Electrically stimulated eccentric contraction during non-weight bearing knee bending exercise in the supine position increases oxygen uptake: A randomized, controlled, exploratory crossover trial

Hiroshi Tajima; Hiroo Matsuse; Ryuki Hashida; Takeshi Nago; Masafumi Bekki; Sohei Iwanaga; Eriko Higashi; Naoto Shiba

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259856

. 2021 Nov 18;16(11):e0259856. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259856

Electrically stimulated eccentric contraction during non-weight bearing knee bending exercise in the supine position increases oxygen uptake: A randomized, controlled, exploratory crossover trial

Hiroshi Tajima ¹, Hiroo Matsuse ^1,^*, Ryuki Hashida ¹, Takeshi Nago ¹, Masafumi Bekki ¹, Sohei Iwanaga ¹, Eriko Higashi ¹, Naoto Shiba ¹

Editor: Walid Kamal Abdelbasset²

PMCID: PMC8601547 PMID: 34793521

Abstract

It is well known that prolonged bed rest induces muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, cardiovascular deconditioning, bone loss, a loss of functional capacity, and the development of insulin resistance. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is anticipated to be an interventional strategy for disuse due to bed rest. A hybrid training system (HTS), synchronized neuromuscular electrical stimulation for voluntary exercise using an articular motion sensor, may increase the exercise load though bed rest. We assessed oxygen uptake or heart rate during knee bending exercise in the supine position on a bed both simultaneously combined with HTS and without HTS to evaluate exercise intensity on different days in ten healthy subjects (8 men and 2 women) by a randomized controlled crossover trial. The values of relative oxygen uptake during knee bending exercise with HTS were significantly greater than those during knee bending exercise without HTS (7.29 ± 0.91 ml/kg/min vs. 8.29 ± 1.06 ml/kg/min; p = 0.0115). That increment with HTS was a mean of 14.42 ± 13.99%. Metabolic equivalents during knee bending exercise with HTS and without HTS were 2.08 ± 0.26 and 2.39 ± 0.30, respectively. The values of heart rate during knee bending exercise with HTS were significantly greater than those during knee bending exercise without HTS (80.82 ± 9.19 bpm vs. 86.36 ± 5.50 bpm; p = 0.0153). HTS could increase exercise load during knee bending exercise which is easy to implement on a bed. HTS might be a useful technique as a countermeasure against the disuse due to bed rest, for example during acute care or the quarantine for infection prophylaxis.

Introduction

It is well known that muscle atrophy, cardiovascular deconditioning, bone loss, a loss of functional capacity, and the development of insulin resistance due to disuse occurs in astronauts [1, 2]. Bed rest causes similar disuse [3] although bed rest has been prescribed in the past for several other clinical conditions such as the rest for the intensive care or the quarantine for prevention of infection. Strength training or aerobic exercise programs are expected to prevent disuse atrophy and deconditioning [4]. However, the evidence regarding interventions involving either strength training alone or aerobic exercise alone remains uncertain [4]. Moreover, some patients in acute care hospitals have difficulty even standing. Some patients aren’t able to do exercise at intensity 3 Metabolic equivalents (METs) a such as walking. We need relatively efficient and simple exercise that can be performed on a bed to prevent disuse during bed rest.

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is widely used to lessen the complications of disuse during spaceflight or bed rest by increasing muscle strength and mass [5–7]. Moreover, it is well known that NMES upregulates glucose metabolism and peak oxygen uptake [8, 9]. In addition, the combined application of electrical stimulation (ES) and volitional contractions (VC) (performing ES during VC either non-simultaneously or simultaneously) is said to be more effective than ES or VC alone [10]. The hybrid training system (HTS) is one of the techniques that simultaneously combines VC and ES, and is able to be used during exercises such as ergometer walking. HTS utilizes electrically stimulated eccentric contractions. Eccentric contractions are important for muscle strengthening [11]. Furthermore, electrically stimulated eccentric contractions are recognized as a muscle strengthening technique, because we can obtain bigger muscle torque (exercise load) than with concentric contractions alone [12, 13]. It has been reported that HTS can increase both muscle strength and mass even when exercise intensity is relatively low [14–17]. Moreover, we have reported that ergometer exercise using HTS leads to a greater increase in metabolic cost [18, 19]. Knee bending exercise, one of the common early mobilizations on a bed, is recommended for critically ill patients [20]. Therefore, we hypothesize that by combining HTS with knee bending exercise may provide exercise intensity that can easily be performed on a bed. It may be a useful exercise technique for the prevention of disuse due to bed rest.

The purpose of the present study is to compare the metabolic cost between knee bending exercise on a bed with and without HTS by analyzing expired gas.

Methods

Subjects

This study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kurume University (No.19209) and registered at UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000039336). Following approval, written informed consent was obtained from 10 healthy (8 men and 2 women, age 28.9 years (SD = 8.5) who had reviewed the goals of the study and agreed to participate. The subjects of this study were healthy participants as preliminary research before intending for the clinical patients. When participants were enrolled, the staff who was not involved in intervention and evaluation randomized the intervention sequence using a random number generator and sealed opaque envelopes with a block size of 5 to allocate to group A (the knee bending exercise test with HTS was performed firstly) or group B (the knee bending exercise test without HTS was performed firstly) (Fig 1). Inclusion criteria were applied: age between 20–50 years, nonsmokers, body mass index less than 30, doing normal physical activity, and normal physical function. A specialist in expert orthopedics and rehabilitation judged the normal physical function from the physical findings such as muscle strength, sensation, and range of motion according to the criteria of the Japanese Orthopedic Association. Exclusion criteria were that the subjects had: a musculoskeletal problem, adverse medical history affecting cardiorespiratory function, or some kind of medical treatment. We set these criteria in order to minimize possible confounding effects of subject characteristics over the exercise tests in this study. They were also not to participate in any regular sports activities during the study period.

Fig 1 — Subjects were randomly allocated to group A (the knee bending exercise test with Hybrid training system was performed firstly) or group B (the knee bending exercise test without Hybrid training system was performed firstly) and then transitioned to the alternative exercise test on different days separated by an interval of one week as a wash out period.

Design

We performed two cardiopulmonary exercise tests in the clinical laboratory of the rehabilitation center by a randomized, controlled, crossover trial (Fig 1). It is very difficult for both subject and researcher to completely blind presence or absence of electrical stimulation. Moreover, we need to minimize the influence of the individual difference. Therefore, we chose a crossover trial in this study. Environmental conditions were similar for all exercise tests (21 to 24 degrees centigrade, 45 to 55% relative humidity). We measured gas exchange while subjects did knee bending exercises with a RISTA board (NIPPON SIGMAX Co, Tokyo, Japan) at the lowest exercise resistance load using the following protocol after a rest for 30 minutes. The RISTA board is a Japanese medical device to facilitate knee bending exercises in the supine position on a bed. We used the device to achieve a stable knee bending exercise on a flat surface. During the tests, gas exchange data was collected continuously with an automated breath by breath system (AE-100i, Minato Medical Science Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan) using the standard technique. The AE-100i consists of a microcomputer, a hot wire flowmeter, and a gas analyzer, which contains a sampling tube, filter, suction pump, oxygen (O2) analyzer made by a paramagnetic O₂ transducer, and an infrared carbon dioxide (CO2) analyzer. Ventilatory parameters were measured using a hot-wire flow meter, and the flow meter was calibrated with a syringe of known volume (2.0l). A zirconium sensor and an infrared absorption analyzer, respectively, measured O2 and CO2 concentrations. The gas analyzer was calibrated to known standard gas levels (O2 15.16%, CO2 5.023%) before each test. The intraclass correlation coefficients using Case 2 (2,1) for VO2 of the primary outcome was 0.876 in our clinical laboratory. Also, heart rates (HR, beats/min) were continuously monitored by electrocardiogram during the tests. O2 and CO2 were calculated and recorded during the following exercise tests.

Intervention

The knee bending exercise test was performed as two tests (with HTS or without HTS) for analysis of expired gas. Participants rested for 30 min in the supine position to minimize the influence of physical activity before the exercise test. At first subjects rested for five minutes in a sitting position to evaluate of the basic inactivity quiet metabolic cost while sitting quietly. Then, participants performed the knee bending exercise tests with or without HTS according to a sequence assigned before the exercise test. Next, participants transitioned to the alternative exercise test on different days separated by an interval of one week as a wash out period. Therefore, the participant who first performed the exercise test with HTS performed the exercise test without HTS next. In the interventional exercise, subjects performed the knee bending exercise with reciprocal 2-second (45degree/sec) knee flexion and extension contractions at the speed of 1Hz using a metronome for 5 minutes with HTS or without HTS in the supine position on a flat surface after warming up at a slow speed for 3 minutes (Fig 2). Successively, subjects performed 2 minutes cool down. Therefore, they had the total exercise time of 10 minutes in each of two tests in consideration of muscle fatigue. The knee joint range of motion was set at a nearly 90° arc that extended from 20° to 110° (0° indicating full knee extension). At the onset of constant-load exercise, O2 increases in healthy individual’s mono-exponentially with a time constant to achieve a steady state below the lactate threshold within about 3 minutes [21]. Therefore, we averaged the data of HR and expired gas during the last 2 minutes of the interventional exercise time of 5 minutes of each test and used them for data analysis.

Fig 2 — Subjects lay in a supine position on a flat surface with their quadriceps electrically stimulated as they attempted to bend their knee and their hamstrings electrically stimulated as they attempted to extend their knee. The timing of the electrical stimulation was controlled by a joint motion sensor attached to the knee. They bent and stretched their left and right lower limbs alternately.

HTS protocol

HTS was combined with knee bending exercise in the supine position on a flat surface with an electrical stimulator (HIZA TRAINER, EU-JLM50S, Panasonic Corporation, 1006 Ohaza-Kadoma, Kadoma City, Osaka, Japan). This provided a constant voltage stimulus to the skin electrodes (regulated voltage)”. This stimulator is household medical equipment including a wrapping band to fix the device and acceleration sensors or electrodes during exercise. The acceleration sensors act as joint motion sensors (EWTS9PD, Home Appliances Development Center Corporate Engineering Division, Appliances Company Panasonic Corporation 2-3-1-2 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu City, Shiga, Japan) and are placed on the front of each leg 88 mm above the patellar edge. The sensors analyze the algorithm of each gait pattern, and stimulate the flexor or extensor in accordance with the motion of each bilateral knee joint during knee bending exercise (Fig 2). Electrodes (Sekisui Plastics Co., Tokyo, Japan) coated with an oxidation-resistant silver-carbon compound and were placed over the quadriceps on the anterior thigh, and over the hamstrings on the posterior thigh with low impedance gel. The size of the electrodes was 15cm × 5cm for the quadriceps and 10cm × 6cm for the hamstrings. ES stimulated the quadriceps during knee flexion. Conversely, ES stimulated the hamstrings during knee extension. Therefore, the electrically stimulated muscles were eccentric contractions. ES parameters were based on a standard Russian waveform [22] in which a 5,000 Hz carrier frequency is modulated at 40 Hz (2.4 ms on, 22.6 ms off) to deliver a rectangular voltage biphasic pulse [16–19, 23, 24]. ES intensity was set to approximately 80% of the subject’s maximum tolerance. This intensity has been reported to successfully improve muscle strength and mass without causing pain or numbness [16, 17, 23].

