Abstract
To evaluate the self-rate health (SRH) status and explore influence factors of middle-aged and elderly in China.
China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey was conducted in 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2018. Data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey in 2018 was used in our study and a total of 17898 participants were included. SRH status was graded as “very good, good, average, bad, very bad.” Participants who answered “very good” and “good” were regarded as self-rated good health and who answered “average,” “bad” and “very bad” were regarded as self-rated poor health. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of Logistics regression were calculated to evaluate the correlation between SRH and chronic diseases, demographic characteristics and lifestyle of middle-aged and elderly participants.
A total of 4476 (25.01%) participants reported they had good health, and 13422 (74.99%) reported they had poor health. 9975 participants self-rated they had no chronic disease (55.73%), and 7923 (44.27%) participants self-rated they suffered from one and above chronic diseases. The prevalence of chronic diseases showed significant odds ratio and trend with SRH poor rate of participants. The more kinds of chronic diseases they suffered from, the poorer SRH was reported in middle-aged and elderly participants. Except for the chronic diseases, participants with higher age, living in rural, with high Center for Epidemiological Survey-Depression Scale score of depression and fewer time of physical activities also correlated with higher SRH (poor) rate.
The SRH (good) rate was very low in middle-aged and elderly, participants who accompanied with more kinds of chronic diseases, fewer physical activities, higher age and living in the rural had a worse health status. A more comprehensive and integrated health framework should be strengthened to improve the health of middle-aged and elderly in China.
Keywords: China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey, chronic diseases, middle-aged and elderly, self-rated health
1. Introduction
The aging population is developing rapidly in China. By the end of 2018, the number of elderly people over 60 years old has reached 249 million, accounting for 17.9% of the total population. It is estimated that the number of elderly people will exceed 400 million in 2050, and the aging level will reach more than 30%.[1] With the aging of population, the prevalence of chronic diseases has increased rapidly, and the burden of diseases caused by age-related chronic non-communicable diseases will continue to increase.[2] Chronic diseases are prevalent among older persons, 65% of U.S. men and 72% women with the age over 65 had two or more chronic illnesses in 2010.[3]
A lot of health indicators have been used to evaluate the health status of middle-aged and elderly, such as activity of daily living (ADL), quality of life, medical expense and so on. Self-rated health (SRH) is an individual's subjective evaluation and estimation of their own health status, which has been used as a screening tool to assess the health of older adults.[4,5] Studies have shown that SRH status is closely related to the ADL and cognitive function of the elderly, which can predict adverse health outcomes and death risk.[6,7] Poor SRH is significantly related to increased mortality.[8] Ho SH [5] reported that chronic diseases, particularly stroke, were found to be a significant predictive factor related to poor health status. Due to the development of aging in China, the number of patients with chronic diseases is rising rapidly, especially in middle-aged and elderly. A lot of studies have discussed SRH issues primarily in terms of a single facet such as demographic factors, healthcare utilization or chronic diseases and that have seldom been investigated across these factors, particularly with regard to health status related to middle-aged and elderly. To fill this gap, our study aim to evaluate the SRH and find out the key factors which seriously influence the SRH status of middle-aged and elderly in China, and help to formulate more effective programs to improve the awareness and management of chronic diseases in China and other developing countries based on the data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) in 2018.
The data used in this research was obtained from CHARLS. First, we sorted out the data of the CHARLS in 2018 survey to remove invalid questionnaires and acquired valid results of SRH status, chronic diseases, physical activities, gender and other data in middle-aged and elderly participants. Second, we analyzed the relationship between SRH status and chronic diseases, physical activities, depression in middle-aged and elderly. Third, a multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the key influencing factors of poor SRH in middle-aged and elderly.
