Abstract
Background
Four transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (the Yamanka factors), can reprogram somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Many studies have provided a number of alternative combinations to the non-Yamanaka factors. However, it is clear that many additional transcription factors that can generate iPSCs remain to be discovered.
Methods
The chromatin accessibility and transcriptional level of human embryonic stem cells and human urine cells were compared by Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify potential reprogramming factors. Selected transcription factors were employed to reprogram urine cells, and the reprogramming efficiency was measured. Urine-derived iPSCs were detected for pluripotency by Immunofluorescence, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RNA sequencing and teratoma formation test. Finally, we assessed the differentiation potential of the new iPSCs to cardiomyocytes in vitro.
Results
ATAC-seq and RNA-seq datasets predicted TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3 as potential factors involved in urine cell reprogramming. Transfection of TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3 (in the presence of Yamanaka factors) significantly improved the reprogramming efficiency of urine cells. We confirmed that the newly generated iPSCs possessed pluripotency characteristics similar to normal H1 embryonic stem cells. We also confirmed that the new iPSCs could differentiate to functional cardiomyocytes.
Conclusions
In conclusion, TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3 can increase the efficiency of reprogramming human urine cells into iPSCs, and provides a new stem cell sources for the clinical application and modeling of cardiovascular disease.
Graphical abstract
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12015-021-10220-z.
Keywords: TEAD2, TEAD4, ZIC3, Urine cells, Transcription factor, Induced pluripotent stem cell, Reprogramming, Myocardial differentiation
Background
The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology pioneered by Yamanaka et al. [1] was one of the most exciting discoveries in biotechnology this century. This technology has great potential in precision medicine, disease modeling, and drug discovery, and it also avoids ethical issues related to the generation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) from human embryos. Moreover, the process of somatic cell reprogramming is a unique system for studying cell fate determination, which can help us to understand basic life processes such as embryonic development, senescence, and pathological processes.
The classic Yamanaka factors used to reprogram include the four transcription factors (TFs): OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC (OSKM) [1, 2]. It was understood relatively early that other TFs are capable of reprogramming and many research groups have provided several alternative combinations of non-Yamanaka factors that can reprogram. For instance, Yu et al. [3] used the OCT4, SOX2, NANOG and LIN28 systems to generate human iPSCs, and Wang et al. [4] demonstrated the combination of Jdp2, Jhdm1b, Mkk6, Glis1, Nanog, Essrb, and Sall4 (7F) for mouse iPSCs reprogramming.
OSKM appears to induce the expression of genes necessary for acquiring a pluripotent state [5, 6]. What’s more, our previous studies of chromatin accessibility showed that the transition from somatic cells to iPSCs was related to the opening and closing of specific chromatin sites [7]. Intriguingly, the chromatin data revealed that OSKM were not the only TFs that became active during reprogramming, and a plethora of different TF-families are potentially involved in reprogramming. This suggested additional TFs are capable of iPSC reprogramming.
Many types of human somatic cells can be reprogrammed into iPSCs [8–10]. Among them, urine cells (UCs) are a very promising source cell. UCs have obvious advantages: simplicity, low cost, non-invasiveness [11, 12]. Most importantly, human urine cells are readily available, compared to more common sources of somatic cells such as skin fibroblasts, or blood cells, and can be easily reprogrammed [13].
In this study, we used Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to analyze the chromatin accessibility and the transcriptome of human UCs and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs, H1). We found that the chromatin accessibility of the two kind cells were dynamic and interestingly, we found TEAD2, TEAD4, and ZIC3 DNA-binding motifs were enriched in pluripotent related open loci and highly expressed in hESCs, suggest those factors have a potential role in regulating the establishment and maintenance of the pluripotent network [4, 7]. Therefore, we verified their effect on UCs reprogramming and found that they can significantly improve human iPSCs reprogramming when transfected in combination with OSKM. The resulting reprogrammed cells were similar to hESCs as measured by several assays, including: morphology, immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, teratoma formation. Finally, we show that the resulting iPSCs maintain normal differentiation capabilities and are capable of differentiation to cardiomyocytes.