Statistical analysis

All variables are presented as means ± SD. This study was not set to the sample size for an exploratory study. The original study plan recruited 20 participants, but we analyzed this study because we were able to achieve this study purpose from ten participants. We compared the participants’ characteristics and rest values (relative VO2, VCO2, and HR) between groups (two sequences) by Student’s t-test, or Fisher’s exact test. Values for relative VO2, VCO2, HR, and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during exercise test were analyzed with linear mixed model that included fixed effects of treatment (with HTS or without HTS), period, and sequence. Then, we set subjects(sequence) as the covariance parameter for the random effect. Also, we tried the linear mixed model in 3 covariance structures (compound symmetry, unstructured, and autoregressive). The compound symmetry was the best covariance structure as a result that it was judged in BIC. Therefore, we selected the compound symmetry as the underlying covariance structure used in the linear mixed model. Next, values for relative VO2, VCO2, and HR were assessed using a paired Student’s t-test as a post hoc test in order to compare the differences between the knee bending exercise tests with and without HTS for the main purpose of this study. Moreover, we calculated the effect size (r) to know the strength of association between intervention and change on VO2 of the primary outcome. All the statistical analyses were performed using JMP Version 14.0 statistical software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and p values < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

Results

There were not any problems and adverse events in the exercise tests for subjects such as not being able to continue from pain or fatigue. Each five subjects participated in two sequences to be shown in the flow diagram (Fig 1), and all ten subjects finished all tests and were analyzed. The primary data for this study is available as S1 Table.

There were no significant differences at participants’ characteristics and rest values (relative VO2, VCO2, and HR) between groups (Table 1). There were no significant differences at period and sequence in values for relative VO2, VCO2, and HR during exercise test though there was significant difference at treatment (with HTS or without HTS). As a primary outcome, the values of relative VO2 during knee bending exercise with HTS were significantly greater than those during knee bending exercise without HTS (7.29 ± 0.91 ml/kg/min vs 8.29 ± 1.06 ml/kg/min; p = 0.0115) (Fig 3). Mean within subject difference (95% confidence interval) in the values of relative VO2 between treatments (with HTS and without HTS) was 0.998 (0.3170–1.6785). The effect size was0.76. The increment using HTS was a mean of 14.42 ± 13.99%. Metabolic equivalents during knee bending exercise with HTS and without HTS were 2.08 ± 0.26 and 2.39 ± 0.30, respectively. The values of relative VCO2 during knee bending exercise with HTS were significantly greater than those during knee bending exercise without HTS (7.29 ± 0.91 ml/kg/min vs 8.29 ± 1.06 ml/kg/min; p = 0.0423) (Fig 4). There was not a significant difference between the values of RER during knee bending exercise with HTS and without HTS (0.94 ± 0.08 vs 0.94 ± 0.10; p = 0.86). The values of HR during knee bending exercise with HTS were significantly greater than without HTS (80.82 ± 9.19 bpm vs 86.36 ± 5.50 bpm; p = 0.0153) (Fig 5).

Table 1. Participants’ characteristics.

Characteristics	Group A	Group B	p-value
Age (years)	27.6 ± 7.3	30.2 ± 10.3	0.6580
Male sex, n (%)	4 (80)	4 (80)	1.00
Body mass (kg)	66.1 ± 8.6	59.8 ± 10.2	0.3244
Height (cm)	167.8 ± 5.9	168.4 ± 13.3	0.9335
BMI (kg/m ² )	23.4 ± 1.6	21.1 ± 3.1	0.1861
Rest VO₂ (kg/cm²)	3.85 ± 0.24	3.91 ± 0.66	0.8606
Rest VCO₂ (kg/cm²)	3.52 ± 0.70	3.33 ± 0.80	0.6947
Rest HR (bpm)	68.6 ± 4.7	68.5 ± 9.4	0.9906

Open in a new tab

Mean ± SD. P-values were for comparing between groups by Student’s t-test, or Fisher’s exact test.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; Rest HR, heart rate in a sitting position; Rest VCO2, carbon dioxide output in a sitting position; Rest VO2, oxygen uptake in a sitting position.

Discussion

This is the first study of the metabolic cost of knee bending exercise combined with NMES that is easily done in the supine position. This study showed that HTS, utilizing electrically stimulated eccentric muscle contractions as a resistance to voluntary exercise, increased exercise intensity during knee bending exercise on a bed. HTS may be a useful exercise technique to prevent disuse during bed rest by providing augmentation of local mechanical stress and systemic metabolic stress.

The decrement in mechanical stress caused by bed rest or spaceflight causes muscle weakness, muscular atrophy, bone atrophy, and the loss of cardiovascular capacity. Resistance exercise is an effective countermeasure for the prevention of muscle atrophy [2] even if it is relatively low volume of resistance exercise [25, 26]. However, Bryan. R. Oates et al. [25] used an exercise intensity of 80% of maximal with resistance exercise. It is difficult for clinical patients to achieve adequate exercise intensity on a bed. The flywheel ergometer has been used for resistance training in space flight. The resistance was provided independent of gravity by using the inertial focus of a flywheel [27]. B. A. Alkner and P. A. Tesch [26] reported the utility of the flywheel ergometer on the bed. However, it is difficult to use a flywheel ergometer for clinical applications because it is a special device. NMES is widely used in clinic settings and can easily generate sufficient muscle contractions without relying on gravity. Therefore, NMES could be useful as a countermeasure against disuse due to bed rest. It could be especially useful when effective voluntary exercise is not possible due to disturbance of consciousness or strict medical management [28]. However, VC is undoubtedly the most basic effective countermeasure for disuse. In this study, the knee bending exercise which was easily performed in the supine position on a flat surface was approximately 2 METs in exercise intensity. Furthermore, we can make up for the detriments and use them to advantage by combining VC with ES [18, 19, 24, 29]. Moreover, ES should ideally be applied synchronously with voluntary exercise to obtain synergistic benefits [2]. In this study, we could increase exercise intensity by approximately 14.4% of the by combining ES with the knee bending exercise in the supine position on a flat surface. Therefore, we could strengthen the exercise intensity even though in the supine position on a flat surface by using HTS more effectively.

In addition, aerobic exercise is an effective countermeasure against the loss of cardiovascular capacity associated with disuse [2]. Generally, the metabolic rate during complete bed rest is less than 1 MET. Physical activity is undoubtedly the most effective countermeasure against disuse. The knee bending exercise in this study resulted in approximately 2 METs of metabolic rate. NMES stimulates metabolic response [30] and energy consumption, carbohydrate oxidation, and whole-body glucose uptake [9]. Therefore, we may use NMES as aerobic exercise to improve physical capacity [31]. However, NMES did not change maximum capacity although aerobic exercise did in rats [32]. Additionally, it has been shown that the use of NMES is safe in patients after cardiovascular surgery [33], but NMES did not improve functional capacity in cardiac valve surgery patients in the immediate postoperative period [34]. Therefore, the aerobic exercise effect of NMES as a countermeasure against disuse due to bed rest may be limited. ES activation is considered nonselective with regard to the type of motor unit and synchrony, and it preferentially activates Type II fibers as compared with VC [35]. Jean Theurel et al. showed that the O2 and RER were significantly higher during ES compared with VC to compare respiratory gas exchange variables between equal-intensity (i.e., same force output) ES and VC of the quadriceps [36]. They considered that these findings probably reflect differences in the patterns of motor unit recruitment between ES and VC. On the other hand, in this study, there was not a significant difference between the values of RER between HTS and VC although O2 during HTS was significantly greater than for VC (without HTS). Combining VC with ES simultaneously seems to have been responsible for those results. Similarly, in a past study, we showed that HTS causes an increase of approximately 4.4% of O2 during unloaded cycling without a significant difference in RER [18]. Moreover, HTS caused an increase of approximately 21.1% of O2 during aerobic cycle ergometer exercise at moderate-intensity [19]. In this study, HTS caused an increase of approximately 14.4% of O2 during knee bending exercise in the supine position on a flat surface. In addition, the METs for these studies were approximately 2.39, which is equivalent to light effort such as housework or light exercise. Moreover, a utility of NMES was shown in disuse prevention or the complications prevention in the acute care [37]. Furthermore, NMES is expected as one of the effective exercise therapies during the quarantine for COVID-19 patients [38]. These findings showed the possibility that we might strengthen the metabolic stress from increased physical activity by combining HTS with a knee bending exercise that is easily performed by bed ridden patients (e.g., rest during the acute care or the quarantine for prevention of infection spread).

There are a few potential limitations of this study. Because this study is an exploratory study, the sample size was not set. At a significance level of 0.05, an effect size in the VO2 variable of 0.76, and a power of 0.80, to detect an inter-group difference in means of 0.998. Nm would require a minimum of 58 subjects for a two-treatment parallel-design study. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the basic gas exchange response to HTS combined with knee bending exercise as a technique to provide physical activity as a countermeasure against disuse due to bed rest. For estimating exercise intensity, oxygen uptake reserve or heart rate reserve is preferable [39]. However, we did not evaluate peak oxygen consumption or peak heart rate in each subject. In addition, we did not evaluate lactic acid or glucose to evaluate the metabolic response after having done strict nutritional management. For the investigation of clinical response, it is necessary to include clinical patients. Furthermore, the group effect (sequence) was absent, but it is unclear whether we could wash out the influence of HTS in one week. Therefore, a study not implementing a crossover trial may be necessary. Additionally, muscle contraction quantity and time influence kinetic oxygen uptake. Therefore, various protocols of electrical stimulation (such as modification of frequency, pulse width, or duty cycle) will be necessary to evaluate the effect of HTS in a future study. Of course, we should perform a randomized, controlled trial design, long-term investigation study to investigate the efficacy of strength and cardiovascular capacity of HTS for patients with disuse.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that the combined application of VC and EC could lead to a greater increase in metabolic cost during knee bending exercise in the supine position on a flat surface. Knee bending exercise simultaneously combined with HTS might be useful as a countermeasure against disuse due to bed rest by enforcing metabolic stress as well as mechanical stress.

Supporting information

S1 Table. Primary data of the study.

(XLSX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(14.3KB, xlsx)}

S1 Checklist. CONSORT 2010 checklist of information to include when reporting a randomised trial*.

(DOC)

Click here for additional data file.^{(221.5KB, doc)}

S1 File

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(77.2KB, docx)}

S2 File

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(49.9KB, docx)}

S1 Data

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(688.3KB, pdf)}

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Kurume rehabilitation center for supporting the expired gas measurements.