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and data
CHARLS is a large-scale interdisciplinary survey project sponsored by the National Development Research Institute of Peking University and jointly implemented by the China Social Science Survey Center of Peking University and the Youth League Committee of Peking University. It is a major project funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. It aims to collect a set of high-quality micro data representing the families and individuals of the middle-aged and elderly people aged 45 and above in China for the analysis of China's aging population and promoting interdisciplinary research on aging. CHARLS conducted surveys and interviews in 150 counties and 450 communities (villages) of 28 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2018 respectively. By the time of completion of the nationwide follow-up in 2018, its samples had covered 19000 respondents in a total of 12400 families. Multi-stage Probability Proportionate to Size Sampling method was adopted for sampling through the four stages of county (district)-village (resident)-household-individual. In our study, the data of CHARLS in 2018 was used. All data collected in the CHARLS are maintained at the National School of Development of Peking University. All the data can be found at http://charls.pku.edu.cn. The CHARLS was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University, and all participants signed an informed consent form before the start of the investigation.
2.2. Variables
2.2.1. Self-rated health status
Results of SRH were acquired through a single choice question “what do you think of your health status.” The options were “very good, good, average, bad, very bad.” In the analysis, the five categories of SRH were transformed into two categories of variables, namely, self-rated good health (answering “very good” and “good”) and self-rated poor health (answering “average,” “bad” and “very bad”).[9]
2.2.2. Chronic diseases
A total of 14 chronic diseases were included in the questionnaire, they were hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, cancer, chronic lung diseases, liver disease, heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, stomach disease, emotional disease, memory-related disease, arthritis and asthma. In the questionnaire, participants were asked if a doctor had ever diagnosed them that they had suffered from hypertension, diabetes and other 12 chronic diseases. Participants who answered “yes” were identified as self-rated chronic diseases, and the others were no self-rated chronic diseases.
2.2.3. Physical activities
Physical activities were divided into three types, vigorous, moderate and light. Vigorous physical activities made participants breathe much harder than normal, including heavy lifting, aerobics, fast bicycling and so on. Moderate physical activities made participants somewhat harder than normal, including carrying light loads, bicycling at a regular pace, practicing Taijiquan and so on. Light physical activities include walking from place to place and other walking solely for recreation, exercise or leisure. The time spent on physical activities was divided into less than 30 minutes (<30 min), between 30 minutes and 2 hours (30 min – 2 h), more than 2 hours (≥ 2 h).
2.2.4. Depression
Depression was examined by the Center for Epidemiological Survey, Depression Scale (CES-D), which had 10 items. 0 = hardly like this (less than 1 day), 1 = a little like this (1-2 days), 2 = a lot like this (3-4 days), 3 = almost like this (5-7 days). The total score ranged from 0 to 30, participants with total score <10 were defined as “without depressive symptoms,” with 10-20 score as “with depressive symptoms;” 20 or more as “with severe depressive symptoms.”
2.3. Statistical analysis
STATA 16.0 software was used to conduct statistical analysis. The mean and standard deviation were used to describe quantitative variables, and rate or composition ratio were used to describe categorical variables. t test was used to analyze the mean difference of quantitative variables and χ2 test was used to analyze rate or composition ratio difference of categorical variables. Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for SRH influence factors. α=0.05 was used as the test level, when P value was less than .05 (two-sided test), the difference was considered to be statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. Demographic characteristic
A total of 17898 participants were included in our study, including self-rated chronic diseases participants 7923 and no self-rated disease participants 9975. Significant differences were observed between self-rated chronic diseases group and no self-rated chronic diseases group in age, location of residence and marital status, P < .05. (Fig. 1 and Table 1).
Figure 1.
Flow chat of participants screening.
Table 1.
Characteristics of middle-aged and elderly participants of the CHARLS in 2018.
