Table 5.

Biological effects of the short peptides.

N	Structure and Name of Peptide	Biological Activity	References
	Polyfunctional Peptides
1	AED, Cartalax	regulation of cartilage and skin fibroblasts functions, neuronal cell differentiation	[17,18,21,34,35,74]
2	AEDG, Epitalon	regulation of neuro-immuno-endocrine function, circadian rhythm regulation, retina-protective effect, antioxidant effect, stress-protective effect, geroprotection, activation of skin fibroblasts’ function, differentiation of plant cells, DNA binder	[15,16,19,21,23,34,40,51,78,82,84]
3	AEDL, Bronchogen	regulation of lung cells’ function and differentiation, differentiation of plant cells, DNA binding	[15,16,24,35,41,84]
4	EDL, Ovagen	regulation of renal cells’ function, hepatoprotection, DNA binding	[74]
5	EDR, Pinealon	neuroprotection, activation of stem cells’ neuronal differentiation, antioxidant effect, DNA binding	[15,61,83,84,95]
6	EW, Thymogen	drug, regulation of immune system function, antioxidant effect, stress-protective effect, geroprotection, DNA binding	[23,42]
7	KE, Vilon	regulation of immune system function, antioxidant effect, stress-protective effect, geroprotection, activation of stem cells’ neuronal differentiation, activation of plant cells’ differentiation, DNA binding	[16,17,18,21,23,34,35,81,82]
8	KED, Vesugen	regulation of cardiovascular system function, neuroprotector, activation of stem cells’ neuronal differentiation, activation of skin fibroblasts’ function, geroprotection, DNA binding	[17,18,21,22,34,35,60,75]
9	KLDL	osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells	[37]
10	RADA	osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells	[37]
	Monofunctional peptides
11	AEDR, Cardiogen	regulation of cardiovascular system function	[15,84]
12	RADA in combination with the Jagged1	heart progenitor cell differentiation	[37]
13	KEDG, Testagen	regulation of male reproductive system function	[15,34,35]
14	AAAAEKAAAAEKAAAAEK	neuroprotection	[35,40]
15	MEHFPGP, Semax	drug, neuroprotection	[53,54,55,56,57]
16	TKPRPGP	neuroprotection	[58,59]
17	IKVAV	stem cells’ neuronal differentiation	[36]
18	IRW	osteogenic differentiation of stem cells	[35,43]
19	GRGDS	osteogenic differentiation of stem cells	[35,44,45]
20	YCWSQYLCY	osteogenic differentiation of stem cells	[46]
21	AcSDKP	activation of skin fibroblasts’ function	[75]
22	TKPRPGP	immunoprotection	[58,59]
23	Ac-SHAVSS-NH2, HAV	regulation of the gene expression involved in E-cadherin synthesis	[52]
	Peptides with unknown biological function
24	cyclo[Lys-Trp-Lys-Ahx-]	DNA binding	[77]
25	peptide dimer KGVCV-N2H2Dns2	DNA binding	[79]
26	PRGRP	DNA binding	[89]
27	PRGRPKK	DNA binding	[89]
28	RGR	DNA binding	[89]
29	SPKK	DNA binding	[85,86,87]
30	SPRKSPRK	DNA binding	[89]
31	TPKRPRGRPKK	DNA binding	[89]