Abbreviation’s list

ES: electrical stimulation
HTS: hybrid training system
HR: heart rate
NMES: neuromuscular electrical stimulation
METs: Metabolic equivalents
RER: respiratory exchange ratio
VC: volitional contraction
VCO2: carbon dioxide output
VO2: oxygen uptake

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding Statement

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

References

1.Nagaraja MP, Jo H. The Role of Mechanical Stimulation in Recovery of Bone Loss-High versus Low Magnitude and Frequency of Force. Life (Basel). 2014;4(2):117–30. Epub 2014/11/06. doi: 10.3390/life4020117 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4187165. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2.Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Pareja-Galeano H, Izquierdo M, Emanuele E, de la Villa P, et al. Physical strategies to prevent disuse-induced functional decline in the elderly. Ageing Res Rev. 2018;47:80–8. Epub 2018/07/18. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.003 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3.Bloomfield SA. Changes in musculoskeletal structure and function with prolonged bed rest. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(2):197–206. Epub 1997/02/01. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199702000-00006 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4.Voet NB, van der Kooi EL, van Engelen BG, Geurts AC. Strength training and aerobic exercise training for muscle disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;12(12):CD003907. Epub 2019/12/07. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003907.pub5 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6953420. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5.Maffiuletti NA, Green DA, Vaz MA, Dirks ML. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation as a Potential Countermeasure for Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Weakness During Human Spaceflight. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1031. Epub 2019/08/29. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01031 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6700209. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6.Brower RG. Consequences of bed rest. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(10 Suppl):S422–8. Epub 2010/02/06. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b6e30a . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7.Dirks ML, Wall BT, van Loon LJC. Interventional strategies to combat muscle disuse atrophy in humans: focus on neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary protein. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018;125(3):850–61. Epub 2017/9/28. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00985.2016 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8.Gomes Neto M, Oliveira FA, Reis HF, de Sousa Rodrigues E Jr., Bittencourt HS, Oliveira Carvalho V. Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Physiologic and Functional Measurements in Patients With Heart Failure: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WITH META-ANALYSIS. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2016;36(3):157–66. Epub 2016/01/20. doi: 10.1097/HCR.0000000000000151 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9.Hamada T, Hayashi T, Kimura T, Nakao K, Moritani T. Electrical stimulation of human lower extremities enhances energy consumption, carbohydrate oxidation, and whole body glucose uptake. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004;96(3):911–6. Epub 2003/10/31. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00664.2003 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10.Paillard T. Combined application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and voluntary muscular contractions. Sports Med. 2008;38(2):161–77. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838020-00005 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11.Dudley GA, Tesch PA, Miller BJ, Buchanan P. Importance of eccentric actions in performance adaptations to resistance training. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991;62(6):543–50. . [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12.Seger JY, Thorstensson A. Electrically evoked eccentric and concentric torque-velocity relationships in human knee extensor muscles. Acta Physiol Scand. 2000;169(1):63–9. Epub 2000/04/12. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2000.00694.x . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13.Pain MT, Young F, Kim J, Forrester SE. The torque-velocity relationship in large human muscles: maximum voluntary versus electrically stimulated behaviour. J Biomech. 2013;46(4):645–50. Epub 2013/01/11. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.11.052 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14.Matsuse H, Shiba N, Umezu Y, Nago T, Tagawa Y, Kakuma T, et al. Muscle training by means of combined electrical stimulation and volitional contraction. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2006;77(6):581–5. . [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15.Iwasaki T, Shiba N, Matsuse H, Nago T, Umezu Y, Tagawa Y, et al. Improvement in knee extension strength through training by means of combined electrical stimulation and voluntary muscle contraction. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2006;209(1):33–40. doi: 10.1620/tjem.209.33 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16.Takano Y, Haneda Y, Maeda T, Sakai Y, Matsuse H, Kawaguchi T, et al. Increasing muscle strength and mass of thigh in elderly people with the hybrid-training method of electrical stimulation and volitional contraction. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2010;221(1):77–85. doi: 10.1620/tjem.221.77 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17.Rabe KG, Matsuse H, Jackson A, Segal NA. Evaluation of the Combined Application of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Volitional Contractions on Thigh Muscle Strength, Knee Pain, and Physical Performance in Women at Risk for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PM R. 2018;10(12):1301–10. Epub 2018/05/29. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2018.05.014 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6719317. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18.Matsuse H, Shiba N, Takano Y, Yamada S, Ohshima H, Tagawa Y. Cycling exercise to resist electrically stimulated antagonist increases oxygen uptake in males: pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013;50(4):545–54. doi: 10.1682/jrrd.2012.04.0067 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19.Omoto M, Matsuse H, Takano Y, Yamada S, Ohshima H, Tagawa Y, et al. Oxygen Uptake during Aerobic Cycling Exercise Simultaneously Combined with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation of Antagonists. J Nov Physiother. 2013;3:185. Epub 2013/11/07. doi: 10.4172/2165-7025.1000185 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
20.Cameron S, Ball I, Cepinskas G, Choong K, Doherty TJ, Ellis CG, et al. Early mobilization in the critical care unit: A review of adult and pediatric literature. J Crit Care. 2015;30(4):664–72. Epub 2015/04/08. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.03.032 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21.Gaesser GA, Poole DC. The slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics in humans. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1996;24:35–71. Epub 1996/01/01. . [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22.Ward AR, Shkuratova N. Russian electrical stimulation: the early experiments. Phys Ther. 2002;82(10):1019–30. Epub 2002/09/28. . [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23.Matsuse H, Segal NA, Rabe KG, Shiba N. The Effect of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation During Walking on Muscle Strength and Knee Pain in Obese Women With Knee Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;99(1):56–64. Epub 2019/10/09. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001319 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24.Tsukada Y, Matsuse H, Shinozaki N, Takano Y, Nago T, Shiba N. Combined Application of Electrically Stimulated Antagonist Muscle Contraction and Volitional Muscle Contraction Prevents Muscle Strength Weakness and Promotes Physical Function Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Kurume Med J. 2020;65(4):145–54. Epub 2019/11/13. doi: 10.2739/kurumemedj.MS654007 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
25.Oates BR, Glover EI, West DW, Fry JL, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Low-volume resistance exercise attenuates the decline in strength and muscle mass associated with immobilization. Muscle Nerve. 2010;42(4):539–46. Epub 2010/07/27. doi: 10.1002/mus.21721 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
26.Alkner BA, Tesch PA. Efficacy of a gravity-independent resistance exercise device as a countermeasure to muscle atrophy during 29-day bed rest. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;181(3):345–57. Epub 2004/06/16. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-201X.2004.01293.x . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
27.Berg HE, Tesch A. A gravity-independent ergometer to be used for resistance training in space. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1994;65(8):752–6. Epub 1994/08/01. . [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28.Burke D, Gorman E, Stokes D, Lennon O. An evaluation of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in critical care using the ICF framework: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Respir J. 2016;10(4):407–20. Epub 2014/11/26. doi: 10.1111/crj.12234 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29.Iwanaga S, Hashida R, Takano Y, Bekki M, Nakano D, Omoto M, et al. Hybrid Training System Improves Insulin Resistance in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2020;252(1):23–32. Epub 2020/08/31. doi: 10.1620/tjem.252.23. . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30.Numata H, Nakase J, Inaki A, Mochizuki T, Oshima T, Takata Y, et al. Effects of the belt electrode skeletal muscle electrical stimulation system on lower extremity skeletal muscle activity: Evaluation using positron emission tomography. J Orthop Sci. 2016;21(1):53–6. Epub 2015/11/21. doi: 10.1016/j.jos.2015.09.003 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
31.Forestieri P, Bolzan DW, Santos VB, Moreira RSL, de Almeida DR, Trimer R, et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves exercise tolerance in patients with advanced heart failure on continuous intravenous inotropic support use-randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2018;32(1):66–74. Epub 2017/06/21. doi: 10.1177/0269215517715762 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
32.Dalise S, Cavalli L, Ghuman H, Wahlberg B, Gerwig M, Chisari C, et al. Biological effects of dosing aerobic exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation in rats. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):10830. Epub 2017/09/09. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11260-7 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5589775. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
33.Iwatsu K, Yamada S, Iida Y, Sampei H, Kobayashi K, Kainuma M, et al. Feasibility of neuromuscular electrical stimulation immediately after cardiovascular surgery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(1):63–8. Epub 2014/09/09. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.08.012 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
34.Fontes Cerqueira TC, Cerqueira Neto ML, Cacau LAP, Oliveira GU, Silva Junior WMD, Carvalho VO, et al. Ambulation capacity and functional outcome in patients undergoing neuromuscular electrical stimulation after cardiac valve surgery: A randomised clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(46):e13012. Epub 2018/11/16. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013012 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6257613. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
35.Hainaut K, Duchateau J. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and voluntary exercise. Sports Med. 1992;14(2):100–13. Epub 1992/08/01. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199214020-00003 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
36.Theurel J, Lepers R, Pardon L, Maffiuletti NA. Differences in cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses between voluntary and stimulated contractions of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2007;157(2–3):341–7. Epub 2006/12/15. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2006.12.002 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
37.Liu M, Luo J, Zhou J, Zhu X. Intervention effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on ICU acquired weakness: A meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Sci. 2020;7(2):228–37. Epub 2020/03/10. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.03.002 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7355203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38.Nakamura K, Nakano H, Naraba H, Mochizuki M, Hashimoto H. Early rehabilitation with dedicated use of belt-type electrical muscle stimulation for severe COVID-19 patients. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):342. Epub 2020/06/15. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03080-5 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7294763. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39.Swain DP, Leutholtz BC. Heart rate reserve is equivalent to %VO2 reserve, not to %VO2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(3):410–4. Epub 1997/03/01. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199703000-00018 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259856.r001

Decision Letter 0

Walid Kamal Abdelbasset

21 Jul 2021

PONE-D-21-17794

Electrically stimulated eccentric contraction during knee bending exercise in the dorsal position on a bed increases oxygen uptake

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Matsuse,

Please submit your revised manuscript by Sep 02 2021 11:59PM. If you will need more time than this to complete your revisions, please reply to this message or contact the journal office at plosone@plos.org. When you're ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). You should upload this letter as a separate file labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.
A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.
An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Manuscript'.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter. Guidelines for resubmitting your figure files are available below the reviewer comments at the end of this letter.

If applicable, we recommend that you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io to enhance the reproducibility of your results. Protocols.io assigns your protocol its own identifier (DOI) so that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols. Additionally, PLOS ONE offers an option for publishing peer-reviewed Lab Protocol articles, which describe protocols hosted on protocols.io. Read more information on sharing protocols at https://plos.org/protocols?utm_medium=editorial-email&utm_source=authorletters&utm_campaign=protocols.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Walid Kamal Abdelbasset, Ph.D.

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Journal Requirements:

When submitting your revision, we need you to address these additional requirements.

1. Please ensure that your manuscript meets PLOS ONE's style requirements, including those for file naming. The PLOS ONE style templates can be found at

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=wjVg/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_main_body.pdf and

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=ba62/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_title_authors_affiliations.pdf

2. Please amend your Methods section to state what type of informed consent was given (written, verbal, etc.).

3. Please amend either the title on the online submission form (via Edit Submission) or the title in the manuscript so that they are identical.

4. Your ethics statement should only appear in the Methods section of your manuscript. If your ethics statement is written in any section besides the Methods, please delete it from any other section.

5. Please include captions for your Supporting Information files at the end of your manuscript, and update any in-text citations to match accordingly. Please see our Supporting Information guidelines for more information: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/supporting-information.

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Partly

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: I Don't Know

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

5. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: Manuscript Number: PONE-D-21-17794

Overall, the idea of research is very interesting. However, there are some comments and suggestions.

