince, Judith Prince, Laura Prince, Shirley Pringle, Veronika Pristopan, Kelly Pritchard, Lucy Pritchard, Simon Pritchard, Verma Priyash, Andrew Procter, Clare Proctor, Rebecca Proudfoot, Benjamin Prudon, David Pryor, Solomon Pudi, Joanne Pugh, Lawrence Pugh, Mark Timothy Pugh, Nichola Pugh, Richard Pugh, Veronika Puisa, Kirandip Punia, Saleel Punnilath Abdulsamad, Laura Purandare, Corrina Purdue, Bally Purewal, Molly Pursell, Gregory Purssord, Rory Purves, Sarah Purvis, Khairunnisa Puspatriani, Kathryn Puxty, Zoe Puyrigaud, Michael Pynn, Tariq Qadeer, Mohammad Qayum, Corrine Quah, Sheena Quaid, Nathaniel Quail, Charlotte Quamina, Alice Quayle, Eleanor Quek, Siobhan Quenby, Xinyi Qui, Vanessa Quick, Julie Quigley, Juan-Carlos Quijano-Campos, Andrew Quinn, Tom Quinn, Quratulain Quratulain, Danya Qureshi, Ehsaan Qureshi, Hasanain Qureshi, Khadija Qureshi, Nawaz Qureshi, Qurratulain Qurratulain, Saad Qutab, Muhammad Sharoz Rabbani, Simon Rabinowicz, Madalina Raceala, Raissa Rachman, Laura Rad, Jane Radford, Liz Radford, Jayachandran Radhakrishnan, Cecillia Rafique, Jethin Rafique, Muhammad Rafique, Ravi Ragatha, Aiswarya Raghunathan, Abigail Raguro, Shankho D Raha, Sana Rahama, Mutia Rahardjani, Karen Rahilly, Faisal Rahim, Abdul H Rahimi, Haseena Rana Rahimi, Muhammad Rahman, Salim Ur Rahman, Prajan Rai, Lenka Raisova, Arjun Raj, Pradeep Rajagopalan, Nithy Rajaiah, Arvind Rajasekaran, Aylur Rajasri, Sagar Rajbhandari, Thurkka Rajeswaran, Jyothi Rajeswary, Jeyanthy Rajkanna, Gayathri Rajmohan, Ruth Rallan, Katherine Ralston, Maximilian Ralston, Matsa Ram, Balaji Ramabhadran, Fathima Ramali, Mohamed Ramali, Athimalaipet Ramanan, Shashikira Ramanna, Maheshi Ramasamy, Irfah Rambe, Dhanishta Ramdin, Jozel Ramirez, Mylah Ramirez, Geshwin Ramnarain, Lidia Ramos, Shanthi Ramraj, Alex Ramshaw, Aleem Rana, Ghulam Farid Rana, Rehman Rana, Abby Rand, James Rand, Harpal Randheva, Poonam Ranga, Manmeet Rangar, Harini Rangarajan, Sameer Ranjan, Hannah Rank, Poormina Ranka, Rajesh Rankhelawon, Anita Rao, Sandhya Rao, Sanjay Rao, Deepak Rao, Althaf Abdul Rasheed, Khalid Rashid, Simbisai Ratcliff, Sam Ratcliffe, Sophy Ratcliffe, Sanjeev Rath, Mohmad Iqbal Rather, Selina Rathore, Aravinden Ratnakumar, Jonathan Ratoff, Deepa Rattehalli, Jason Raw, Rachael Raw, Hywel Rawlins, Gautam Ray, Adam Raymond-White, Dana Raynard, Nicola Rayner, Amy Raynsford, Salman Razvi, Zarine Razvi, Kerry Read, Sarah Read, Ajay Reddy, Anvesh Reddy, Harsha Reddy, Ravi Reddy, Aine Redfern-Walsh, Alex Redome, Joan Redome, Anna Reed, John Reed, Andrew Rees, James Rees, Martyn Rees, Sarah Rees, Stephanie Rees, Tabitha Rees, Fiona Regan, Karen Regan, Susan Regan, Kanchan Rege, Ahmed Rehan, A Rehman, Shoib Rehman, Zainab Rehman, Ada Reid, Andrew Reid, Jennifer Reid, Jeremy Reid, Sharon Reid, Mkyla Reilly, Christina Reith, Alda