Methods
Ethical Statement
The individuals in this study have signed written informed consent for donating UCs for stem cell generation. The experiments involving human subjects had been reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital. The studies using mice have been approved by the Ethical Committee on Animal Experiments at Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Collection and Expansion of UCs
Two donors were recruited for the collection of urine cells (UCs) with informed consent based on IRB approval of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital. The purposes and procedures for isolating UCs and generating induced pluripotent stem cells were explained to donors in detail and questions, if any, were answered in full. We then obtained a formally signed consent form and collected urine from each donor. UCs were collected as described previously [14]. In brief, urine samples were collected at the mid-stream from 2 individuals. Each urine sample was centrifuged at 400 g for 10 min to collect the exfoliated cells. The primary UCs were then processed and cultured and passaged in medium consisting of REBM (renal epithelial basal medium) containing Single Quot Kit CC-4127 REGM (CC-3190, Lonza) / Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM)/high glucose (1×) (Hyclone) containing 100× MEM NEAA (Gibco), 100× glutaMAX-1 (Gibco), and 10% Fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Hyclone) 1:1 (the combination of them is referred to as RM). Cells were resuspended with RM containing 1× P/S and 1 μg/ml Promicin (ant-pm-2, Invivogen), and were then transferred to 6-well tissue culture dishes coated with 1% gelatin solution (Gibco). On the third day, 1 ml of primary culture medium was added. Starting on the fourth day, most of the medium was aspirated and 2.0 ml of RM was added. Then, this procedure was repeated every other day until the urine-derived cells were robustly expanded.
Episomal Vectors Cloning
Human cDNAs encoding TEAD2, TEAD4, and ZIC3 were amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Episomal vectors-pCEP4 was digested with NotI and BamHI and then those cDNAs were inserted into pCEP4 after enzyme digestion. The primers of cloning, PCR analysis, and qPCR were used according to a previous report [11]. Primers used in this research can be found in Table. S1.
iPSC Generation
UCs (5 × 105 to 1 × 106) were individualized by 0.05% trypsin treatment and electroporated with indicated episomal plasmids using an Amaxa Basic Nucleofector Kit for primary mammalian epithelial cells, program T-020 (Lonza). The electroporated UCs were seeded onto matrigel (354,277, Becton Dickinson) pre-coated P6 wells. For the traditional reprogramming, cells that were electroporated with 3 μg of pEP4EO2SET2K (contains OCT4, SOX2, SV40LT, and KLF4) [12], and 2 μg of pCEP4-miR-302-367 cluster (contains miR-302b, c, a, d, and miR-367) [15]. The reprogramming medium was RM at days 0–1, and added five more small molecules A-83-01, Chir, Tzv, CPFT-a and NaB (5i) in RM medium at the early stage (days 2–9). Next, one more compound PD was added in mTeSR1 medium at the later stage (days 10–17) to maintain the reprogrammed iPSCs. When test the selected 3 candidate genes, 1.8 μg of pEP4EO2SET2K and 1.2 μg of pCEP4-miR-302-367 cluster plus 2 μg of pCEP4-TEAD2/pCEP4-TEAD4/pCEP4-ZIC3 were used and 2 μg of pCEP4-GFP served as positive controls. The reprogramming medium changed daily. The concentration of small molecules was shown as follows: 0.5 μM A-83-01 (SML0788-5MG, Sigma), 3 μM CHIR99021 (252917–06-9, Guangzhou Laura Biotech), 0.5 μM Tzv (1226056–71-8, Guangzhou Laura Biotech), 250 μM sodium butyrate (303410-100G, Sigma), 0.3 μM cyclic pifithrin-a (04–0040, Stemgent), and 0.5 μM PD0325901 (Guangzhou Laura Biotech). Each medium was changed every other day [16]. The iPSC colonies were picked at around days 15–18 and cultured in mTeSR1 on matrigel. The culture medium was changed daily. The iPSCs were passaged with Accutase (AT104–500, Innovative Cell Technologies).
Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) Staining
AP staining was performed as described previously [17].
PCR Analyses
PCR analysis of exogenous reprogramming factors and episomal backbone integration were performed as described previously [11]. Primers used in this research can be found in Table S1.
qPCR Analyses
qPCR reactions were set up in technical triplicate with the ChamQ SYBR® qPCR Master Mix (Q711–02, Vazyme), all qPCR primers used in this manuscript can be found in Table S1.
Immunofluorescence
Briefly, cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min at room temperature and blocked for 20 min at room temperature with 5% fetal bovine serum in PBS containing 0.1% Triton-X100. Then, the cells were incubated with primary antibody and appropriate second antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) diluted in 1% fetal bovine serum in PBS. Nuclei were stained with Gold Anti-fade Reagent with DAPI (Invitrogen). Then, the coverslips were mounted on the slides for observation on the confocal microscope (LSM800, Zeiss). The following primary antibodies were used in this project: OCT-4, SOX2, SSEA4, TRA-1-60(ab109884, Abcam), Cardiac Troponin T 647 (565,744, BD), and α-Actinin (Sarcomeric) monoclonal antibody (A7811, Sigma).
