Effects of blackcurrant on diabetic cardiomyopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus mice (T2DM mice). The expression levels of TGF-β (Aa) and collagen (Ba) were confirmed in T2DM mice cardiac tissue slides using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in T2DM (magnification 400×, n = 3 per group). Red arrows indicate the location of TGF-β (D) and collagen IV (D) expressed by IHC in left ventricle. Graphs quantifying the IHC-stained expression area of TGF-β (Ab) and IHC-stained expression area of collagen (Bb). Cont, control (db/m mice); T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus mice (db/db mice); Vil.G, db/db + vildagliptin 50 mg/kg/day, positive control, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor; Bla.C, db/db + blackcurrant 200 mg/kg/day; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β. Data are shown as mean ± S.E. *** p < 0.001 vs. Cont.; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 vs. T2DM.