Remegoso, Dinakaran Rengan, Stephen Renshaw, Remya Renu Vattekkat, Henrik Reschreiter, Mark Revels, Glynis Rewitzky, Charles Reynard, Dominic Reynish, Peter Reynolds, Piero Reynolds, Jonathan Rhodes, Naghma Riaz, Emily Rice, Matthew Rice, Mel Rich, Alison Richards, Liz Richards, Suzanne Richards, Celia Richardson, Julie Richardson, Neil Richardson, Nicky Richardson, Joanne 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Matthew Ryan, Pat Ryan, Phil Ryan, Declan Ryan-Wakeling, M Saad, Javeson Sabale, Suganya Sabaretnam, Noman Sadiq, Emma Sadler, Ashiq Saffy, Beth Sage, Harkiran Sagoo, Sobia Sagrir, Rajnish Saha, Sian Saha, Nikhil Sahdev, Sarvjit Sahedra, Jagdeep Sahota, Nooria Said, Sreekanth Sakthi, Hikari Sakuri, Murthy Saladi, Abdul Salam, Armorel Salberg, Erika Salciute, Gina Saleeb, Mumtaz Saleh, Hizni Salih, Laylan Salih, Sarah Salisbury, SiteEneye Saliu, Rustam Salman, Jenny Salmon, Dario Salutous, Mfon Sam, Sally Sam, Tinashe Samakomva, Razan Saman, Sakeena Samar, Renaldo Samlal, Emily Sammons, David Sammut, Mark Sammut, Sunitha Sampath, Claire Sampson, Julia Sampson, Aashna Samson, Anda Samson, Johnson Samuel, Merna Samuel, Reena Samuel, Thomas D L Samuel, Younan Samuel, Elsward Samuels, Theo Samuels, Joanna Samways, Manjula Samyraju, Ilves Sana, Veronica Sanchez, Amada Sanchez Gonzalez, Alina Sanda-Gomez, Peter Sandercock, Amy Sanderson, Tom Sanderson, Prabowo Sandhi, Kuljinder Sandhu, Loveleen Sandhu, Sam Sandow, Victoria Sandrey, Sarah Sands, Mirriam Sangombe, Mathew Sanju, Lakshmi Sankaran, Filipa Santos, Rojy Santosh, Jayanta Sanyal, Aureo F Sanz-Cepero, Dan Saragih, Dinesh Saralaya, Arun Saraswatula, Joshua Sarella, Avishay Sarfatti, Rebecca Sargent, Beatrix Sari, Diah Sari, Khatija Sarkar, Rahuldeb Sarkar, Sruthi Sarma, Zainab Sarwar, Thea Sass, Sonia Sathe, Sobitha Sathianandan, Abilash Sathyanarayanan, Lavanya S J P Sathyanarayanan, Thozhukat Sathyapalan, Prakash Satodia, Vera Saulite, Andrew Saunders, Rachel Saunders, Samantha Saunders, Anne Saunderson, Heather Savill, Karishma Savlani, Gauri Saxena, Matthew Saxton, Amrinder Sayan, Diane Scaletta, Deborah Scanlon, Jeremy Scanlon, Lyndsay Scarratt, Sean Scattergood, Alvin Schadenberg, Jenna Schafers, Wendy Schneblen, Rebecca Schofield, Samuel Schofield, David Scholes, Karen Scholes, Alex Schoolmeesters, Natasha Schumacher, Nicola Schunke, Martin Schuster Bruce, Karin Schwarz, Antonia Scobie, Tim Scorrer, A. Scott, Alistair Scott, Anne Scott, Catherine Scott, Christine Scott, Emily Scott, Kathyn Scott, Leanne Scott, Martha Scott, Stephen Scott, Timothy Scott, Sarah Scourfield, Wendy Scrase, Angela Scullion, Therese Scullion, Emily Seager, Cathy Seagrave, Rebecca Seaman, Eleanor Sear, Isabella Seaton, Anna Seckington, Joanna Sedano, Gabrielle Seddon, Muhammad Adil Seelarbokus, Christopher Sefton, Matias Segovia, Fatima