Teratoma Assay
Teratoma assay was performed to examine the in vivo differentiation potential of human iPSCs. Immunodeficient NOD/SCID/IL2rg−/− (NSI) mice lack mature T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells and therefore permit the engraftment of a wide range of primary human cells. iPSCs were collected with Accutase treatment, then resuspended by Matrigel and injected subcutaneously into 6-week-old immunocompromised NSI mice. Two injection groups were performed for each iPSC clone. After 4 weeks, teratomas were obtained from all injection groups. The teratomas were harvested and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (Jingxin Biotechnology). Samples were embedded in paraffin and processed with H&E staining in the Experimental Pathology Department of GIBH.
Cell Culture
Human ES cell (H1) line was purchased from WiCell (WA01/H1; WiCell, USA). The integration-free human iPS cell line derived from urine cells of a healthy donor. Human ESCs and human UiPSCs were maintained on matrigel-coated plates (354,234, Corning) in mTeSR1 medium (85,850, stemcell). When the cell density reached to 50–60%, Accutase was used for digestion at 37 °C for 5 min. A small number of cells in mTeSR1 supplemented with 5 μM ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 (S1049, Selleckchem) for 24 h, and then changed to mTeSR1 medium without Y-27632.
Cardiac Differentiation from hESCs and UiPSCs
Cardiac differentiation via GiWi2 protocol using RPMI differentiation medium was performed as described previously [18]. hPSCs including hESCs and UiPSCs were dissociated into single cells with Accutase at 37 °C for 5 min and then seeded onto a matrigel-coated cell culture dish at a density of 100,000–200,000 cells/cm2 in mTeSR1 supplemented with 5 μM ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 (day −2) for 24 h. Cells were then cultured in mTeSR1 and changed medium daily. On day 0, cells were treated with 6 μM CHIR99021 (CT99021, Selleckchem) in RPMI medium for 24 h (day 0 to day 1). On day 3, half of the medium was changed with a fresh RPMI medium containing 2.5 μM IWP2 (3533, Tocris). On day 5, the entire medium was changed with the RPMI medium. Cells were maintained in cardiomyocyte maintenance medium (CMM: RPMI supplemented with ITS-A Supplement (100X) (51,300,044, Gibco) and 200 μg/ml L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate (A8960, Sigma)) starting from day 7, with the medium changed every 2 days.
Flow Cytometry Analysis
To analyze the efficiency of myocardial cell differentiation, about 1 × 106 cells on day 15 of differentiation from hESCs and UiPSCs were harvested by using standard techniques. Briefly, cells on day 15 of differentiation were trypsinized and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min at room temperature. The cells were then washed with FACS buffer (PBS containing 2% FBS) and resuspended in 0.5% TritonX-100 for permeabilization by incubating for 10 min at room temperature. After washing, cells were sequentially incubated with fluorescently labeled antibody (Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated mouse anti-Cardiac Troponin T) overnight. Flow cytometry data were acquired by using BD Accuri C6 Flow analyzer and were analyzed using FlowJo vX.0.7 software.
ATAC-Seq
ATAC-seq was performed as previously described [7, 19, 20]. In brief, a total of 50,000 cells were washed once with 50 μL of cold PBS and resuspended in 50 μL lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 10 mM NaCl, 3 mM MgCl2, 0.2% (v/v) IGEPAL CA-630). The suspension of nuclei was then centrifuged for 10 min at 500 g at 4 °C, followed by the addition of 50 μL transposition reaction mix (25 μL TD buffer, 2.5 μL Tn5 transposase, and 22.5 μL nuclease-free H2O) of Nextera DNA Library Preparation Kit (96 samples) (FC-121-1031, Illumina). Samples were then PCR amplified and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. DNA was isolated using a MinElute Kit (QIAGEN). ATAC-seq libraries were first subjected to 5 cycles of pre-amplification. To determine the suitable number of cycles required for the second round of PCR the library was assessed by quantitative PCR as described [20], and the library was then PCR amplified for the appropriate number of cycles. Libraries were purified with a Qiaquick PCR (QIAGEN) column. Library concentration was measured by using a KAPA Library Quantification kit (KK4824) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Library integrity was checked by gel electrophoresis. Finally, the ATAC library was sequenced on a NextSeq 500 using a NextSeq 500 High Output Kit v2 (150 cycles) (FC-404-2002, Illumina) according to the manufacturer’s instruction.