Revision Suggestions

Title

I suggest some changes in the title as follow:

- Electrically stimulated eccentric contraction during non-weight bearing knee bending exercise increases oxygen uptake: a randomized controlled crossover trial

Abstract

The abstract is better designed as background (a brief one), purpose, methods (participants, study groups, outcome measures), results and conclusion.

Introduction

Line 82: please cite the references as (5-7)

Line 84: please cite the references as (8,9)

Materials and methods

- Ethical approval and trail registration are addressed.

- You need to clarify the study groups and the difference between them

- Line 105: correct (SD = 8.5)) to (SD = 8.5)

- Sample size was not calculated. Don’t you think the sample of 10 participants is relatively small and the results can't be generalized?

- The validity and reliability of assessment methods not stated

- For all figures, write the figure label under the corresponding figure. The label should not include statistical results. For example Fig.4. Comparing of changes of oxygen uptake.

- No need for fig 2 as figure 3 is sufficient

Statistical analysis: Satisfying

Results: Satisfying

Discussion: Satisfying

References

You need to update some references

References

Update some references is required

Reviewer #2: 1. Title need be revised and make it clear.

2. Can you write supine/prone? It will make easier to reader to read and matches with your manuscript.

3. Such as…Can you provide some examples? (line 72)

4. Would you write the full form of METS in 1st time (Metabolic…) (Line 77)

5. Can you provide operational definition? (line 84)

6. You need strong rational for study. (Line 91)

7. Why did you select healthy participants rather than clinical participants? (line 105)

8. Inclusion criteria are not clearly specified. Please write them in clear way. Study is in normal population but you have recommended for COVID, Space travelers ????? give strong points (109)

9. Can you explain why you choose this design of study? line 117

10. What is RISTA board and it’s importance in one sentence? line 120

11. Which techniques, need to be specified? line 126

12. Procedures are not clear.

13. Is it Rested or tested? line 133

14. Why in sitting position? Why not in supine? line. 134

15. If the testing was in sitting position than in which position did you performed test? Write it clearly. Intervention is not clear. line 137

16. Is this enough period for wash out? 139

17. You performed the test only one time? Or more than that? line 142

18. How did you measured the expired gas? line 149

19. Can you write about benefits of eccentric stimulation or contraction at introduction part? line 170

20. According to provided figure the test position is in supine. It will be clear for reader to write supine rather than dorsal lying. (figure 2, line 179)

21. Write supine. Use same word throughout the manuscript. line 187

22. Use same word through out the study rather then different. Don’t confuse readers. line 256

23. Correct the space. line 323

24. Is this the limitation of study ? line 328

25.

Reviewer #3: A randomized-controlled crossover clinical trial was conducted which aimed to assess oxygen uptake during deep knee bends but with and without a hybrid training system (HTS). Relative oxygen uptake was significantly higher during the HTS than without.

Minor revisions:

1- Line 201: Clarify if relative values of VO2, VCO2, and HR are differences between HTS and without. In this case a paired t-test was used for comparison as a post hoc test. Correct?

2- Line 198: Indicate the underlying covariance structure used in the linear mixed model and the criteria for selecting it.

3- The standard statistical terminology for “average” is “mean.”

4- Table 1: In addition to the frequencies, provide the percentage male.

**********

6. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: Yes: 1. Bishnu Dutta Acharya

2. Arpita Karki

Reviewer #3: No

[NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link "View Attachments". If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files.]

While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email PLOS at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.

Attachment

Submitted filename: comments.doc

Click here for additional data file.^{(26KB, doc)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: renamed_16a0c.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(85.4KB, docx)}

PLoS One. 2021 Nov 18;16(11):e0259856. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259856.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

3 Sep 2021

PONE-D-21-17794

Electrically stimulated eccentric contraction during knee bending exercise in the dorsal position on a bed increases oxygen uptake

Dear Dr. Matsuse,

Dear Editorial staff,

Thank you very much for your exceedingly kind comments for our study. We appreciate it very much. We answered all of your comments and revised the manuscript as follows. We submit the revised manuscript. Please contact me freely if you have any further questions.

Best regards,

Hiroo Matsuse

Journal Requirements:

1. Please ensure that your manuscript meets PLOS ONE's stylerequirements, including those for file naming. The PLOS ONE style templates can be found at

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=wjVg/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_main_body.pdf

and

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=ba62/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_title_authors_affiliations.pdf

2. Please amend your Methods section to state what type of informed consent was given (written, verbal, etc.).

A: We added the type of informed consent in the Methods section.

(Line 116)

3. Please amend either the title on the online submission form (via Edit Submission) or the title in the manuscript so that they are identical.

A: We amended both of them according to the reviewer’s comments.

4. Your ethics statement should only appear in the Methods section of your manuscript. If your ethics statement is written in any section besides the Methods, please delete it from any other section.

A: We deleted that from the acknowledge section and revised it.

5. Please include captions for your Supporting Information files at the end of your manuscript, and update any in-textcitations to match accordingly. Please see our Supporting Information guidelines for more information: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/supporting-information.

A: We added captions for figures and revised title and legend.

Reviewer #1: Manuscript Number: PONE-D-21-17794

Overall, the idea of research is very interesting. However, there are some comments and suggestions.

Revision Suggestions

Title

I suggest some changes in the title as follow:

- Electrically stimulated eccentric contraction during non-weight bearing knee bending exercise increases oxygen uptake: a randomized controlled crossover trial

A: We changed the title according to your comment. Moreover, we added the word “exploratory” in the title in response to your comment about the setting of sample size as follows: “Electrically stimulated eccentric contraction during non-weight bearing knee bending exercise in the supine position on a bed increases oxygen uptake: a randomized, controlled, exploratory crossover trial”

Abstract

The abstract is better designed as background (a brief one), purpose, methods (participants, study groups, outcome measures), results and conclusion.

A: Thank you for your comment. We added the words “in the supine position” in the abstract to response to reviewer #2’s comment.

(Line 46-47)

Introduction

Line 82: please cite the references as (5-7)

Line 84: please cite the references as (8,9)

A: Thank you for careful confirmation. We rewrote them as directed.

Materials and methods

- Ethical approval and trail registration are addressed.

A: We showed them on line 115-116.

- You need to clarify the study groups and the difference between them

A: We added the sentences as follows: “When participants were enrolled, the staff who was not involved in intervention and evaluation randomized the intervention sequence using a random number generator and sealed opaque envelopes with a block size of 5 to allocate to group A (the knee bending exercise test with HTS was performed firstly) or group B (the knee bending exercise test without HTS was performed firstly) (Fig 1). (Fig. 1).”. (Line 120-125 )

- Line 105: correct (SD = 8.5)) to(SD = 8.5)

A: We are sorry. We deleted the redundant sign “)”. (Line 118)

- Sample size was not calculated. Don’t you think the sample of 10

participants is relatively small and the results can't be generalized?

A: The sample of 10 participants may not be enough as you pointed out. Because there was not a preliminary study that evaluated the effect that HTS gave to oxygen uptake during knee bending exercise on a bed, we did not set a sample size. We wrote the sentence about this point on Line 226-227. Moreover, we added the expression of the exploratory study to the title to make it clear.

Also, we added the sentences about the setting of the sample size to the session of the limitation in consultation with a statistician. (Line 357-361)

We calculated the more common effect size (r) as a quantity of effect for an absolute number without changing by the sample size for a future study. (Line239-240) We calculated the effect size for t-test which we used to compare groups in this study again in the Result session. (Line262) However, we do not calculate the observed power for the results for an exploratory study. Furthermore, we added results of mean within subject difference (95% confidence interval) to reinforce the results of the primary outcome in this crossover trial. (Line260-262)

- The validity and reliability of assessment methods not stated

A: The validity and reliability analysis of VE and VO2 were performed as a comparison of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) using Case 2 (2,1)

- For all figures, write the figure label under the corresponding figure.

The label should not include statistical results. For example Fig.4.　Comparing of changes of oxygen uptake.

A: We revised and labeled them all as follows:

Fig.3. Comparison of changes in oxygen uptake.

Fig.4. Comparison of changes in carbon dioxide production.

Fig.5. Comparison of changes in heart rate.

- No need for fig 2 as figure 3 is sufficient

A: We deleted Fig.2 and regulated the number of the figures.

Statistical analysis: Satisfying

Results: Satisfying

Discussion: Satisfying

A: Thank you for the confirmation.

References

You need to update some references

References

Update some references is required

A: We confirmed and updated them using the EndNote.

Reviewer #2:

1. Title need be revised and make it clear.

A: We changed the title according to reviewer 1’s advice. Moreover, we added the word “exploratory” in the title to solve reviewer 1’s comment about the setting of sample size and changed the words “dorsal” to “supine” according to your next comment as follows: “Electrically stimulated eccentric contraction during non-weight bearing knee bending exercise in the supine position on a bed increases oxygen uptake: a randomized, controlled, exploratory crossover trial”

2. Can you write supine/prone? It will make easier to reader to read and matches with your manuscript.

A: Thank you for your advice. We rewrote it using a word “supine” to make a spine position clear through the whole. (Line 2, 47, 150, 171, 182, 195, 283, 314, 346, 385, 415)

3. Such as…Can you provide some examples? (line 72)

A: We revised that sentence with examples as follows. “Bed rest causes similar disuse(3) although bed rest has been prescribed in the past for several other clinical conditions such as the rest for the intensive care or the quarantine for prevention of infection.”　（Line71-74）

4. Would you write the full form of METS in 1st time(Metabolic…) (Line

77)

A: Thanks for the input and we added a postscript to full spelling. Also, we deleted the full form from second METs.

5. Can you provide operational definition? (line 84)

A: We revised the sentence to include the operational definition as follows “the combined application of electrical stimulation (ES) and volitional contractions (VC) (performing ES during VC either non-simultaneously or simultaneously) is said to be more effective than ES or VC alone.” (Line 86-89)

Moreover, we revised the next sentence from the ties with the above sentence as follows. “The hybrid training system (HTS) is one of the techniques that simultaneously combines VC and ES”. (Line89-90)

6. You need strong rational for study. (Line 91)

A: Many cases are considered as the clinical situation. However, we revised the sentence to include the explanation of the clinical situation as follows. “Knee bending exercise, one of the common exercises on a bed, is recommended for patients with disuse syndrome in a clinical situation such as the case that cannot walk for the reason of the motor disfunction or the case to be forced to lay for a remedial reason.” (Line99-102)

7. Why did you select healthy participants rather than clinical participants? (line 105)

A: This is an exploratory study. Moreover, the subjects of this study were healthy participants as preliminary research before intending for the clinical patients. As you know, we think that a pilot study like this becomes important before intending for the clinical patients. In future, we need the study in clinical patients in discussion. (Line369-370)

We think that we have applied kinematical theory in the healthy subject to the clinical patients. We think that we can apply the possibility shown in healthy subjects in future in a larger field.