| SRH (good) | SRH (poor) | |||||
| Characteristic | Number of participants | n | % | n | % | P value |
| Age (yr) | ||||||
| ≥45–<55 | 4430 | 1416 | 31.96% | 3014 | 68.04% | |
| ≥55–<65 | 6025 | 1587 | 26.34% | 4438 | 73.66% | <.01 |
| ≥65–<75 | 5218 | 1045 | 20.03% | 4173 | 79.97% | |
| ≥75 | 2225 | 428 | 19.24% | 1798 | 80.81% | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 8497 | 2351 | 27.67% | 6146 | 72.33% | <.01 |
| Female | 9401 | 2125 | 22.60% | 7276 | 77.40% | |
| Location of residence | ||||||
| City | 4453 | 1329 | 29.85% | 3124 | 70.15% | <.01 |
| Rural | 13445 | 3147 | 23.41% | 10298 | 76.59% | |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 15417 | 3959 | 25.68% | 11458 | 74.32% | <.01 |
| Never married or divorced | 2481 | 517 | 20.84% | 1964 | 79.16% | |
| Education | ||||||
| Primary and below | 15606 | 3658 | 23.44% | 11948 | 76.56% | <.01 |
| Secondary and above | 2292 | 818 | 35.69% | 1474 | 64.31% | |
CHARLS = China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey, SRH = self-rated health.
3.2. SRH status in middle-aged and elderly
A total of 13422 announced they had poor health in 17898 participants, the rate was 74.99%. 3234 participants in self-rated no chronic diseases group (9975) reported they had good health (32.42%), 924 participants in self-rated one chronic disease (4930) reported they had good health (18.74%), 240 participants in self-rated two chronic diseases (1850) reported they had good health (12.97%), 78 participants in self-rated three chronic diseases reported they had good health (6.82%). Compared with no chronic disease, significant difference was observed in one, two and three and above chronic diseases group, P < .05.(Table 2).
Table 2.
SRH status in middle-aged and elderly.
| Group | Number of participants | SRH good | Rate | P value |
| No chronic disease | 9975 | 3234 | 32.42% | <.01 |
| One chronic disease | 4930 | 924 | 18.74% | |
| Two chronic disease | 1850 | 240 | 12.97% | |
| Three and above chronic disease | 1143 | 78 | 6.82% | |
| Total | 17898 | 4476 | 25.01% |
SRH = self-rated health.
Line funnel were drawn to predict probability of self-rated poor health in middle-aged and elderly for age incremented by 5 years stratified by gender and physical activities. Both male and female had increasing poor SRH rate with age, and female has a higher poor SRH rate than male (Fig. 2). Below the age of 60, low, medium and high physical activities had no obvious different effects on poor SRH rate. Above the age of 60, participants with more physical activities have a lower poor SRH rate (Fig. 3).
Figure 2.
Occurrence probability of poor SRH in middle-aged and elderly by gender. SRH = self-rated health.
Figure 3.
Occurrence probability of poor SRH in middle-aged and elderly by physical activities. SRH = self-rated health.
3.3. Relationship between SRH status and the Charlson comorbidity scores of chronic diseases in middle-aged and elderly
To evaluate the influence of chronic diseases on SRH, we evaluated the Charlson comorbidity scores of chronic diseases. In the SRH (good) group, 3379 (75.49%) participants with the Charlson comorbidity scores “0,” 1078 (24.08%) participants with the Charlson comorbidity scores “1–3,” 19 (0.42%) participants with the Charlson comorbidity scores “≥4.” In the SRH (poor) group, 7264 (54.12%) participants with the Charlson comorbidity scores “0,” 5893 (43.91%) participants with the Charlson comorbidity scores “1–3,” 265 (1.97%) participants with the Charlson comorbidity scores “≥4.” The rate of participants with higher Charlson comorbidity scores was higher in SRH (poor) than that in SRH (good) group, P < .05. (Table 3).
Table 3.
The Charlson comorbidity scores of different SRH status in middle-aged and elderly.
| Group | Scores | Number of participants | Rate | P value |
| SRH (good) | 0 | 3379 | 75.49% | <.01 |
| 1–3 | 1078 | 24.08% | ||
| ≥4 | 19 | 0.42% | ||
| SRH (poor) | 0 | 7264 | 54.12% | |
| 1–3 | 5893 | 43.91% | ||
| ≥4 | 265 | 1.97% |
SRH = self-rated health.