RNA-Seq and Gene Expression Analysis
Total mRNA was isolated from hUCs, iPSCs, and ESCs. RNA-seq libraries were constructed using the VAHTSTM mRNA-seq V3 Library Prep Kit for Illumina® (Vazyme). RNA samples were sequenced by Annoroad Gene Technology Corporation. The clustering of the index-coded samples was performed on a cBot cluster generation system using HiSeq PE Cluster Kit v4-cBot-HS (Illumina) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After cluster generation, the libraries were sequenced on an Illumina platform. RNA-seq was processed as described previously [21], briefly reads were using aligned to a transcriptome index generated from the Ensembl annotations (v79), using RSEM [22], bowtie2 [23], and normalized using EDASeq [24]. RNA-seq data were expressed in units of GC-normalized tag counts.
ATAC-Seq Bioinformatic Analysis and Peak Calling
All sequencing data were mapped onto the hg38 human genome assembly using bowtie2 (−very-sensitive). Low quality mapped reads were removed using samtools (view –q 35) and unique reads mapping to a single genomic location and strand were kept. We removed mitochondrial sequences using ‘grep –v ‘chrM’. Biological replicates were merged, and peaks were called using Dfilter (Kumar et al., 2013) (with the settings: -bs = 100 –ks = 60 –refine). BigWig files were produced using genomeCoverageBed from Bedtools (scale = 107/ < each_sample’s_total_unique_reads >) and then bedGraphToBigWig. Gene ontology and gene expression measures were called by first collecting all TSSs within 10 kb of an ATAC-seq peak, and then performing GO analysis with GOseq [25], or measuring gene expression. Other analysis was performed using deepTools [26], HOMER [27], or glbase [28].
Statistical Analysis
The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. For comparison of different groups where appropriate, T-test were used for determining statistical significance (*, p ≤ 0.05; **, p ≤ 0.01; and ***, p ≤ 0.001 were considered significant).
Results
Chromatin Accessibility Dynamics Reveal Key Transcription Factors in Pluripotent Stem Cells
To screen for new TFs that could enhance human iPSCs reprogramming, we collected RNA-seq and ATAC-seq data from UCs (Fig. S1) from healthy donors, and human embryonic stem cell line (H1) (Fig. S2). All the UCs’ sequencing data were from two donors, we merged the two repeats and present the mean value of the ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data. Through the analysis of the transcriptome profile, 1186 and 857 highly expressed genes were discovered in the H1 and UCs respectively (Fig. 1a). By comparing the open peaks between H1 and UCs, the dataset reveals two basic groups, 78,197 peaks open in H1 but closed in UCs and 88,762 peaks open in UCs but closed in H1 (Fig. 1b). In the open peaks of H1, we detected the DNA binding motifs for several known pluripotent transcription factors (TFs) such as OCT4, SOX2, and the composite OCT4-SOX2 motif (OCT4-SOX2-NANOG). We also detected binding motifs for ZIC3, which has previously been demonstrated as a key regulator in maintain mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), and could enhance generate mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs) [29, 30]. Additionally, we observed enrichment for motifs in the open peaks for the TEAD (TEA domain) family of TFs, TEAD1, TEAD2, TEAD3, and TEAD4. These motifs were enriched in both the open peaks of UCs and H1s (Fig. 1c and d). When then looked at the gene expression data, TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3 were higher expressed in H1, however, the expression of TEAD1 and TEAD3 in UCs were similar with H1 (Fig. 1d). Overall, these analyses suggest TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3 are involved in maintaining pluripotency, and may have the potential for promote human iPSCs reprogramming.
Fig. 1.
