Abstract
Aims: The categories in the comprehensive lipid and risk management guidelines were proposed by the Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS Guidelines 2017), which adopted the estimated 10 year absolute risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) incidence in the Suita score. We examined whether those categories were concordant with the degree of arterial stiffness.
Methods: In 2014, the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), an arterial stiffness parameter, was measured in 1,972 Japanese participants aged 35–74 years in Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. We examined the mean CAVI and the proportion and odds ratios (ORs) of CAVI ≥ 9.0 on the basis of the following three management classifications using the analysis of variance and logistic regression: “Category I (Low risk),” “Category II (Middle risk),” and “Category III (High risk).”
Results: The mean CAVI and proportion of CAVI ≥ 9.0 were 8.6 and 34.8% among males and 8.1 and 18.3% among females, respectively. The mean CAVI and proportion of CAVI ≥ 9.0 were associated with an estimated 10 year absolute risk for CAD among males and females, excluding High risk for females. These results were similar to the management classification by the guideline: the multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% confidence intervals) of CAVI ≥ 9.0 among Category II and Category III compared with those among Category I were 2.96 (1.61–5.43) and 7.33 (4.03–13.3) for males and 3.99 (2.55–6.24) and 3.34 (2.16–5.16) for females, respectively.
Conclusions: The risk stratification, which was proposed in the JAS Guidelines 2017, is concordant with the arterial stiffness parameter.
Keywords: Coronary artery disease, Absolute risk, Risk score, JAS Guidelines, Cardio-ankle vascular index
See editorial vol. 28: 1260-1262
Introduction
Evaluation methods estimating the absolute risk of arteriosclerotic diseases have been developed and used in practice guidelines in several countries. The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association compiled guidelines for risk assessment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events in 2013 1) . The European Society of Cardiology and the European Atherosclerosis Society also summarized the guidelines for the management of dyslipidemias and the risk estimation chart of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 2016 2) . Furthermore, the Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) proposed comprehensive lipid and risk management guidelines (JAS Guidelines 2017) 3) using the Suita score to estimate the 10 year absolute risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and stratified individuals into three categories for the primary prevention of CAD. The Suita score was developed based on the Suita study, a community-based cohort study, to predict the future risk of CAD in the general population 4) . However, risk estimation based on a cohort study may include discrepancy with recent CAD incidence or mortality 5) because the baseline survey was usually performed several years prior. Actually, the baseline survey of the Suita study was performed from 1989 to 1994. Thus, there is a need to clarify the degree of subclinical atherosclerosis based on the guideline categories involving a current-day population.
Furthermore, the JAS Guidelines 2017 automatically classify individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), non-cardiogenic cerebral infarction, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) into Category III (High risk). Therefore, the appropriateness of including DM, CKD, non-cardiogenic cerebral infarction, and PAD in Category III for Japanese individuals should also be elucidated.
The cardio-vascular index (CAVI) is a noninvasive measure of arterial stiffness that is not influenced by blood pressure at the time of examination 6 , 7) . Several studies have revealed a significant relationship between CAVI and the presence and severity of patients with CAD 8) , hemodialysis 9 , 10) , and CKD 11) . Furthermore, CAVI is considered to be an independent long-term predictor for major adverse cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndrome 12) .
Aim
We investigated whether the categories in the JAS Guidelines 2017, which estimate the 10 year absolute risk of CAD, was concordant with the degree of arterial stiffness assessed by CAVI 13 , 14) in the general population.
Methods
Study Participants
This study included participants who enrolled in the Tsuruoka Metabolomics Cohort Study (TMCS), a population-based observational study that started in Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. The baseline survey of this cohort study, which enrolled 11,002 participants aged 35–74 years, was conducted between April 2012 and March 2015. The details of TMCS have been described elsewhere 15 - 19) . The present cross-sectional study was based on data involving 2,033 participants who underwent CAVI from a baseline survey from April 2014 to March 2015. After excluding 38 persons who reported a history of CAD, 1 person whose data of total cholesterol (TC) was missing, and 24 persons whose triglyceride (TG) concentrations were ≥ 400 mg/dL because of the non-appropriate condition of use for the Friedwald’s formula 20) , a total of 1,972 individuals (909 males and 1,063 females) participated in the analyses. The Medical Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan, approved this study (approval no. 20110264), and all participants provided written informed consent.
Study Examination and Measurement of CAVI
All data and samples were obtained in TMCS, including anthropometrics and clinical biochemistry. Information on lifestyle-related factors, such as the use of medications and smoking habits was collected through a standardized self-administered questionnaire and checked via face-to-face interview by trained interviewers. Data on physical measurements during the medical check-up were collected. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as their weight (kg) divided by the square of their height (m 2 ). The blood pressure was measured twice on one occasion in the sitting position using an automated sphygmomanometer (Omron HBP-T105S-N) in each participant, and the mean value for each participant was used for analysis. Urinary protein was measured using a biuret method. Blood samples were collected from all participants after a 10 h fast. Serum levels of TC, TG, fasting plasma glucose, and creatinine were analyzed using enzymatic methods, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were measured by a direct method. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was determined by a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were calculated using Friedwald’s formula when plasma TG concentrations were ＜400 mg/dL 20) . The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the following formula: eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m 2 )=194×(serum creatinine) −1.094 ×(age) −0.287 ×(0.739 for females) 21) .