3.4. Depression and physical activities in middle-aged and elderly
The CES-D depression scores were significantly lower in SRH (good) group (7.84 ± 0.07) than that in SRH (poor) group (10.09 ± 0.05). The participants with SRH (good) spent more time on daily physical activities than participants with SRH (poor). (Table 4).
Table 4.
Relationship between SRH and depression, physical activity.
| Depression | Physical activity | |||||
| Group | n | scores | n | <30min/d | 30min-2h/d | ≥2h/d |
| SRH (good) | 4468 | 7.84 ± 0.07 | 4161 | 227 (5.46%) | 1465 (35.21%) | 2469 (59.34%) |
| SRH (poor) | 13400 | 10.09 ± 0.05 | 12156 | 816 (6.71%) | 4083 (33.59%) | 7257 (59.70%) |
| Total | 17868∗ | 9.52 ± 0.04 | 16317† | 1043 | 5548 | 9726 |
SRH = self-rated health.
30 participants did not provide the result of decompression.
1581 participants did not provide the result of physical activity.
The CES-D depression scores in no chronic disease were 8.92 ± 5.29 which was statistically lower than that in one chronic disease group (9.86 ± 5.58), two chronic diseases group (10.68 ± 5.77) and three and above chronic diseases group (11.46 ± 6.06), significantly statistical difference was observed between each group, P < .05. Participants with no chronic diseases group spent more time on daily physical activities than participants with chronic diseases, significantly statistical difference was also observed between each group, P < .05. (Table 5).
Table 5.
Relationship between chronic diseases and depression, physical activity.
| Depression | Physical activity† | ||||
| Group | n | scores | <30min/d | 30min-2h/d | ≥2h/d |
| No chronic disease | 9960 | 8.92 ± 5.29 | 551 (6.03%) | 2970 (32.49%) | 5620 (61.48%) |
| One chronic disease | 4923 | 9.86 ± 5.58 | 293 (6.49%) | 1586 (35.12%) | 2637 (58.39%) |
| Two chronic disease | 1847 | 10.68 ± 5.77 | 120 (7.27%) | 584 (35.39%) | 946 (57.33%) |
| Three and above | 1138 | 11.46 ± 6.06 | 79 (7.82%) | 408 (40.40%) | 523 (51.78%) |
| Total | 17868∗ | 9.52 ± 5.53 | 1043 | 5548 | 9726 |
30 participants did not provide the result of decompression.
1581 participants did not provide the result of physical activity.
3.5. Influence factors of poor SRH in middle-aged and elderly
Logistics regression was used to analyze the factors which influenced SRH in middle-aged and elderly. In the results of multiple logistics regression, age, gender, location of residence, education, depression and chronic diseases were key factors which significantly influenced the SRH of middle-aged and elderly. The chronic diseases, age and living in the rural were important influencing factors which positively affected self-rated poor health. The participants had a higher self-rated poor health rate if they had higher age, one or more chronic diseases and living in the rural. On the contrary, higher education and physical activities negatively affected self-rated poor health. The participants had a lower self-rated poor health rate if they had higher education or more than 30 minutes physical activities every day. The female participants also had a higher self-rated poor health rate than male participants (Tables 6 and 7).
Table 6.
Influence factors of self-rated poor health in middle aged and elderly.
| Variable | OR | 95%CI | P value |
| Age | |||
| ≥45-<55 | |||
| ≥55-<65 | 1.15 | 1.10–1.20 | <.01 |
| ≥65-<75 | 1.23 | 1.20–1.27 | <.01 |
| ≥75 | 1.19 | 1.15–1.22 | <.01 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | |||
| Female | 1.31 | 1.22–1.40 | <.01 |
| Location of residence | |||
| City | |||
| Rural | 1.40 | 1.29–1.52 | <.01 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | |||
| Never married or divorced | 1.04 | 0.92–1.16 | .56 |
| Education | |||
| Primary and below | |||
| Secondary and above | 0.55 | 0.50–0.61 | <.01 |
| Depression | 1.09 | 1.08–1.10 | <.01 |
| Physical activity | |||
| <30min/d | |||
| 30min-2h/d | 0.77 | 0.66–0.91 | <.01 |
| ≥2h/d | 0.90 | 0.84–0.98 | .01 |
| Chronic disease | |||
| No chronic disease | |||
| One chronic disease | 2.08 | 1.91–2.26 | <.01 |
| Two chronic diseases | 1.79 | 1.67–1.93 | <.01 |
| Three and above | 1.87 | 1.73–2.02 | <.01 |
95%CI = 95% confidence interval, OR = odds ratio.