Screen candidate reprogramming factors by analysing chromatin accessibility and transcriptome data. a Heatmap of RNA-seq analysis results of UCs and hESCs (H1). There are 1186 highly expressed genes in hESCs (H1) and 857 highly expressed genes in UCs. b ATAC-seq chromatin status. In order to make the data clearer, the sequencing results of the two replicates of UCs and hESCs (H1) were merged into one dataset using the mean value. There are 88,762 peaks opened in UCs but closed in hESCs (H1) and 78,197 peaks closed in UCs but opened in hESCs (H1). c DNA motif enrichment analysis of two groups of ATAC-seq data by HOMER [27]. d Chromatin landscape and gene expression value of the target genes (UC rep1 and UC rep2 represent ATAC-seq data from two donors). RNA-seq data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 2. ns P>0.05, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, unpaired two tailed student-t-test
TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3 Enhance Reprogram UCs into iPSCs
To investigate the role of TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3 in reprogramming, we constructed three overexpression vectors pCEP4-TEAD2, pCEP4-TEAD4 and pCEP4-ZIC3 (Fig. 2a). We first confirmed that the overexpression vectors could induce expression of the target genes TEAD2, TEAD4, ZIC3 in HEK-293 T (Fig. S3). Following the schematic showing the reprogram protocol of UCs into iPSCs with non-integrated episomal vectors [16] (Fig. 2b), we delivered the reprogramming vectors by electroporation. The morphology of UCs rapidly changed and the cells began to aggregate, and formed clusters at day 7. After changing the reprogramming medium at day 10, the cells continued to reprogram and formed obvious cell clones at day 16, with clear boundaries and slight bulges (Fig. 2c). On day 16, we performed AP staining and counted the number of AP+ clones (Fig. 2d). The number of colonies showed that TEAD2, TEAD4, and ZIC3 co-transfected with OSK + miR302–367 could significantly increase reprogramming of UCs to UiPSCs (Fig. 2e). This suggests the TFs enriched in pluripotent-specific open peaks can enhance reprogramming.
Fig. 2.
TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3 can promote reprogramming of human UCs into iPSCs. a Construction map of Episomal vectors of TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3: pCEP4-TEAD2, pCEP4-TEAD4, pCEP4-ZIC3. b Reprogramming protocol: add 5i to RM medium during induction period, and add 5i + PD to mTeSR1 medium during proliferation period. c The morphological changes of induced cells in different time points during the reprogramming process. d AP staining of each group iPSCs induced from UCs. e The number of AP+ clone number of each group of UCs. Data represented as mean ± SEM from three independent assays. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, unpaired two tailed student-t-test
The Quality of UiPSCs Generated by TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3
The UiPSCs induced by OSK and miR-302-367 clusters was named UiPSCs. And the iPSCs generated with the addition of the TFs, TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3, were named as UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4 and UiPSCs-ZIC3, respectively. To analyze the quality of UiPSCs, we performed AP staining, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence (Fig. S4a-c). The expression of pluripotent genes such as SOX2, OCT4 (POU5F1), NANOG, LIN28A, SALL4 and GDF3 of UiPSCs were similar to hESCs (Fig. S4b). To identify the pluripotency of UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4, and UiPSCs-ZIC3, we picked up and passaged the ESC-like colonies for at least 10 passages. When compared with H1 and UiPSCs, the colonies exhibited similar cellular morphology (Fig. 3a). PCR did not detect any integration of the episomal exogenous reprogramming factors (Fig. 3b). Immunofluorescence was used to detect pluripotent markers: OCT4, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and NANOG, and they were all present in the UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4 and UiPSCs-ZIC3 clones (Fig. 3c). To analyze the transcriptome of UiPSCs, we performed RNA-seq on UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4, UiPSCs-ZIC3, UiPSCs, H1 and UCs. Cross-correlation showed good correlation between the UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4, and UiPSCs-ZIC3, indicating similar overall expression profiles to UiPSCs and H1, but quite distinct from UCs (Fig. 3d). According to the RNA-seq data, we further compared the expression of 8 pluripotent factors, such as OCT4 (POU5F1), SOX2, NANOG, LIN28A, ESRRB, DNMT3B, ZFP42, SALL4. The expression of these 8 genes in UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4, and UiPSCs-ZIC3 were comparable to H1 and UiPSCs (Fig. 3e). Furthermore, we examined the differentiation potential of these UiPSCs in vivo. By injection of UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4, UiPSCs-ZIC3 and UiPSCs under the skin of NSI mice and all tests yielded tumors after one month. HE staining showed all the teratoma contain tissues of the three typical germ layers (Fig. 3f). These results indicated that UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4, and UiPSCs-ZIC3 possessed pluripotency similar to hESCs and UiPSCs.
Fig. 3.