Seidu, Gillian Sekadde, Faye Selby, Georgina Selby, Claire Sellar, Katharine Sellers, Joseph Selley, Victoria Sellick, Gobika Selvadurai, Brintha Selvarajah, Haresh Selvaskandan, Subothini Sara Selvendran, Gary Semple, Nandini Sen, Seema Sen, Aditya Sengupta, Niladri Sengupta, Susana Senra, HoJan Senya, Niranjan Setty, Abigail Seward, Teswaree Sewdin, Jack Seymour, Hussam Shabbir, Fiona Shackley, Tariq Shafi, Aashni Shah, Ahmar Shah, Anand Shah, Bhavni Shah, Momin Shah, Neil Shah, Pallav Shah, Priyank Shah, Qasim Shah, Sarfaraz Hussain Shah, Snehal Shah, Suraj Shah, Syed Shah, Wajid Shah, Saarma Shahad, Sousan Shahi, Sipan Shahnazari, Muhammad Shahzeb, Aisha Shaibu, Zara Shaida, Amina Yousuf Shaikh, Maliha Shaikh, Rajit Shail, Mariya Shaji, Muhammad Shakeel, Korah Shalan, Nadia Shamim, Kazi Shams, Thomas Shanahan, Hamed Sharaf, Muhammad Sharafat, Asir Sharif, Ajay Sharma, Akhilesh Sharma, Ash Sharma, Bhawna Sharma, Mona Sharma, Ojasvi Sharma, Poonam Sharma, Rajeev Sharma, Sanjeev Sharma, Sarkhara Sharma, Shriv Sharma, Sonal Sharma, Alexander Sharp, Charles Sharp, Gemma Sharp, Paula Sharratt, Phoebe Sharratt, Katherine Sharrocks, Christopher Shaw, Daisy Shaw, David Shaw, Deborah Shaw, Joanne Shaw, Jonathan Shaw, Lisa Shaw, Tomos Gruffydd Shaw, Anna Shawcross, Jill Shawe, Lou Shayler, Sophy Shedwell, Jonathan Sheffield, Zak Shehata, Arshiya Sheik, Asif Sheikh, Noorann Sheikh, Benjamin Shelley, Sarah Shelton, Anil Shenoy, Julie Shenton, Amy Shepherd, Kate Shepherd, Lorna Shepherd, Scott Shepherd, Rhian Sheppeard, Helen Sheridan, Ray Sheridan, Samuel Sherridan, Leanne Sherris, Susanna Sherwin, Shaad Shibly, Chiaki Shioi, Anand Shirgaonkar, Kim Shirley, Adebusola Shonubi, Rob Shortman, Rohan Shotton, Sarah Shotton, Ervin Shpuza, Anil Shrestha, Apurba Shrestha, Nora Shrestha, Suchita Shrestha, Karen Shuker, Jack Shurmer, Gilbert Siame, Loria Siamia, Seshnag Siddavaram, Nasir Siddique, Sohail Siddique, Nyma Sikondari, Claudia Silva Moniz, Malcolm Sim, Theresa Simangan, Vimbai Simbi, Robert Sime, Oliver Simmons, Richard Simms, Merritt Simon, Natalie Simon, Angela Simpson, Anna Simpson, Danny Simpson, Georgina Simpson, Joanne Simpson, Kerry Simpson, Phillip Simpson, Thomas Simpson, Kathryn Simpson, Cindy Sing, Ankita Singh, Claire Singh, Jayaprakash Singh, Jyoti Singh, Lokeshwar Singh, Manjeet Singh, Nadira Singh, Pankaj Singh, Prabhsimran Singh, Salil Singh, Saurabh Singh, Parag Singhal, Bryan Singizi, Manas Sinha, Utkarsh Sinha, Guy Sisson, Sarah Sithiravel, Karthikadevi Sivakumar, Shanmugasundaram Sivakumar, Darsh Sivakumran, Sivanthi Sivanadarajah, Pasupathy-Rajah Sivasothy, Nicole Skehan, Robert Skelly, Orlagh Skelton, Imogen Skene, Denise Skinner, Tabitha Skinner, Victoria Skinner, Agnieszka Skorko, Iwona Skorupinska, Mariola Skorupinska, Amy Slack, Katie Slack, Heather Slade, Mark