Table 7.
Multiple logistics regression model about the influence factors of self-rated poor health in middle aged and elderly.
| Variables | Regression coefficient β | 95%CI | P value |
| Age | 0.39 | 0.31–0.47 | <.01 |
| Gender | 0.15 | 0.07–0.22 | <.01 |
| Location of residence | 0.31 | 0.22–0.40 | <.01 |
| Marital status | −0.03 | −0.14–0.09 | .68 |
| Education | −0.38 | −0.49--0.27 | <.01 |
| Depression | 0.07 | 0.07–0.08 | <.01 |
| Physical activity | −0.05 | −0.12–0.01 | .09 |
| Chronic disease | 0.61 | 0.56–0.67 | <.01 |
95%CI = 95%confidence interval.
4. Discussion
Various health indicators have been used to examine health status, including morbidity, ADL, quality of life. However, it is difficult to assess overall health of participants using these multiple indicators.[10] SRH has been regarded as an increasingly common measure for public health monitoring which is a strong independent predictor of mortality after accounting for objective health status, lifestyle risk factors and socio-demographic characteristics, and it also provides a suitable and inexpensive method of assessing an individual's health.[11] Various socio-demographic, health and lifestyle determinants of SRH have been identified in different populations, such as aging, sleeping, physical activities and so on.
In recent years, with the aging of population development, chronic diseases have become the main factor affecting the health of the population in China. More than half (51.8%) of adults had at least 1 of 10 selected diagnosed chronic conditions (arthritis, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, current asthma, diabetes, hepatitis, hypertension, stroke, and weak or failing kidneys), and 27.2% of US adults had multiple chronic conditions.[12] Among the chronic diseases, the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and other diseases increased significantly. In our study, we found that 44.27% participants reported that they suffered from one or more chronic diseases. The rate of self-reported one chronic disease was 27.54%, two chronic diseases 10.34%, three and above chronic diseases 6.39% respectively. These results were consistent with the analysis report of the Fifth National Health Service Survey in 2013, the prevalence of chronic diseases in China was 29.50% in aged 45 to 54, 52.60% in aged 55 to 64 and 78.40% in aged over 65.[13] Most middle-aged and elderly self-rated themselves unhealthy, the self-rate health rate was only 25.01%. The total scores of the Charlson comorbidity in SRH good group was significantly lower than that in SRH poor group, chronic diseases and their complications were key influencing factors affecting good SRH in middle-aged and elderly. According to the logistics regression results, chronic disease was also one of the most important factors which caused self-rated poor health in middle-aged and elderly. Due to long course and poor prognosis, chronic diseases not only lead to physical and functional damage, but also have long-term and serious negative effects on patients’ psychological status and social adaptability. With the changing of life style and trend of aging, the prevalence of chronic diseases significantly increases, the loss of quality of life and the burden of disease caused to the society are becoming more and more serious.