Characteristics of the reprogrammed UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4 and UiPSCs-ZIC3 cell lines. a The morphology of UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4 and UiPSCs-ZIC3 clones are similar to H1 and UiPSCs (bar: 200 μm). b Detection of exogenous reprogramming factor integration by PCR analysis using genomic DNA in the UiPSCs clones. c immunofluorescence images of the pluripotency markers (OCT4, SOX2 SSEA4 and TRA-1-60) in UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4 and UiPSCs-ZIC3 cells (bar: 50 μm). d The R2 correlation coefficient matrix of all versus all RNA-seq datasets as indicated. e The expression level for select pluripotent genes from RNA-seq data. Data represented as mean ± SEM from two replicates. f Teratoma assay of UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4, UiPSCs-ZIC3 and control UiPSCs. H&E staining was performed after 4 weeks subcutaneous injection, each image presents histology consistent with endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm. (bar: 90 μm)
UiPSCs Can Differentiate into Myocardial Cells
To explore the differentiation potential of UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4 and UiPSCs-ZIC3, we induced those UiPSCs to differentiate into myocardial cells in vitro using an albumin-free GiWi (named GiWi2) protocol reported by Lian et al. [19]. Among the 15 days of cardiac differentiation, the majority of cells exhibited spontaneous contractions, and typical cardiomyocyte morphology (Fig. 4a, video. S1, video. S2, video. S3, video. S4, video. S5). When compare the TNNT2+ cells by flow cytometry, UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4 and UiPSCs-ZIC3 could generated more than 60% TNNT2+ cells, similar to H1 and UiPSCs (Fig. 4b). Moreover, the immunofluorescence images show that all the cardiomyocyte induced from UiPSCs, UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4 and UiPSCs-ZIC3 expressed the myocardial cell markers TNNT2 and α-actinin (Fig. 4c). In addition, RT-qPCR revealed the upregulation of myocardial cell specific marker genes NKX2.5 and TNNT2 and downregulation of pluripotent gene NANOG in myocardial cells differentiated from UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4, and UiPSCs-ZIC3, as compared with undifferentiated H1 and UiPSCs (Fig. 4d). The results suggest UiPSCs obtained from TEAD2, TEAD4, and ZIC3 have the potential to differentiate into cardiomyocytes.
Fig. 4.
Induce UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4, and UiPSCs-ZIC3 differentiate to myocardial cells. a The cell morphology of induced myocardial cells from H1, UiPSCs, UiPSCs-TEAD2, UiPSCs-TEAD4 and UiPSCs-ZIC3 (bar: 200 μm). b FACS assay to detect the proportion of TNNT2+ cells after 15 days myocardial cells differentiation. c Immunofluorescence experiment to detect the expression of myocardial markers TNNT2 and α-actinin in differentiated myocardial cells. The nuclei were stained with DAPI (bar: 20 μm). d qPCR was used to detect the expression of pluripotency markers (NANOG) and myocardial markers (NKX2.5 and TNNT2) in differentiated cells and pluripotent cells. Data represented as mean ± SEM from three independent assays. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, unpaired two tailed student-t-test
Discussion
In 2006, Takahashi and Yamanaka. reported induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) [1], Since then many improvements to have been enacted to improve the generation of iPSCs, however the mechanism of reprogramming is still unclear. In our previous study, we found that chromatin dynamics could regulate cell fate decisions [7]. Through the analysis of the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility during reprogramming we developed a new 7 factors (7F) reprogramming system, which could generate high quality iPSCs with only 4 days induction [4]. However, whilst mouse iPSC generation is now relatively efficient, human iPSCs reprogramming remains inefficient and difficult. Applying the same 7F logic to human, we found three new factors: TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3 that could enhance the generation of human iPSCs.
ZIC3 is a member of the ZIC (zinc-finger of the cerebellum) gene family. It belongs to the GLI superfamily of zinc-finger transcription factors and is homologous to the Opa gene of Drosophila [31]. ZIC3 protein contains 1 DNA binding domain, 2 nuclear localization signals (NLS), and 1 nuclear export signal (NES). And the zinc finger domain (ZFD) of this protein contains 5 tandem zinc finger motifs. ZIC3 participates in a variety of physiological processes, and its mutations can cause a variety of developmental abnormalities, which is especially important for left-right symmetry [10]. ZIC3 also plays a role in maintaining the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Lim Ls et al. [29] confirmed that ZIC3 was the direct target gene of OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2. ZIC3 was continuously expressed in embryonic stem cells, and is down regulated when stem cells begin to differentiate. Lim Ls et al. [29] speculated that ZIC3 maintain the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells by inhibiting the differentiation of endoderm. Yang et al. [30] showed that ZIC3 was a potential regulator of cell fate transitions during embryonic stem cell differentiation. In our study we found ZIC3 also could promotes reprogramming of human UCs into iPSCs.