8. Inclusion criteria are not clearly specified. Please write them in clear way. Study is in normal population but you have recommended for COVID, Space travelers ????? give strong points (109)

A: We revised the inclusion criteria more definitely and rewrote it in detail as follows. “Inclusion criteria were applied: age between 20-50 years, nonsmokers, body mass index less than 30, doing normal physical activity, and normal physical function. A specialist in expert orthopedics and rehabilitation judged the normal physical function from the physical findings such as muscle strength, sensation, and range of motion according to the criteria of the Japanese Orthopedic Association.” (Line125-131)

Moreover, we revised that expression as follows. “These findings showed the possibility that we might strengthen the metabolic stress from increased physical activity by combining HTS with a knee bending exercise that is easily performed by bed ridden patients” (Line352-355)

9. Can you explain why you choose this design of study? line 117

A: The first reason is advice from a statistician of our institution. Generally, we know that this crossover design is suitable for the disease that a case is hard to recruit. However, we think that it is useful to apply this design to the intervention study using the electrical stimulation like this study because we are very difficult to perform this intervention with the complete blindness (both researcher and subject) unlike a study using the placebo medicine. Subjects are on their own controls. The within-patient variation is less than between-patient variation. Therefore, we think that we can evaluate the intervention effect with minimizing the influence of the individual difference by comparing the presence or absence of electrically stimulated muscle contraction during volitional exercise in the same individuals.

We added a postscript to that reason as follows. (Line141-144) “It is very difficult for both subject and researcher to completely blind presence or absence of electrical stimulation. Moreover, we need to minimize the influence of the individual difference. Therefore, we chose a crossover trial in this study.”

10. What is RISTA board and it’s importance in one sentence? line 120

A: RISTA board is a device to facilitate knee bending exercises in the supine position on a bed. We revised the sentence more clearly and added a postscript to the explanation of the device as follows. “We measured gas exchange while subjects did knee bending exercises with a RISTA board (NIPPON SIGMAX Co, Tokyo, Japan) at the lowest exercise resistance load using the following protocol after a rest for 30 minutes. The RISTA board is a Japanese medical device to facilitate knee bending exercises in the supine position on a bed.” (Line145-150)

11. Which techniques, need to be specified? line 126

A: We added a postscript to the technique of the system in detail as follows. “The AE-100i consists of a microcomputer, a hot wire flowmeter, and a gas analyzer, which contains a sampling tube, filter, suction pump, oxygen (O2) analyzer made by a paramagnetic O2 transducer, and an infrared carbon dioxide (CO2) analyzer. Ventilatory parameters were measured using a hot-wire flow meter, and the flow meter was calibrated with a syringe of known volume (2.0l). A zirconium sensor and an infrared absorption analyzer, respectively, measured O2 and CO2 concentrations. The gas analyzer was calibrated to known standard gas levels (O2 15.16%, CO2 5.023%) before each test.” (Line154-162 )

12. Procedures are not clear.

A: We already described the method of the exhalation gas analysis. (Line151-166 ) Moreover, we added the next sentences and revised the first paragraph of the Intervention to make the procedures clearer as follows. “Participants performed the knee bending exercise tests with or without HTS according to a sequence assigned before the exercise test. Next, participants transitioned to the alternative exercise test on different days separated by an interval of one week as a wash out period. Therefore, the participant who first performed the exercise test with HTS performed the exercise test without HTS next.” (Line174-179).

Also, we revised the next sentence to make the exercise tests clear as follows. “In the interventional exercise, subjects performed the knee bending exercise with reciprocal 2-second (45degree/sec) knee flexion and extension contractions at the speed of 1Hz using a metronome for 5 minutes with HTS or without HTS in the supine position on a flat surface after warming up at a slow speed for 3 minutes.” (Line179-183)

At the same time, we revised the first paragraph of Subjetcs in Method session.

13. Is it Rested or tested? line 133

A: That is “rested”. (Line170) We revised the sentence associated with other opinions.

14. Why in sitting position? Why not in supine? line. 134

A: We revised the sentence as follows to make the purpose clear. “At first subjects rested for five minutes in a sitting position to evaluate of the basic inactivity quiet metabolic cost while sitting quietly”(Line172-173)

It is not our purpose to make the participant rest quietly in bed. We set it as an evaluation of the basic inactivite metabolic cost as 1 MET (sitting quietly). Lying quietly is 1 MET as an inactivite cost also as you mentioned. The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan defines sitting quietly as 1MET; the unit of physical activity or motion. sitting quietly is the first step of a physical activity to achieve an increase from decubitus in a rehabilitation clinic. Therefore, we can estimate the clinical benefit of an intervention by knowing the metabolic cost during the intervention as well as for sitting quietly. Also, we think that we can confirm that intervention in this study is definitely the physical activity from the exercise by comparing it with the conditions measured during the resting state. Because of this, we showed the results of the resting state in figures.

Moreover, we added the sentence to distinguish the “rest” before the test definitely as follows. “Participants rested for 30 min in the supine position to minimize the influence of physical activity before the exercise test..” (Line170-172)

15. If the testing was in sitting position than in which position did you performed test? Write it clearly. Intervention is not clear. line137

A: Like the figure 2, we performed the exercise testing (intervention) in the supine position on a bed. In response to your former comment, we added intervention contents to the other places of the paragraph clearly and made modifications as follows. “In the interventional exercise, subjects performed the knee bending exercise with reciprocal 2-second (45degree/sec) knee flexion and extension contractions at the speed of 1Hz using a metronome for 5 minutes with HTS or without HTS in the supine position on a flat surface after warming up at a slow speed for 3 minutes (Fig.2).” (Line179-183)

16. Is this enough period for wash out? 139

A: We think that that was enough. For example, a study which evaluated muscle fatigue from exercise adopts one week as a wash out. (PMID: 33232629、PMID: 25494054) Also, there were only two days as a wash out in a study that evaluated metabolism after aerobic exercise (2km running). (PMID: 28622349) Moreover, the influence of muscle fatigue seems to be restored largely within 3 days. (PMID: 24435468)

Besides, the exercise intensity that we performed in this study is considerably low intensity, equivalent to light activities of daily living. However, there may be muscle damage due to the electrical eccentric contraction although there adverse events including muscle soreness in this study. Also, in another study, we have showed that there was little to no muscle damage after HTS in the arm. (PMID: 17317931)

Moreover, the statistical method we used provides a method to test carryover effects. Carryover effects will cause the difference between the two treatments (intervention) to be different in the two time periods. When the interaction is significant, it indicates the presence of carryover. If the carryover effect is not significantly between two sequences. There were no significant differences between sequences in this study.

Therefore, we judged that the influence of the exercise intervention in this study did not have any carry over. However, we added a postscript about this matter in the limitation section in Discussion because we might not be able to completely deny it as follows. “Furthermore, the group effect (sequence) was absent, but it is unclear whether we could wash out the influence of HTS in one week. Therefore, a study not implementing a crossover trial may be necessary.” (Line 370-373)

17. You performed the test only one time? Or more than that? line 142

A: We tested once for each intervention (with HTS or without HTS) on different days, respectively, as we wrote in the first half of Intervention section and figure 1. We rewrote it for every test (with HTS or without HTS) to be plain as follows. “Successively, subjects performed 2 minutes cool down. Therefore, they had the total exercise time of 10 minutes in each of two tests in consideration of muscle fatigue” (Line184-186)

18. How did you measured the expired gas? line 149

A: We showed how to measure the expired gas at Line 145-166.

Because it is the measurement that is commonly used widely for clinical medicine as well as clinical studies , we think that it is not so special s hat it is necessary to describe the detailed technique in the main text.

Because we used the automated breath by breath system, we can obtain data (VO2, VCO2, and VE) of the gas for each breath. For analysis, we averaged the data of each subject, respectively, (respiratory frequency is different for every individual) obtained in the last 2 minutes of the exercise time of 5 minutes. We revised the method that we averaged a little in detail as follows. “Therefore, we averaged the data of HR and expired gas during the last 2 minutes of the interventional exercise time of 5 minutes of each test and used them for data analysis.” (Line190-192)

19. Can you write about benefits of eccentric stimulation or contraction at introduction part? line 170

A: We added that benefit in Introduction part with new references as follows.

“HTS utilizes electrically stimulated eccentric contractions. Eccentric contractions are important for muscle strengthening(1). Furthermore, electrically stimulated eccentric contractions are recognized as a muscle strengthening technique, because we can obtain bigger muscle torque (exercise load) than with concentric contractions alone(2, 3). It has been reported that HTS can increase both muscle strength and mass even when exercise intensity is relatively low(4-7).” (Line91-98)

1. Dudley GA, Tesch PA, Miller BJ, Buchanan P. Importance of eccentric actions in performance adaptations to resistance training. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991;62(6):543-50.

2. Seger JY, Thorstensson A. Electrically evoked eccentric and concentric torque-velocity relationships in human knee extensor muscles. Acta Physiol Scand. 2000;169(1):63-9.

3. Pain MT, Young F, Kim J, Forrester SE. The torque-velocity relationship in large human muscles: maximum voluntary versus electrically stimulated behaviour. J Biomech. 2013;46(4):645-50.

4. Matsuse H, Shiba N, Umezu Y, Nago T, Tagawa Y, Kakuma T, et al. Muscle training by means of combined electrical stimulation and volitional contraction. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2006;77(6):581-5.

5. Iwasaki T, Shiba N, Matsuse H, Nago T, Umezu Y, Tagawa Y, et al. Improvement in knee extension strength through training by means of combined electrical stimulation and voluntary muscle contraction. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2006;209(1):33-40.

6. Takano Y, Haneda Y, Maeda T, Sakai Y, Matsuse H, Kawaguchi T, et al. Increasing muscle strength and mass of thigh in elderly people with the hybrid-training method of electrical stimulation and volitional contraction. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2010;221(1):77-85.

7. Rabe KG, Matsuse H, Jackson A, Segal NA. Evaluation of the Combined Application of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Volitional Contractions on Thigh Muscle Strength, Knee Pain, and Physical Performance in Women at Risk for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PM R. 2018;10(12):1301-10.

20. According to provided figure the test position is in supine. It will be clear for reader to write supine rather than dorsal lying. (figure 2,line 179)

A: We revised the expression in "supine position" at Title to make the test position clear. Also, according to the opinion of the other reviewer, we deleted figure 2 and revised the explanation.

21. Write supine. Use same word throughout the manuscript. line 187

A: Associated with the comment mentioned above, we revised all of it.

22. Use same word through out the study rather then different. Don’t confuse readers. line 256

A: Associated with the comment mentioned above, we rewrote it to “in the supine position”. (Line 2, 47, 150, 171, 182, 195, 283, 314, 346, 385, 415)

23. Correct the space. line 323

A: We corrected it.

24. Is this the limitation of study ? line 328

A: We deleted that sentence.

Minor revisions:

1-Line 201: Clarify if relative values of VO2, VCO2, and HR are differences between HTS and without. In this case a paired t-test was used for comparison as a post hoc test. Correct?

A: Because we had paired quantitative measurements from two groups. We corrected it to paired Student’s t-test. (Line237)

2- Line 198: Indicate the underlying covariance structure used in the linear mixed model and the criteria for selecting it.

A: We set subjectID(sequence) as random effects covariance parameters for random effects model like a typical model for crossover trials. We rewrote it in detail. (Line234-236)

3- The standard statistical terminology for “average” is “mean.”

