Candida utilis: a rare cause of septicemia in children

Abstract

Candida utilis is an emerging fungal pathogen in blood. The main aim of this study was to describe the prevalence, methods of speciation and antifungal susceptibility of Candida utilis at a tertiary care centre.

Methods

This was a retrospective study carried out at a tertiary care centre in South India. Over a period of 1 year, three Candida utilis were isolated from blood culture identified by MALDI–TOF MS Version 3.2 and were confirmed by ITS sequencing. Susceptibility testing was carried out by micro broth dilution.

Results

All three patients had a common risk factor of prolonged ICU stay but the source of infection could not be identified. Candida utilis isolates were identified by MALDI–TOF and confirmed by ITS sequencing. They were pansusceptible to all tested antifungal drugs. Among these, two patients who were treated in hospital had good clinical outcome and response to antifungal drugs. A third patient was lost to follow up.

Conclusion

Candida utilis was predominantly seen between 0–3 month olds. Conventional methods of speciation were unable to identify C. utilis to species level. Rapid identification was done by MALDI–TOF MS and confirmed by sequencing. Rapid identification leads to prompt treatment and favours a good clinical outcome.

Introduction

Candida spp are an increasingly frequent cause of sepsis in critically ill patients, cause substantial morbidity and mortality and account for 10–15 % of health-care associated infections [1]. The prevalence of candidemia in India is 6–18 % and there is a upward trend in non-albicans Candida spp causing blood stream infections. A study from Northeast India demonstrated a prevalence of 6 % candidemia with a predominance of non-albicans Candida species of 70 % [2]. Candida utilis is a rare cause of candidemia [3]. Its teleomorphic form, Cyberlindera jadinii, is used in the food industry as a yeast additive. Candida utilis fungaemia has mainly been reported in immunocompromised patients, neonates and following surgical intervention [4].

Previous case reports show a low mortality rate of Candida utilis and susceptibility to all antifungal drugs tested [4]. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption–Ionization Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) can result in rapid detection and differentiation of yeasts from blood culture specimens [5]. Sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer(ITS) region can also provide a quick diagnosis, with potential for identifying drug resistance in the same run, however it is expensive and technically difficult [6].

In the case of emerging pathogens, a systematic monitoring of the trends of incidence, species distribution and antifungal susceptibility profile is needed and provides learning lessons in [7, 8].

Methods

This was a retrospective case series carried out at a tertiary care centre. Ethics approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB MinNo.13343). We reviewed the electronic patient records for demographic and clinical details of all patients with Candia utilis isolated from blood cultures at the Department of Clinical Microbiology from June 2019 to June 2020. As per standard protocol, these specimens were inoculated into BacT/Alert (BioMérieux, France). Blood cultures that flagged positive underwent a Gram-stain and if yeast-like organisms were identified in broth, were inoculated onto Sabourauds Dextrose Agar. Identification was performed by MALDI–TOF MS (BioMérieux, Version 3.2, France), CHROMagar Candida, germ tube test and confirmed by ITS sequencing. Susceptibility testing was carried out by the micro broth dilution method (CLSI M27-A3, 2008 and M60 Ed1 2017) with quality controls ATCC 22019 Candida parapsilosis and ATCC 6258 Candida krusei.

We identified three cases of Candida utilis causing septicemia.

Case 1

A 10 day old neonate (Table 1) was referred from another hospital with complaints of failure to cry at birth and was treated for neonatal seizures in intensive care unit (ICU) for 10 days. On examination the baby was lethargic, floppy, anterior fontanelle flat and reflexes not elicitable. The random blood sugar was 49 mg dl⁻¹. Blood culture done on day 1 of admission grew Candida spp within a day of incubation. It was identified as Candida utilis by MALDI-TOF MS. Sequencing confirmed this isolate as Cyberlindera jadinii. Antifungal susceptibility was carried out amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, anidulafungin, posaconazole, 5-flucytosine and demonstrated a pansusceptible strain (Table 2). A diagnosis of hypoxemic ischaemic encephalopathy stage three was made, with septic shock. Despite advice on the need for further intensive care, parents were unwilling to admit the baby. The child was discharged against medical advice.

Table 1.

Summary of case presentation

S. no	Age	Outcome	Final diagnosis	Comorbidities	Concomitant infection	Treatment	No. of isolates, Source and day of isolation after admission	ICU stay
1	10 days	DAMA	Hypoxemic ischaemic encephalopathy	Neonatal seizure	Nil	DAMA	1, Blood, Day-1	YES
2	4 days	Well at discharge	Early onset neonatal sepsis, Transient SIADH	Oligohydroamnios, LSCS- cord around neck, neonatal seizures, hypocalcemia	Candida tropicalis -Blood	Inj Amp B −21 days	1, Blood, Day −2	YES
3	2 months and 20 days	Well at discharge	CCF, PDA, ASD, Infective endocarditis	Jaundice, late onset meningitis	CONS -  Blood	Inj Amp B+flucytosine-6Wks followed by Oral fluconazole –lifelong	6, Blood, Day −2	YES

Table 2.