The Hippo signaling pathway was discovered in the past two decades, and plays an important role in regulating organ size and tissue homeostasis, embryo development, and tumor-related signal transduction pathways [32, 33]. The transcriptional co-activator YAP/TAZ are the core part of the Hippo pathway. It regulates the expression of downstream genes by combining with transcription factors such as TEAD. Nishioka et al. [34] found that TEAD4 was a key factor in the formation of trophectoderm, and its role was closely related to the Hippo signaling pathway. Studies found that the TEA domain of TEAD4 have a wide range of interactions with DNA double strands, including the main and auxiliary grooves of the DNA helix. Mutations at any site of TEAD4 can significantly reduce its occupancy in the promoter region of the target gene, thereby severely impairing YAP-induced TEAD4 transactivation and gene transcription [35].
TEAD2 is another member of the TEAD family but to date it has not been well studied. TEAD2, like other members of the TEAD family, can bind to YAP (an important member of the evolutionarily conserved Hippo pathway [36] and activate the expression of anti-apoptosis and proliferation genes. TEAD2 was considered a new tumor prognostic factor [37]. Tamm et al. [38] revealed that the Yes-YAP-TEAD2 signaling system was downstream of the LIF signaling pathway, which was of great significance to the self-renewal of mouse ESCs. It has been reported that TEAD4 can improve the reprogramming efficiency of human fibroblasts [39].
Urine-derived iPSCs can serve as a modeling tool to study rare human diseases. Previous studies have shown that Urine-derived iPSCs can further differentiate to a variety of cell types, including cardiomyocytes [40–44]. In this study, we show that all the UiPSCs generated by reprogramming cocktail(OSK + miR302–367)with additional TFs such as TEAD2, TEAD4 or ZIC3 could differentiated to functional cardiomyocytes. These results indicated that the expression of TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3 during human iPSCs reprogramming did not affect its differentiation ability in vitro.
In summary, we showed that TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3 can enhance the efficiency of reprogram human UCs into iPSCs by the traditional reprogram cocktail (OSK + miR302–367). Further study could use this more efficiency reprogramming system to reprogram patient UCs into iPSCs and establish disease modeling for studying disease mechanisms, screening patient-specific drug and developing potential therapies.
Conclusions
We designed a strategy to screen new factors that could enhance human iPSC reprogramming and identified three potential transcription factors: TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3. The results presented here not only confirmed the role of TEAD4 in promoting human iPSC reprogramming but also provided evidence of TEAD2 and ZIC3 involvement in human reprogramming systems. We finally conclude that these transcription factors did not affect the differentiation ability of UiPSCs in vitro and could be used for further clinical application of stem cells therapy in cardiovascular disease.
Supplementary Information
Morphology of urine cells obtained from volunteer donors (before induction) (bar: 200 μm). (PNG 1622 kb)
Per base sequence quality of FASTQC Report of ATAC-seq. UC rp1 and UC rp2 represent urine cell samples from two donors, respectively. H1 rp1 and H1 rp2 represent two ATAC-seq libraries of human embryo stem cells. (PNG 9361 kb)
After transiently transfecting pCEP4-TEAD2, pCEP4-TEAD4 and pCEP4-ZIC3 into HEM-293 T cells, the expression of TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3 was significantly higher than control cells transfected with pCEP4-GFP. Data represented as mean ± SEM from three independent assays. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. (PNG 1995 kb)
The characteristics of UiPSCs. a AP staining shown AP positive clones after 17 days iPSCs reprogramming with OSK plus miR302–367 cluster (bar = 100 μm). b The expression level of pluripotent genes OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28A, SALL4, GDF3 in UiPSCs, H1 and UCs. Data represented as mean ± SEM from three independent assays. Data represented as mean ± SEM from three independent assays. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. c Immunostaining of OCT4, SOX2, SSA4, TRA-1-60 in UiPSCs (bar: 100 μm). (PNG 5925 kb)
The cardiomyocyte contraction movie about H1 induced cardiomyocyte differentiation at day 15. (MP4 4128 kb)
The cardiomyocyte contraction movie about UiPSCs induced cardiomyocyte differentiation at day 15. (MP4 4547 kb)
The cardiomyocyte contraction movie about UiPSCs-TEAD2 induced cardiomyocyte differentiation at day 15. (MP4 2264 kb)
The cardiomyocyte contraction movie about UiPSCs-TEAD4 induced cardiomyocyte differentiation at day 15. (MP4 3310 kb)
The cardiomyocyte contraction movie about UiPSCs-ZIC3 induced cardiomyocyte differentiation at day 15. (MP4 5655 kb)
Primer list. (XLSX 12 kb)
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr. Peng Li (National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China) for providing the NSI mice. We thank Andrew P. Hutchins for helping revise the manuscript. The authors also gratefully thank the support from the Guangzhou Branch of the Supercomputing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Code Availability
The software applications or custom code used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- ATAC-seq
Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing
- RNA-seq
RNA sequencing.