A: We changed that word to “mean” at Line263.

4- Table 1: In addition to the frequencies, provide the percentage male.

A: We added the percentage male.

----

6. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer

#1: No

Reviewer #2: Yes: 1. Bishnu Dutta Acharya

2. Arpita Karki

Reviewer #3: No

[NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission ite.

Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and ch ck

for the action link "View Attachments". If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files.]

While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool,

https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helpsensure that figures meet

PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user.

Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where

you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email PLOS at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files

do not need this step.

In compliance with data protection regulations, you may request that we

remove your personal registration details at any time. (Remove my

information/details). Please contact the publication office if you have

any questions.

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259856.r003

Decision Letter 1

Walid Kamal Abdelbasset

13 Sep 2021

PONE-D-21-17794R1Electrically stimulated eccentric contraction during non-weight bearing knee bending exercise in the supine position on a bed increases oxygen uptake: a randomized, controlled, exploratory crossover trialPLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Matsuse,

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process. Please submit your revised manuscript by Oct 28 2021 11:59PM. If you will need more time than this to complete your revisions, please reply to this message or contact the journal office at plosone@plos.org. When you're ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). You should upload this letter as a separate file labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.
A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.
An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Manuscript'.

If applicable, we recommend that you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io to enhance the reproducibility of your results. Protocols.io assigns your protocol its own identifier (DOI) so that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols. Additionally, PLOS ONE offers an option for publishing peer-reviewed Lab Protocol articles, which describe protocols hosted on protocols.io. Read more information on sharing protocols at https://plos.org/protocols?utm_medium=editorial-email&utm_source=authorletters&utm_campaign=protocols.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Walid Kamal Abdelbasset, Ph.D.

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Journal Requirements:

Please review your reference list to ensure that it is complete and correct. If you have cited papers that have been retracted, please include the rationale for doing so in the manuscript text, or remove these references and replace them with relevant current references. Any changes to the reference list should be mentioned in the rebuttal letter that accompanies your revised manuscript. If you need to cite a retracted article, indicate the article’s retracted status in the References list and also include a citation and full reference for the retraction notice.

Additional Editor Comments (if provided):

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.

Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #3: (No Response)

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1: Thanks to the authors for their detailed response and corrections. No further changes are suggested. the authors have done all required modifications.

Reviewer #2: 1. Still the title is not in the PICO Format. Is it important to write "on a bed" try to shorten the title.

2. short tile doesn't match the main title.

3. reference for the line 100-102

4. line 2017: Add reference to support this point.

Reviewer #3: Minor revisions:

1. The following prior comment was not adequately addressed. Indicate the underlying covariance structure used in the linear mixed model and the criteria for selecting it.

The top 3 most common covariance structures are compound symmetry, unstructured, and autoregressive.

2- Table 1: Include the corresponding percentage male.

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: Yes: Bishnu Dutta Acharya

Reviewer #3: No

Attachment

Submitted filename: PONE-D-21-17794_R1 (1).pdf

Click here for additional data file.^{(2.2MB, pdf)}

PLoS One. 2021 Nov 18;16(11):e0259856. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259856.r004

Author response to Decision Letter 1

13 Oct 2021

Dear Editorial staff,

Thank you very much for your exceedingly kind comments and advice for our study. We appreciate it very much. We answered all of your comments and revised the manuscript as follows. We submit the revised manuscript. Please contact me freely if you have any further questions.

Best regards,

Hiroo Matsuse

A: We apologize that we were not able to confirm the reference list enough. We think the retracted paper was not included.

Because the paper of Omoto et al. (19) was not published in the pubmed, we have got a wrong reproduction. Also, the notation of his name was revised from the beginning of publication from Ohmoto to Omoto. We revised it in the latest information.

Because my paper (18) was a Web version, we updated it about the information (doi). Similarly, we confirmed the pubmed one by one and added a postscript to information of doi or updated the information. Also, we revised Epub date because the Epub date of the downloaded nbib file from pubmed was different from the PubMed site. We confirmed them one by one in the website of pubmed and revised them which have the information of Epub in the website of pubmed.

Because "PMC" was repeated in much PMCID, we deleted them. However, PMCID and doi were not published when we confirmed a latest PLOS ONE’s paper. Should we delete them? At least PMCID seemed to be unnecessary.

We download an endnote style (https://endnote.com/style_download/plos-public-library-of-science-all-journals/ ) from Submission Guidelines (https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-references) and used it, and, however, we think whether you are different from the “Vancouver” style a little. If there are unnecessary information and necessary information, please tell us.

Moreover, we added three references in this revised manuscript (20, 22, 33). Therefore, the reference numbers were changed.

We showed revised or changed points by a deficit as follows.

References

1. Nagaraja MP, Jo H. The Role of Mechanical Stimulation in Recovery of Bone Loss-High versus Low Magnitude and Frequency of Force. Life (Basel). 2014;4(2):117-30. Epub 2014/11/06. doi: 10.3390/life4020117. PubMed PMID: 25370188; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4187165.

2. Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Pareja-Galeano H, Izquierdo M, Emanuele E, de la Villa P, et al. Physical strategies to prevent disuse-induced functional decline in the elderly. Ageing Res Rev. 2018;47:80-8. Epub 2018/07/18. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.003. PubMed PMID: 30031068.

3. Bloomfield SA. Changes in musculoskeletal structure and function with prolonged bed rest. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(2):197-206. Epub 1997/02/01. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199702000-00006. PubMed PMID: 9044223.

4. Voet NB, van der Kooi EL, van Engelen BG, Geurts AC. Strength training and aerobic exercise training for muscle disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;12(12):CD003907. Epub 2019/12/07. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003907.pub5. PubMed PMID: 31808555; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6953420.

5. Maffiuletti NA, Green DA, Vaz MA, Dirks ML. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation as a Potential Countermeasure for Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Weakness During Human Spaceflight. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1031. Epub 2019/08/29. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01031. PubMed PMID: 31456697; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6700209.

6. Brower RG. Consequences of bed rest. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(10 Suppl):S422-8. Epub 2010/02/06. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b6e30a. PubMed PMID: 20046130.

7. Dirks ML, Wall BT, van Loon LJC. Interventional strategies to combat muscle disuse atrophy in humans: focus on neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary protein. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018;125(3):850-61. Epub 2017/9/28. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00985.2016. PubMed PMID: 28970205.

8. Gomes Neto M, Oliveira FA, Reis HF, de Sousa Rodrigues E, Jr., Bittencourt HS, Oliveira Carvalho V. Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Physiologic and Functional Measurements in Patients With Heart Failure: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WITH META-ANALYSIS. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2016;36(3):157-66. Epub 2016/01/20. doi: 10.1097/HCR.0000000000000151. PubMed PMID: 26784735.

9. Hamada T, Hayashi T, Kimura T, Nakao K, Moritani T. Electrical stimulation of human lower extremities enhances energy consumption, carbohydrate oxidation, and whole body glucose uptake. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004;96(3):911-6. Epub 2003/10/31. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00664.2003. PubMed PMID: 14594864.

10. Paillard T. Combined application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and voluntary muscular contractions. Sports Med. 2008;38(2):161-77. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838020-00005. PubMed PMID: 18201117.

11. Dudley GA, Tesch PA, Miller BJ, Buchanan P. Importance of eccentric actions in performance adaptations to resistance training. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991;62(6):543-50. PubMed PMID: 1859341.

12. Seger JY, Thorstensson A. Electrically evoked eccentric and concentric torque-velocity relationships in human knee extensor muscles. Acta Physiol Scand. 2000;169(1):63-9. Epub 2000/04/12. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2000.00694.x. PubMed PMID: 10759612.

13. Pain MT, Young F, Kim J, Forrester SE. The torque-velocity relationship in large human muscles: maximum voluntary versus electrically stimulated behaviour. J Biomech. 2013;46(4):645-50. Epub 2013/01/11. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.11.052. PubMed PMID: 23313275.

14. Matsuse H, Shiba N, Umezu Y, Nago T, Tagawa Y, Kakuma T, et al. Muscle training by means of combined electrical stimulation and volitional contraction. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2006;77(6):581-5. PubMed PMID: 16780234.

15. Iwasaki T, Shiba N, Matsuse H, Nago T, Umezu Y, Tagawa Y, et al. Improvement in knee extension strength through training by means of combined electrical stimulation and voluntary muscle contraction. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2006;209(1):33-40. doi: 10.1620/tjem.209.33. PubMed PMID: 16636520.

16. Takano Y, Haneda Y, Maeda T, Sakai Y, Matsuse H, Kawaguchi T, et al. Increasing muscle strength and mass of thigh in elderly people with the hybrid-training method of electrical stimulation and volitional contraction. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2010;221(1):77-85. doi: 10.1620/tjem.221.77. PubMed PMID: 20453461.

17. Rabe KG, Matsuse H, Jackson A, Segal NA. Evaluation of the Combined Application of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Volitional Contractions on Thigh Muscle Strength, Knee Pain, and Physical Performance in Women at Risk for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PM R. 2018;10(12):1301-10. Epub 2018/05/29. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2018.05.014. PubMed PMID: 29852286; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6719317.

18. Matsuse H, Shiba N, Takano Y, Yamada S, Ohshima H, Tagawa Y. Cycling exercise to resist electrically stimulated antagonist increases oxygen uptake in males: pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013;50(4):545-54. doi: 10.1682/jrrd.2012.04.0067. PubMed PMID: 23934874.

19. Omoto M, Matsuse H, Takano Y, Yamada S, Ohshima H, Tagawa Y, et al. Oxygen Uptake during Aerobic Cycling Exercise Simultaneously Combined with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation of Antagonists. J Nov Physiother. 2013;3:185. Epub 2013/11/07. doi: 10.4172/2165-7025.1000185.

20. Cameron S, Ball I, Cepinskas G, Choong K, Doherty TJ, Ellis CG, et al. Early mobilization in the critical care unit: A review of adult and pediatric literature. J Crit Care. 2015;30(4):664-72. Epub 2015/04/08. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.03.032. PubMed PMID: 25987293.

21. Gaesser GA, Poole DC. The slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics in humans. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1996;24:35-71. Epub 1996/01/01. PubMed PMID: 8744246.

22. Ward AR, Shkuratova N. Russian electrical stimulation: the early experiments. Phys Ther. 2002;82(10):1019-30. Epub 2002/09/28. PubMed PMID: 12350217.

23. Matsuse H, Segal NA, Rabe KG, Shiba N. The Effect of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation During Walking on Muscle Strength and Knee Pain in Obese Women With Knee Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;99(1):56-64. Epub 2019/10/09. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001319. PubMed PMID: 31592880.

24. Tsukada Y, Matsuse H, Shinozaki N, Takano Y, Nago T, Shiba N. Combined Application of Electrically Stimulated Antagonist Muscle Contraction and Volitional Muscle Contraction Prevents Muscle Strength Weakness and Promotes Physical Function Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Kurume Med J. 2020;65(4):145-54. Epub 2019/11/13. doi: 10.2739/kurumemedj.MS654007. PubMed PMID: 31723080.