Slade, Lynda Slater, Nicola Slawson, Andrew Sloan, Brendan Sloan, Derek Sloan, Geraldine Sloane, Benjamin Small, Ellen Small, Samuel Small, Karen Denise Smallshaw, Andy Smallwood, Carien Smit, Aileen Smith, Alex Smith, Amanda Smith, Amy Smith, Andrew Smith, Catherine Smith, Chris Smith, Christopher Smith, Dominic Smith, Eleanor Smith, Harriet Smith, Hazel Smith, Helen Smith, Jacky Smith, Jessica Smith, Kate Smith, Kerry Smith, Lara Smith, Linda Smith, Lisa Smith, Loren Smith, Maria Smith, Mel Smith, Oliver Smith, Rachel Smith, Rebecca Smith, Richard Smith, Sally Smith, Samantha Smith, Stacey Smith, Stephanie Smith, Susan Smith, Imogen Smith, John Smith, Sue Smolen, Sara Smuts, Annette Snell, David Snell, Luke Snell, Beng So, 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Christian Peter Subbe, Manjula Subramanian, Venkatram Subramanian, Chinari Subudhi, Rebecca Suckling, Srivatsan Sudershan, Peter Sugden, Rudresh Sukla, Ali Suliman, Fatimah Suliman, Sugrah Sultan, Samyukta Sundar, Reka Sundhar, Edmond Sung, Nadia Sunni, Jay Suntharalingam, Amitava Sur, Dharmic Suresh, Shilpa Suresh, Michael Surtees, C Susan, Danielle Suter, Helen Sutherland, Rachel Sutherland, Rebecca Sutherland, Dovile Sutinyte, Deborah Sutton, Sam Sutton, Mihaela Sutu, Marie-Louise Svensson, Sima Svirpliene, Andrew Swain, Thomas Swaine, Christopher Swales, Tirion Swart, Stephen Sweetman, Ealish Swift, Paul Swift, Pauline Swift, Rachael Swift, Rachel Swingler, Sophie Swinhoe, Katarzyna Swist-Szulik, Luke Swithenbank, Omair Syed, Catriona Sykes, Daisy Sykes, Eliot Sykes, Luke Sylvester, Dominic Symon, Andrew Syndercombe, Zoe Syrimi, Jen Syson, Gemma Szabo, Tamas Szakmany, Megan Szekely, Matthew Szeto, Maria Tadros, Amr Tageldin, Lucy Tague, Hasan Tahir, Muhammad Tahir, Abigail Takyi, 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Webb, Kathryn Webb, Kylie Webb, Stephen Webb, Cheryl Websdale, Deborah Webster, Ian Webster, Tim Webster, Ling Wee, Rebecca Weerakoon, Thanuja Weerasinghe, Janaka Weeratunga, Maria Weetman, Shuying Wei, Immo Weichert, Hugh Welch, James Welch, Leanne Welch, Steven Welch, Samantha Weller, Lucy Wellings, Brian Wells, Susan Wellstead, Berni Welsh, Richard Welsh, Ingeborg Welters, Rachael Welton, Lauren Wentworth, Kate Wesseldine, Magdelena West, Raha West, Ruth West, Sophie West, Luke Western, Ruth Westhead, Heather Weston, Alice Westwood, Bill Wetherill, Sharon Wheaver, Helen Wheeler, Ben Whelan, Matthew Whelband, Amanda Whileman, Alison Whitcher, Andrew White, Benjamin White, Christopher White, Duncan White, James White, Jonathan White, Katie White, Marie White, Nick White, Sarah White, Sonia White, Tracey White, Catherine Whitehead, Anne Whitehouse, Claire Whitehouse, Tony Whitehouse, Julia Whiteley, Sophie Whiteley, Gabriel Whitlingum, David Whitmore, Elizabeth Whittaker, Lindsay