- UCs
Urine cells; ESCs: Embryo stem cells
- iPSCs
Induced pluripotent stem cells
- OSKM
OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC
- AP
Alkaline phosphatase
- TFs
Transcription factors
- CMs
Cardiomyocytes
- PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction
- REBM
renal epithelial basal medium
- DMEM
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- FBS
Fetal bovine serum
- IF
Immunofluorescence
- KSR
Knockout serum replacement
Author’s Contribution
D.L. and P.H initiated and designed the project. P.H., R.Z, G.L performed experiments. Y.L. performed the bioinformatics analysis of the data. P.H. prepared the ATAC-seq and RNA-seq libraries and wrote the methods. D.L., P.Z. and D.P. conceptualized and supervised the project and wrote the manuscript with help from J.Z.
Funding
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (92068021, 31801069, 31830060, 81570279, 81974019), Major State Basic Research Development Program (2017YFA0504100), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0108700, 2017YFA0105602), NSFC Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges (81720108004), the “Strategic Priority Research Program” of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA16010505), Guangdong Science and Technology Project (2020B1212060052), and the Youth Innovation Promotion of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2019348) to DL. The Research Team Project of Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (2017A030312007), The key program of Guangzhou science research plan (201904020047), Fountain-Valley Life Sciences Fund of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Education Foundation, The Special Project of Dengfeng Program of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital(DFJH201812; KJ012019119;KJ012019423).
Data Availability
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data described in this study was deposited with the gene expression omnibus with the accession number GEO: GSE168392.
Declarations
Ethics Approval
The individuals in this study have signed written informed consent for donating UCs for stem cell generation. The experiments involving human subject had been reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital.
The studies using mice have been approved by the Ethnical Committee on Animal Experiments at Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Consent to Participate
Two donors were recruited for urine samples with informed consent based on IRB approval of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital. The purposes and procedures for isolating urine cells and generating stem cells were explained to donors in detail, and questions, if any, were answered in full. We then obtained a formal signed consent form and collected urine from each donor.
Consent for Publication
The participant has consented to the submission of the case report to the journal.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
Ping Zhu is the Lead Contact
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Dongwei Li, Email: li_dongwei@gibh.ac.cn.
Duanqing Pei, Email: peiduanqing@westlake.edu.cn.
Ping Zhu, Email: tanganqier@163.com.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Morphology of urine cells obtained from volunteer donors (before induction) (bar: 200 μm). (PNG 1622 kb)
Per base sequence quality of FASTQC Report of ATAC-seq. UC rp1 and UC rp2 represent urine cell samples from two donors, respectively. H1 rp1 and H1 rp2 represent two ATAC-seq libraries of human embryo stem cells. (PNG 9361 kb)
After transiently transfecting pCEP4-TEAD2, pCEP4-TEAD4 and pCEP4-ZIC3 into HEM-293 T cells, the expression of TEAD2, TEAD4 and ZIC3 was significantly higher than control cells transfected with pCEP4-GFP. Data represented as mean ± SEM from three independent assays. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. (PNG 1995 kb)
The characteristics of UiPSCs. a AP staining shown AP positive clones after 17 days iPSCs reprogramming with OSK plus miR302–367 cluster (bar = 100 μm). b The expression level of pluripotent genes OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28A, SALL4, GDF3 in UiPSCs, H1 and UCs. Data represented as mean ± SEM from three independent assays. Data represented as mean ± SEM from three independent assays. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. c Immunostaining of OCT4, SOX2, SSA4, TRA-1-60 in UiPSCs (bar: 100 μm). (PNG 5925 kb)
The cardiomyocyte contraction movie about H1 induced cardiomyocyte differentiation at day 15. (MP4 4128 kb)
The cardiomyocyte contraction movie about UiPSCs induced cardiomyocyte differentiation at day 15. (MP4 4547 kb)
The cardiomyocyte contraction movie about UiPSCs-TEAD2 induced cardiomyocyte differentiation at day 15. (MP4 2264 kb)
The cardiomyocyte contraction movie about UiPSCs-TEAD4 induced cardiomyocyte differentiation at day 15. (MP4 3310 kb)
The cardiomyocyte contraction movie about UiPSCs-ZIC3 induced cardiomyocyte differentiation at day 15. (MP4 5655 kb)
Primer list. (XLSX 12 kb)
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data described in this study was deposited with the gene expression omnibus with the accession number GEO: GSE168392.