25. Oates BR, Glover EI, West DW, Fry JL, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Low-volume resistance exercise attenuates the decline in strength and muscle mass associated with immobilization. Muscle Nerve. 2010;42(4):539-46. Epub 2010/07/27. doi: 10.1002/mus.21721. PubMed PMID: 20658567.

26. Alkner BA, Tesch PA. Efficacy of a gravity-independent resistance exercise device as a countermeasure to muscle atrophy during 29-day bed rest. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;181(3):345-57. Epub 2004/06/16. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-201X.2004.01293.x. PubMed PMID: 15196095.

27. Berg HE, Tesch A. A gravity-independent ergometer to be used for resistance training in space. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1994;65(8):752-6. Epub 1994/08/01. PubMed PMID: 7980338.

28. Burke D, Gorman E, Stokes D, Lennon O. An evaluation of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in critical care using the ICF framework: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Respir J. 2016;10(4):407-20. Epub 2014/11/26. doi: 10.1111/crj.12234. PubMed PMID: 25353646.

29. Iwanaga S, Hashida R, Takano Y, Bekki M, Nakano D, Omoto M, et al. Hybrid Training System Improves Insulin Resistance in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2020;252(1):23-32. Epub 2020/08/31. doi: 10.1620/tjem.252.23. PubMed PMID: 32863329.

30. Numata H, Nakase J, Inaki A, Mochizuki T, Oshima T, Takata Y, et al. Effects of the belt electrode skeletal muscle electrical stimulation system on lower extremity skeletal muscle activity: Evaluation using positron emission tomography. J Orthop Sci. 2016;21(1):53-6. Epub 2015/11/21. doi: 10.1016/j.jos.2015.09.003. PubMed PMID: 26755387.

31. Forestieri P, Bolzan DW, Santos VB, Moreira RSL, de Almeida DR, Trimer R, et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves exercise tolerance in patients with advanced heart failure on continuous intravenous inotropic support use-randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2018;32(1):66-74. Epub 2017/06/21. doi: 10.1177/0269215517715762. PubMed PMID: 28633534.

32. Dalise S, Cavalli L, Ghuman H, Wahlberg B, Gerwig M, Chisari C, et al. Biological effects of dosing aerobic exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation in rats. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):10830. Epub 2017/09/09. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11260-7. PubMed PMID: 28883534; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5589775.

33. Iwatsu K, Yamada S, Iida Y, Sampei H, Kobayashi K, Kainuma M, et al. Feasibility of neuromuscular electrical stimulation immediately after cardiovascular surgery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(1):63-8. Epub 2014/09/09. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.08.012. PubMed PMID: 25218214.

34. Fontes Cerqueira TC, Cerqueira Neto ML, Cacau LAP, Oliveira GU, Silva Junior WMD, Carvalho VO, et al. Ambulation capacity and functional outcome in patients undergoing neuromuscular electrical stimulation after cardiac valve surgery: A randomised clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(46):e13012. Epub 2018/11/16. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013012. PubMed PMID: 30431575; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6257613.

35. Hainaut K, Duchateau J. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and voluntary exercise. Sports Med. 1992;14(2):100-13. Epub 1992/08/01. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199214020-00003. PubMed PMID: 1509225.

36. Theurel J, Lepers R, Pardon L, Maffiuletti NA. Differences in cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses between voluntary and stimulated contractions of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2007;157(2-3):341-7. Epub 2006/12/15. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2006.12.002. PubMed PMID: 17210271.

37. Liu M, Luo J, Zhou J, Zhu X. Intervention effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on ICU acquired weakness: A meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Sci. 2020;7(2):228-37. Epub 2020/03/10. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.03.002. PubMed PMID: 32685621; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7355203.

38. Nakamura K, Nakano H, Naraba H, Mochizuki M, Hashimoto H. Early rehabilitation with dedicated use of belt-type electrical muscle stimulation for severe COVID-19 patients. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):342. Epub 2020/06/15. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03080-5. PubMed PMID: 32539827; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7294763.

39. Swain DP, Leutholtz BC. Heart rate reserve is equivalent to %VO2 reserve, not to %VO2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(3):410-4. Epub 1997/03/01. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199703000-00018. PubMed PMID: 9139182.

Additional Editor Comments (if provided):

Q: Is it safe to use fNMES for cardiac pateints?

A: It is safe if we use it appropriately. Of course, it is necessary to avoid the use to pacemaker wearers. However, we may not have any problem depending on how to use (Egger F, 2019). A useful of the electrical stimulation therapy in patients with chronic heart failure is shown in a systematic review (Gomes Neto M, 2016). Functional electrical stimulation of lower limb muscles is considered as an alternative mode of exercise training in chronic heart failure (Parissis J, 2015). Moreover, it has been shown that the use of NMES is safe in patients immediately after cardiovascular surgery (Iwatsu K, 2015).

We rewrote the sentence about the safety with a reference as follows.

“It has been shown that the use of NMES is safe in patients after cardiovascular surgery (Iwatsu K, 2015), but NMES did not improve functional capacity in cardiac valve surgery patients in the immediate postoperative period.”

References

Egger F, Hofer C, Hammerle FP, Lofler S, Nurnberg M, Fiedler L, et al. Influence of electrical stimulation therapy on permanent pacemaker function. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2019;131(13-14):313-20. Epub 2019/04/27. doi: 10.1007/s00508-019-1494-5. PubMed PMID: 31025164.

Gomes Neto M, Oliveira FA, Reis HF, de Sousa Rodrigues E, Jr., Bittencourt HS, Oliveira Carvalho V. Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Physiologic and Functional Measurements in Patients With Heart Failure: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WITH META-ANALYSIS. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2016;36(3):157-66. Epub 2016/01/20. doi: 10.1097/HCR.0000000000000151. PubMed PMID: 26784735.

Parissis J, Farmakis D, Karavidas A, Arapi S, Filippatos G, Lekakis J. Functional electrical stimulation of lower limb muscles as an alternative mode of exercise training in chronic heart failure: practical considerations and proposed algorithm. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17(12):1228-30. Epub 2015/10/16. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.409. PubMed PMID: 26466970.

Iwatsu K, Yamada S, Iida Y, Sampei H, Kobayashi K, Kainuma M, et al. Feasibility of neuromuscular electrical stimulation immediately after cardiovascular surgery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(1):63-8. Epub 2014/09/09. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.08.012. PubMed PMID: 25218214.

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #3: (No Response)

________________________________________

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

________________________________________

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

________________________________________

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

________________________________________

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

________________________________________

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1: Thanks to the authors for their detailed response and corrections. No further changes are suggested. the authors have done all required modifications.

A: Thank you for your polite review.

Reviewer #2:

1. Still the title is not in the PICO Format. Is it important to write "on a bed" try to shorten the title.

A: We deleted “on a bed".

　　“Electrically stimulated eccentric contraction during non-weight bearing knee bending exercise in the supine position increases oxygen uptake: a randomized, controlled, exploratory crossover trial”

2. short tile doesn't match the main title.

A: We changed the short title to “Oxygen uptake during knee bending exercise combined with electrical stimulation” to state the topic of the study.

(70 characters)

3. reference for the line 100-102

A: We think that the lower extremity bending exercise is not special, and it is the general physical therapy as an early mobilization which was recommended for critically ill patients. We revised the sentence as one of an early mobilization. We revised the sentence and added the reference (Cameron S, 2015) which shows the recommendation of the early mobilization for critically ill patients.

“Knee bending exercise, one of the common early mobilizations on a bed, is recommended for critically ill patients [20].”

Reference

Cameron S, Ball I, Cepinskas G, Choong K, Doherty TJ, Ellis CG, et al. Early mobilization in the critical care unit: A review of adult and pediatric literature. J Crit Care. 2015;30(4):664-72. Epub 2015/04/08. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.03.032. PubMed PMID: 25987293.

4. line 2017: Add reference to support this point.

A: We added the reference about the standard Russian waveform (Ward AR, 2002). Moreover, we showed our past studies using this parameter.

“ES parameters were based on a standard Russian waveform (Ward AR, 2002) in which a 5,000 Hz carrier frequency is modulated at 40 Hz (2.4 ms on, 22.6 ms off) to deliver a rectangular voltage biphasic pulse [16][17-19, 23, 24].”

Reference

Ward AR, Shkuratova N. Russian electrical stimulation: the early experiments. Phys Ther. 2002;82(10):1019-30. Epub 2002/09/28. PubMed PMID: 12350217.

Reviewer #3: Minor revisions:

1. The following prior comment was not adequately addressed. Indicate the underlying covariance structure used in the linear mixed model and the criteria for selecting it.

The top 3 most common covariance structures are compound symmetry, unstructured, and autoregressive.

Ａ：It is the linear mixed model using covariance structure of compound symmetry as the result that we showed it in the manuscript. We talked with a statistician. As you pointed it out, we tried the linear mixed model in 3 covariance structures (compound symmetry, unstructured, and autoregressive) with the statistician. The compound symmetry was the best as a result that it was judged in BIC (Bayesian information criterion). Therefore, the results do not change. Thus, we added the following sentences to the part of the statistical analysis.

“Also, we tried the linear mixed model in 3 covariance structures (compound symmetry, unstructured, and autoregressive). The compound symmetry was the best covariance structure as a result that it was judged in BIC. Therefore, we selected the compound symmetry as the underlying covariance structure used in the linear mixed model.” （P15, L234-238）

2- Table 1: Include the corresponding percentage male.

Ａ：I'm sorry, we were not able to revise it. We showed it in a table as follows.

Male sex, n (%) 4 (80) 4 (80)

Also, I'm sorry, there were a few mistakes in the table. We revised diagonal characters and bold-face.

________________________________________

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: Yes: Bishnu Dutta Acharya

Reviewer #3: No

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(46.8KB, docx)}

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259856.r005

Decision Letter 2

Walid Kamal Abdelbasset

28 Oct 2021

Electrically stimulated eccentric contraction during non-weight bearing knee bending exercise in the supine position increases oxygen uptake: a randomized, controlled, exploratory crossover trial

PONE-D-21-17794R2

Dear Dr. Matsuse,

We’re pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it meets all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you’ll receive an e-mail detailing the required amendments. When these have been addressed, you’ll receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will be scheduled for publication.

An invoice for payment will follow shortly after the formal acceptance. To ensure an efficient process, please log into Editorial Manager at http://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/, click the 'Update My Information' link at the top of the page, and double check that your user information is up-to-date. If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at authorbilling@plos.org.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to help maximize its impact. If they’ll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team as soon as possible -- no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact onepress@plos.org.

Kind regards,

Walid Kamal Abdelbasset, Ph.D.

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #3: All comments have been addressed

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: (No Response)

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: (No Response)

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: (No Response)

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: (No Response)

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #2:

Reviewer #3: (No Response)

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #2: No

Reviewer #3: No

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

S1 Table. Primary data of the study.

(XLSX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(14.3KB, xlsx)}

S1 Checklist. CONSORT 2010 checklist of information to include when reporting a randomised trial*.