Whittam, Ashley Whittington, Helen Whittle, Robert Whittle, Eunice Wiafe, Lou Wiblin, Olivia Wickens, John Widdrington, Jason Wieboldt, Hannah Wieringa, Cornelia Wiesender, Laura Wiffen, Andrew Wight, Christopher Wignall, Danielle Wilcock, Emma Wilcock, Louise Wilcox, Laura Wild, Stephen Wild, Michael Wilde, Peter Wilding, Tracey Wildsmith, Joe Wileman, Joy Wiles, Kate Wiles, Elva Wilhelmsen, Thomas Wiliams, Janet Wilkie, David Wilkin, Hannah Wilkins, Joy Wilkins, Suzanne Wilkins, Iain Wilkinson, Lesley Wilkinson, Nicola Wilkinson, Sophia Wilkinson, Susan Wilkinson, Tim Wilkinson, Sylvia Willetts, Aimee Williams, Alexandra Williams, Alison Williams, Angharad Williams, Ava Williams, Carl Williams, Caroline Vivien Williams, Claire Williams, Dewi Williams, Gail Williams, Gemma Williams, Gina Williams, Hannah Williams, James Williams, Jennie Williams, John Williams, Joseph Williams, Karen Williams, Kathryn Williams, Marie Williams, Matthew Williams, Patricia Williams, Penny Williams, Rupert Williams, Samson Williams, Sarah Williams, Sophie Williams, Tamanna Williams, Annie Williamson, Cath Williamson, Catherine Williamson, Dawn Williamson, James D Williamson, Rachel Williamson, Cath Williamson, Helen Williamson, Elizabeth Willis, Emily Willis, Heather Willis, Herika Willis, Joanna Willis, Louise Wills, Lucy Willsher, Catherine Willshire, Francesca Willson, Alison Wilson, Andrea Wilson, Antoinette Wilson, Billy Wilson, James Wilson, Karen Wilson, Kate Wilson, Lucinda Wilson, Mark Wilson, Toni Wilson, Marlar Win, Tin Tin Win, Wut Yee Win Win, Lucinda Winckworth, Laura Winder, Piers Winder, Helen Winmill, Simon Winn, Carmen Winpenny, Helen Winslow, Helen Winter, Jonathan Winter, Barbara Winter-Goodwin, Stephen Wisdom, Matthew Wise, Martin Wiselka, Rebecca Wiseman, Sophie Wiseman, Steven Wishart, Eric Witele, Nicholas Withers, Janet Wittes, Donna Wixted, Therese Wodehouse, Will Wolf, Nicola Wolff, Kirsten Wolffsohn, Rebecca Wolf-Roberts, Elena Wolodimeroff, Adam Wolstencroft, Alan Wong, Charlotte Wong, Chi-Hung Wong, Edwin Wong, Jessica Sue Yi Wong, Kit Y Wong, Mei Yin Wong, Nick Wong, Sam Wong, Amanda Wood, Caroline Wood, Dianne Wood, Fiona Wood, Hannah Wood, Jennifer Wood, Joe Wood, Lisa Wood, Louise Wood, Stephen Wood, Tracy Wood, Katharine Woodall, Rebecca Woodfield, Christopher Woodford, Elizabeth Woodford, Jill Woodford, Louise Woodhead, Timothy Woodhead, Philip Woodland, Marc Woodman, Jane Woods, Katherine Woods, Sarah Woods, Zoe Woodward, Megan Woolcock, Gemma Wooldridge, Rebecca Woolf, Chris Woollard, Christopher Woollard, Louisa Woollen, Emma Woolley, Jade Woolley, Daniel Woosey, Dan Wootton, Joanne Wootton, Daniel Worley, Stephy Worton, Jonathan Wraight, Maria Wray, Kim Wren, Lynn Wren, Caroline Wrey Brown, Catherine Wright, Demi Wright, Francesca Wright, Imogen Wright, Lianne