Antifungal susceptibility of three isolates

Drug	Amphotericin B	Fluconazole	Voriconazole	Itraconazole	Posaconazole	Anidulafungin	5-Flucytosine
Testing range (μg ml−1)	0.03–16	0.12–64	0.03–16	0.03–16	0.03–16	0.002–32	0.12–64
Case 1	0.06	1.0	0.03	0.06	0.06	0.002	0.12
Case 2	0.06	0.5	0.03	0.06	0.03	0.002	0.12
Case 3	0.06	1.0	0.03	0.12	0.12	0.002	0.12

Case 2

A 4 day old baby (Table 1) was referred from another hospital and admitted at the ICU with complaints of poor feeding, lethargy and two episodes of seizures of unknown aetiology since day 2 of life. Antenatal history elicited high grade fever in the third month of gestation, which was not associated with a rash. A routine ultrasound scan in the third trimester had also revealed severe oligohydramnios. At 39 weeks of gestation baby was delivered by emergency Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) in view of cord around neck. Blood culture was done on day 2 of admission. The blood culture grew Candida utilis and Candida tropicalis, identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Antifungal susceptibility was carried out with amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, anidulafungin, posaconazole, 5-flucytosine and demonstrated a pansusceptible Candida utilis strain (Table 2). Sequencing confirmed this isolate as Cyberlindera jadinii. I/V amphotericin B was started and given for 21 days. Baby was stable at the time of discharge.

Case 3

A 2 month 20 day old baby (Table 1) was admitted with complaints of interrupted feeding for 1 month, cough and cold for 1 week and rapid breathing for 1 day. Antenatal history was uneventful. Baby was delivered by LSCS, had history of jaundice on day 4 and received phototherapy for 2 days. On day 30 of life the baby developed poor feeding and lethargy, and was diagnosed as late onset neonatal meningitis in a local hospital. The CSF culture grew Pseudomonas species and thus I/V meropenam and vancomycin were given and continued for 21 days. In view of interrupted feeding, an echocardiogram was done and demonstrated an atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and vegetations on the tricuspid valve leaflets. A diagnosis of infective endocarditis and subsequently congestive cardiac failure (CCF) was made. Blood culture done on day 4 of admission grew Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus aureus (CONS) and I/V vancomycin was started. Five subsequent blood cultures taken on sixth, ninth (two cultures), 10th and 15th day of admission grew C. utilis. Antifungal susceptibility was carried out with amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconzole, itraconazole, anidulafungin, posaconazole, 5-flucytosine and demonstrated a pansusceptible strain (Table 2). Sequencing confirmed this isolate as Cyberlindera jadinii. Surgical removal of the vegetation was advised, however deferred due to the high risk associated with it and a medical management was planned instead. Amphotericin B (IV) and flucytosine was given for 6 weeks followed by advice on lifelong oral fluconazole. The parents were counselled about the need for long term treatment and follow up which was planned to continue at a local hospital.

Discussion

Over a period of 1 year, a total of 221 Candida spp were isolated from blood cultures, of which 173 were non-albicans Candida spp, MALDI-TOF MS identified three C. utilis which accounts for 1.5 %. All patients were in the age group 0–3 months and referred from another hospital. These babies had a history of poor feeding, neonatal seizures and lethargy requiring hospital admissions and investigations. Common predisposing factors among these three babies were intensive care admissions and previous use of antimicrobials. Previously reported Candida utilis cases have had the same risk factors [8]. These isolates, though unidentified by conventional methodology (Table 3), were detected by MALDI-TOF MS facilitating early diagnosis and treatment. Sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer region also confirmed the diagnosis as Cyberlindera jadinii, the teleomorphic stage of Candida utilis (Table 1). Antifungal susceptibility of all isolates revealed wild-type isolates, according to the reported epidemiology cut-off values and as previously described, the MICs of all drugs tested here, with the exception of fluconazole (Table 2), demonstrated MIC values corresponding to the least drug concentration tested, which is similar to previous data [5, 9]. A concomitant infection of Candida tropicalis was observed in one patient and CONS in another.

Table 3.

Methods of identification used in this study

Identification methods	CHROM agar Candida	Assimilation test	Germ tube test	MALDI–TOF MS VER3.2	Sequencing -ITS
Case 1	Pale mauve	Glucose, sucrose, maltose xylose, raffinose	Negative	Candida utilis	Cyberlindera jadinii
Case 2	Pale mauve	Glucose, sucrose, maltose xylose, raffinose	Negative	Candida utilis	Cyberlindera jadinii
Case 3	Pale mauve	Glucose, sucrose, maltose xylose, raffinose	Negative	Candida utilis	Cyberlindera jadinii

Patients admitted to ICU often harbour Candida species, as did the three babies in the current study. One of these babies had fungal endocarditis as a complication. Duration of therapy was prolonged in the presence of infective endocarditis. Despite this, identification and prompt treatment led to a good outcome.

We present what we believed to be the first case series of Candida utilis in India. Table 4 describes the literature for previously reported Candida utilis. We highlight the importance of rapid diagnostics for the detection of new and emerging fungi.

Table 4.

A comparison of previous studies

Sl no	Year	Authors	Title	Country	Total no: of cases
1	2011	Lukić-Grlić et al. [4]	Candida utilis candidaemia in neonatal patients	Croatia	3 cases
2	2014	Scoppettuolo et al. [10]	Candida utilis catheter-related bloodstream infection	Rome	1 case; 66 year old
3	2016	Shivadasan et al. [8]	Candida utilis causing neonatal Candidemia	India	1 case
4.	2018	Treguier et al. [9]	Cyberlindnera jadinii (teleomorph Candida utilis) candidaemia in a patient with aplastic anaemia: a case report	France	1 case; 21 year old
5	1993	Bougnoux et al. [11]	Resolutive Candida utilis fungemia in a nonneutropenic patient	France	1 case; 68 year old
6	1988	Alsina et al. [12]	Catheter-associated Candida utilis fungemia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: species verification with a molecular probe	Tennessee	1; 5 year old