(DOC)

Click here for additional data file.^{(221.5KB, doc)}

S1 File

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(77.2KB, docx)}

S2 File

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(49.9KB, docx)}

S1 Data

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(688.3KB, pdf)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: comments.doc

Click here for additional data file.^{(26KB, doc)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: renamed_16a0c.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(85.4KB, docx)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: PONE-D-21-17794_R1 (1).pdf

Click here for additional data file.^{(2.2MB, pdf)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(46.8KB, docx)}

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

[pone.0259856.ref001] 1.Nagaraja MP, Jo H. The Role of Mechanical Stimulation in Recovery of Bone Loss-High versus Low Magnitude and Frequency of Force. Life (Basel). 2014;4(2):117–30. Epub 2014/11/06. doi: 10.3390/life4020117 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4187165. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref002] 2.Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Pareja-Galeano H, Izquierdo M, Emanuele E, de la Villa P, et al. Physical strategies to prevent disuse-induced functional decline in the elderly. Ageing Res Rev. 2018;47:80–8. Epub 2018/07/18. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.003 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref003] 3.Bloomfield SA. Changes in musculoskeletal structure and function with prolonged bed rest. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(2):197–206. Epub 1997/02/01. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199702000-00006 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref004] 4.Voet NB, van der Kooi EL, van Engelen BG, Geurts AC. Strength training and aerobic exercise training for muscle disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;12(12):CD003907. Epub 2019/12/07. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003907.pub5 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6953420. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref005] 5.Maffiuletti NA, Green DA, Vaz MA, Dirks ML. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation as a Potential Countermeasure for Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Weakness During Human Spaceflight. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1031. Epub 2019/08/29. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01031 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6700209. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref006] 6.Brower RG. Consequences of bed rest. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(10 Suppl):S422–8. Epub 2010/02/06. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b6e30a . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref007] 7.Dirks ML, Wall BT, van Loon LJC. Interventional strategies to combat muscle disuse atrophy in humans: focus on neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary protein. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018;125(3):850–61. Epub 2017/9/28. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00985.2016 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref008] 8.Gomes Neto M, Oliveira FA, Reis HF, de Sousa Rodrigues E Jr., Bittencourt HS, Oliveira Carvalho V. Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Physiologic and Functional Measurements in Patients With Heart Failure: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WITH META-ANALYSIS. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2016;36(3):157–66. Epub 2016/01/20. doi: 10.1097/HCR.0000000000000151 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref009] 9.Hamada T, Hayashi T, Kimura T, Nakao K, Moritani T. Electrical stimulation of human lower extremities enhances energy consumption, carbohydrate oxidation, and whole body glucose uptake. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004;96(3):911–6. Epub 2003/10/31. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00664.2003 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref010] 10.Paillard T. Combined application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and voluntary muscular contractions. Sports Med. 2008;38(2):161–77. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838020-00005 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref011] 11.Dudley GA, Tesch PA, Miller BJ, Buchanan P. Importance of eccentric actions in performance adaptations to resistance training. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991;62(6):543–50. . [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref012] 12.Seger JY, Thorstensson A. Electrically evoked eccentric and concentric torque-velocity relationships in human knee extensor muscles. Acta Physiol Scand. 2000;169(1):63–9. Epub 2000/04/12. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2000.00694.x . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref013] 13.Pain MT, Young F, Kim J, Forrester SE. The torque-velocity relationship in large human muscles: maximum voluntary versus electrically stimulated behaviour. J Biomech. 2013;46(4):645–50. Epub 2013/01/11. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.11.052 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref014] 14.Matsuse H, Shiba N, Umezu Y, Nago T, Tagawa Y, Kakuma T, et al. Muscle training by means of combined electrical stimulation and volitional contraction. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2006;77(6):581–5. . [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref015] 15.Iwasaki T, Shiba N, Matsuse H, Nago T, Umezu Y, Tagawa Y, et al. Improvement in knee extension strength through training by means of combined electrical stimulation and voluntary muscle contraction. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2006;209(1):33–40. doi: 10.1620/tjem.209.33 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref016] 16.Takano Y, Haneda Y, Maeda T, Sakai Y, Matsuse H, Kawaguchi T, et al. Increasing muscle strength and mass of thigh in elderly people with the hybrid-training method of electrical stimulation and volitional contraction. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2010;221(1):77–85. doi: 10.1620/tjem.221.77 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref017] 17.Rabe KG, Matsuse H, Jackson A, Segal NA. Evaluation of the Combined Application of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Volitional Contractions on Thigh Muscle Strength, Knee Pain, and Physical Performance in Women at Risk for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PM R. 2018;10(12):1301–10. Epub 2018/05/29. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2018.05.014 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6719317. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref018] 18.Matsuse H, Shiba N, Takano Y, Yamada S, Ohshima H, Tagawa Y. Cycling exercise to resist electrically stimulated antagonist increases oxygen uptake in males: pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013;50(4):545–54. doi: 10.1682/jrrd.2012.04.0067 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref019] 19.Omoto M, Matsuse H, Takano Y, Yamada S, Ohshima H, Tagawa Y, et al. Oxygen Uptake during Aerobic Cycling Exercise Simultaneously Combined with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation of Antagonists. J Nov Physiother. 2013;3:185. Epub 2013/11/07. doi: 10.4172/2165-7025.1000185 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref020] 20.Cameron S, Ball I, Cepinskas G, Choong K, Doherty TJ, Ellis CG, et al. Early mobilization in the critical care unit: A review of adult and pediatric literature. J Crit Care. 2015;30(4):664–72. Epub 2015/04/08. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.03.032 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref021] 21.Gaesser GA, Poole DC. The slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics in humans. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1996;24:35–71. Epub 1996/01/01. . [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref022] 22.Ward AR, Shkuratova N. Russian electrical stimulation: the early experiments. Phys Ther. 2002;82(10):1019–30. Epub 2002/09/28. . [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref023] 23.Matsuse H, Segal NA, Rabe KG, Shiba N. The Effect of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation During Walking on Muscle Strength and Knee Pain in Obese Women With Knee Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;99(1):56–64. Epub 2019/10/09. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001319 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref024] 24.Tsukada Y, Matsuse H, Shinozaki N, Takano Y, Nago T, Shiba N. Combined Application of Electrically Stimulated Antagonist Muscle Contraction and Volitional Muscle Contraction Prevents Muscle Strength Weakness and Promotes Physical Function Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Kurume Med J. 2020;65(4):145–54. Epub 2019/11/13. doi: 10.2739/kurumemedj.MS654007 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref025] 25.Oates BR, Glover EI, West DW, Fry JL, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Low-volume resistance exercise attenuates the decline in strength and muscle mass associated with immobilization. Muscle Nerve. 2010;42(4):539–46. Epub 2010/07/27. doi: 10.1002/mus.21721 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref026] 26.Alkner BA, Tesch PA. Efficacy of a gravity-independent resistance exercise device as a countermeasure to muscle atrophy during 29-day bed rest. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;181(3):345–57. Epub 2004/06/16. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-201X.2004.01293.x . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref027] 27.Berg HE, Tesch A. A gravity-independent ergometer to be used for resistance training in space. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1994;65(8):752–6. Epub 1994/08/01. . [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref028] 28.Burke D, Gorman E, Stokes D, Lennon O. An evaluation of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in critical care using the ICF framework: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Respir J. 2016;10(4):407–20. Epub 2014/11/26. doi: 10.1111/crj.12234 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref029] 29.Iwanaga S, Hashida R, Takano Y, Bekki M, Nakano D, Omoto M, et al. Hybrid Training System Improves Insulin Resistance in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2020;252(1):23–32. Epub 2020/08/31. doi: 10.1620/tjem.252.23. . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref030] 30.Numata H, Nakase J, Inaki A, Mochizuki T, Oshima T, Takata Y, et al. Effects of the belt electrode skeletal muscle electrical stimulation system on lower extremity skeletal muscle activity: Evaluation using positron emission tomography. J Orthop Sci. 2016;21(1):53–6. Epub 2015/11/21. doi: 10.1016/j.jos.2015.09.003 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref031] 31.Forestieri P, Bolzan DW, Santos VB, Moreira RSL, de Almeida DR, Trimer R, et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves exercise tolerance in patients with advanced heart failure on continuous intravenous inotropic support use-randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2018;32(1):66–74. Epub 2017/06/21. doi: 10.1177/0269215517715762 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref032] 32.Dalise S, Cavalli L, Ghuman H, Wahlberg B, Gerwig M, Chisari C, et al. Biological effects of dosing aerobic exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation in rats. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):10830. Epub 2017/09/09. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11260-7 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5589775. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref033] 33.Iwatsu K, Yamada S, Iida Y, Sampei H, Kobayashi K, Kainuma M, et al. Feasibility of neuromuscular electrical stimulation immediately after cardiovascular surgery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(1):63–8. Epub 2014/09/09. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.08.012 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref034] 34.Fontes Cerqueira TC, Cerqueira Neto ML, Cacau LAP, Oliveira GU, Silva Junior WMD, Carvalho VO, et al. Ambulation capacity and functional outcome in patients undergoing neuromuscular electrical stimulation after cardiac valve surgery: A randomised clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(46):e13012. Epub 2018/11/16. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013012 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6257613. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref035] 35.Hainaut K, Duchateau J. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and voluntary exercise. Sports Med. 1992;14(2):100–13. Epub 1992/08/01. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199214020-00003 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref036] 36.Theurel J, Lepers R, Pardon L, Maffiuletti NA. Differences in cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses between voluntary and stimulated contractions of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2007;157(2–3):341–7. Epub 2006/12/15. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2006.12.002 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref037] 37.Liu M, Luo J, Zhou J, Zhu X. Intervention effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on ICU acquired weakness: A meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Sci. 2020;7(2):228–37. Epub 2020/03/10. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.03.002 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7355203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref038] 38.Nakamura K, Nakano H, Naraba H, Mochizuki M, Hashimoto H. Early rehabilitation with dedicated use of belt-type electrical muscle stimulation for severe COVID-19 patients. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):342. Epub 2020/06/15. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03080-5 ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7294763. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0259856.ref039] 39.Swain DP, Leutholtz BC. Heart rate reserve is equivalent to %VO2 reserve, not to %VO2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(3):410–4. Epub 1997/03/01. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199703000-00018 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

PERMALINK

Electrically stimulated eccentric contraction during non-weight bearing knee bending exercise in the supine position increases oxygen uptake: A randomized, controlled, exploratory crossover trial

Hiroshi Tajima

Hiroo Matsuse

Ryuki Hashida

Takeshi Nago

Masafumi Bekki

Sohei Iwanaga

Eriko Higashi

Naoto Shiba

Roles

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Subjects

Fig 1. Flow diagram.

Design

Intervention

Fig 2. Exercise scene.

HTS protocol

Statistical analysis

Results

Table 1. Participants’ characteristics.

Fig 3. Comparing of changes of oxygen uptake.

Fig 4. Comparing of changes of carbon dioxide production.

Fig 5. Comparing of changes of heart rate.

Discussion

Conclusion

Supporting information

Acknowledgments

Abbreviation’s list

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Walid Kamal Abdelbasset

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Walid Kamal Abdelbasset

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 1

Decision Letter 2

Walid Kamal Abdelbasset

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Similar articles

Cited by other articles

Links to NCBI Databases