Wright, Rachel Wright, Stephanie Wright, Tim Wright, Caroline Wroe, Hannah Wroe, Henry Wu, Peishan Wu, Pensee Wu, Jonathan Wubetu, Fitria Wulandari, Retno Wulandari, Craig Wyatt, Frederick Wyn-Griffiths, Inez Wynter, Bindhu Xavier, Arnold Xhikola, Zhongyang Xia, Masseh Yakubi, May Yan, Freda Yang, Yingjia Yang, Michael Yanney, Woei Lin Yap, Nabil Yaqoob, Salima Yasmin, Bryan Yates, David Yates, Edward Yates, Helen Yates, Tom Yates, Mark Yates, Charlotte Yearwood Martin, Khin Yein, Fiona Yelnoorkar, Peter Yew, Laura Ylquimiche, Laura Ylquimiche Melly, Inez Ynter, H Yong, Jemma Yorke, Jasmine Youens, Abdel Younes Ibrahim, Eoin Young, Gail Young, Louise Young, Asfand Yousafzar, Sajeda Youssouf, Ahmed Yousuf, Chrissie Yu, Bernard Yung, Daniel Yusef, Said Yusef, Intekhab Yusuf, Anna-Sophia Zafar, Silvia Zagalo, Su Zaher, Aqsa Zahoor, Kareem Zaki, Nabhan Zakir, Kasia Zalewska, Ane Zamalloa, Mohsin Zaman, Shakir Zaman, Julie Zamikula, Louise Zammit, Marie Zammit-Mangion, Esther Zebracki, Daniel Zehnder, Lisa Zeidan, Xiaobei Zhao, Dongling Zheng, Doreen Zhu, Madiha Zia, Omar Zibdeh, Rabia Zill-E-Huma, Ei Thankt Zin, Eleanor Zinkin, Vivian Zinyemba, Christos Zipitis, Arkadiusz Zmierczak, Azam Zubir, Naz Zuhra, Rasha Zulaikha, Sabrina Zulfikar, Carol Zullo, and Ana Zuriaga-Alvaro
Supplementary Material
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Associated Data
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Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
The protocol, consent form, statistical analysis plan, definition and derivation of clinical characteristics and outcomes, training materials, regulatory documents, and other relevant study materials are available online at https://www.recoverytrial.net. As described in the protocol, the trial Steering Committee will facilitate the use of the study data and approval will not be unreasonably withheld. Deidentified participant data will be made available to researchers registered with an appropriate institution within 3 months of publication. However, the Steering Committee will need to be satisfied that any proposed publication is of high quality, honours the commitments made to the study participants in the consent documentation and ethical approvals, and is compliant with relevant legal and regulatory requirements (eg, relating to data protection and privacy). The Steering Committee will have the right to review and comment on any draft manuscripts before publication. Data will be made available in line with the policy and procedures described at https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/data-access. Individuals wishing to request access should complete the form at https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/files/about/data_access_enquiry_form_13_6_2019.docx and e-mail data.access@ndph.ox.ac.uk.