Participants with higher age who are usually accompanied by chronic diseases and functional decline often report poorer SRH and encompassing quality of life.[14] In our study, we found that higher age was correlated with both chronic diseases and poor SRH. Both male and female had increased poor SRH rate with age increasing, and the female participants had a higher poor SRH rate than male before the age of 75. After the age of 75, the difference of poor SRH rate between female and male participants gradually disappeared. Some studies reported that older adults, especially those who were widowed, experience worse health than those whose spouses were still alive. Widowed older adults experienced the effects of bereavement, which had a negative impact on their health and survival rate.[15–17] In our study, we found that the prevalence of chronic diseases was lower in married than that in never married or divorced, but different SRH rate was not observed between the two groups. Higher odds of poor SRH were found among people from low socio-economic status.[18] We also found that participants who were living in rural and with lower education announced a higher rate of poor SRH. Strategies and programs that aim to improve health conditions in rural populations should be paid for more attention. Depression was often regarding as one of the influencing factors which decrease the SRH status.[19] In our study, we found that depression correlated with both poor SRH and chronic diseases. The CES-D depression scores was significantly lower in good SRH group than that in poor SRH group, and the participants with chronic diseases had higher depression scores than that in no chronic disease participants, and participants with three and above had the highest depression scores. The logistics regression results indicated depression was one of the influencing factors which affected SRH status in middle-aged and elderly. Physical activities were often correlated with the activities of daily living in elderly, previous studies have reported it related to better self-rated wellbeing, and more frequent physical activities were linearly associated with better self-rated wellbeing.[20,21] In our study, physical activities were divided into three levels, low (<30 min/d), medium (30min-2 h/d) and high (≥2 h/d). Results indicated that the time spent on physical activities were positively correlated with the rate of self-rated good health. Below the age of 60, low, medium and high physical activities had no obvious different effects on poor SRH rate. Above the age of 60, participants with more physical activities have a lower poor SRH rate.
5. Conclusion and limitations
Our study provided a large sample survey of SRH status in middle-aged and elderly and provided evidence of a significant association between SRH status and chronic diseases, physical activities, depression, location of residence, marital status, and so on. We found that the self-rated good health rate was very low in middle-aged and elderly and participants who accompanied with more kinds of chronic disease, fewer physical activities, living in the rural and higher-age had a worse health status. These findings identified that chronic diseases, life situation and psychological status correlated strongly with self-rated health for middle-aged and elderly. The middle-aged and elderly, especially these with chronic diseases, should be paid more attention not only physically but also psychologically to improve their health status and life quality. A more comprehensive and integrated health framework should be strengthened to improve the health status of middle-aged and elderly. Self-rated health may be used as a screening tool to evaluate the health status of middle-aged and elderly and the results may be taken as a reference by public health officials to promote healthy aging.
Our study was also affected by a number of limitations. First, this study was a cross-sectional design, which could not determine the causal relationship between the SRH status and the main influencing factors, the results needed to be verified by another prospective studies. Second, our demonstrated relationship between SRH status and chronic diseases, physical and psychological conditions of middle-aged and elderly were limited in the country of China. A comprehensive and multidimensional self-rated evaluation model should be established to verify our results, because of some bias might exist among different countries. Third, different chronic diseases have many similar symptoms, such as chronic pain. The relationship between SRH status and chronic diseases in middle-aged and elderly could be further analyzed through the symptoms of chronic diseases. Fourth, because the CHARLS was a cross sectional investigation and the chronic diseases often have a long disease course, recall bias is inevitable. Some participants tend to have a profound impact on recent events and might over-feedback during the questionnaire survey, therefore, some selection bias might also exist in our research.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank all the participants in CHARLS team for their time and effort devoted to the project.
Author contributions
Data curation: Pei Chen, Ying Guo.
Formal analysis: Ying Guo.
Methodology: Bin-Jiang Wu.
Project administration: Yu-Ling Zhang.
Resources: Bin-Jiang Wu.
Writing – original draft: Yu-Ling Zhang.
Writing – review & editing: Yu-Ling Zhang, Pei Chen.
Footnotes
Abbreviations: ADL = activity of daily living, CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Survey-Depression Scale, CHARLS = China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey, SRH = self-rated health.
How to cite this article: Zhang YL, Wu BJ, Chen P, Guo Y. The self-rated health status and key influencing factors in middle-aged and elderly: Evidence from the CHARLS. Medicine. 2021;100:46(e27772).
Y-LZ and B-JW contributed equally to this work.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University, and all participants signed an informed consent form before the start of the investigation. No separate ethical approval was required for our study.
The data and information used in our study was acquired from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey dataset (http://charls.pku.edu.cn).
The study was not funded by external grant sources.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are publicly available.
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