Using a VaSera (VS-1500AN) CAVI instrument (Fukuda Denshi Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), the CAVI was measured in the supine position. The VaSera is equipped with both measurement and calculation systems, which allowed for automatic calculation of the CAVI 6) . At the same time, the ankle-brachial index (ABI) was estimated by measuring the blood pressure of the brachial and tibial arteries.
Categorization of the Participants and Estimation of the 10 Year Absolute Risk of CAD
We classified the participants into the three categories proposed by the JAS Guidelines 2017. Because the calculation of the medication of hypertension and dyslipidemias were not included in the guidelines, we followed this in the present study. Individuals with either DM, CKD, non-cardiogenic cerebral infarction, or PAD were considered to be at high risk per se for CAD incidence and were classified into “Category III (High risk)” without further assessment on the 10 year absolute risk of CAD. In the present study, DM was defined as fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, or being under medication for diabetes. CKD was defined as positive for proteinuria or an eGFR of ＜60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 . PAD was defined as an ABI of ＜0.9 on either side. Although 30 persons reported a history of stroke, we did not collect information concerning the types of stroke. Therefore, non-cardiogenic cerebral infarction was beyond recognition. For the remaining individuals, we estimated the 10 year absolute risk of CAD based on the total score of each risk factor according to the Suita score 4) . For the calculation of this score, glucose intolerance was defined as a fasting glucose between 110 and 126 mg/dL or HbA1c between 6.0% and 6.5%. The score of family history of premature CAD was calculated as zero because accurate information was not collected for all participants. Based on the calculation, participants were classified into three categories: “Low risk (an estimated absolute risk of ＜2%),” “Middle risk (2%–9%),” and “High risk (≥ 9%).” Furthermore, these groups were added together with the initially defined “Category III (High risk)” individuals and divided into the following three management classifications from the JAS Guidelines 2017: “Category I (Low risk),” “Category II (Middle risk),” and “Category III (High risk).”
Statistical Analysis
We presented the characteristics of the study participants according to the risk assessment based on the Suita score as sex-specific means (standard deviation, SD) or proportions of traditional atherosclerotic risk factors. A CAVI of ≥ 9.0 leads to the diagnosis of suspected atherosclerosis 22) . Accordingly, first, we assessed the mean CAVI, as well as the proportion and odds ratios (ORs) of CAVI ≥ 9.0 according to the risk assessment based on the Suita score: “Low risk (an estimated absolute risk of ＜2%),” “Middle risk (2%–9%),” and “High risk (≥ 9%).” Second, we further stratified the participants in “Category III (High risk)” according to the presence or absence of DM, CKD, and PAD to compare the mean CAVI, and the proportion and ORs of CAVI ≥ 9.0 between these groups.
Differences in mean values or proportions according to the estimated absolute risk and management classification were tested via analysis of variance. We also used logistic regression models to calculate sex-specific ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CAVI ≥ 9.0 according to the risk assessment. These models were adjusted for BMI (continuous) and drinking habit (current drinker or not). Furthermore, we also performed the stratification analysis according to the age group (＜65, ≥ 65 years old).
We performed all statistical analyses with SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). All probability values for statistical tests were two-tailed, and P -values ＜0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.
Results
The mean CAVI and proportion of CAVI ≥ 9.0 were 8.6 and 34.8% among males and 8.1 and 18.3% among females, respectively.
Table 1 shows the characteristics of the study participants according to the categories based on the estimated 10 year absolute risk of CAD according to the Suita score and management classification by JAS Guidelines 2017. The mean age of the participants was higher among both males and females with a higher 10 year absolute risk. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, TC, LDL-C, and HbA1c were higher among participants of both sexes with a higher 10 year absolute risk. Meanwhile, the proportion of medication for hypertension and current smoking among males and the mean BMI and TG among females were higher with a higher 10 year absolute risk. Conversely, HDL-C and eGFR were lower.
Table 1. Characteristics of study participants according to the estimated 10-year absolute risk for CAD incidence and the category for LDL-C management proposed by JAS Guidelines 2017.
| Males | Females | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Estimated 10-year absolute risk for CAD incidence | Management classification | Total | Estimated 10-year absolute risk for CAD incidence | Management classification | |||||
| Low risk | Middle risk | High risk | Category III | Low risk | Middle risk | High risk | Category III | |||
| ＜2% | 2 ≤ risk ＜ 9% | 9% ≤ | DM, CKD,or PAD | ＜2% | 2 ≤ risk ＜ 9% | 9% ≤ | DM, CKD,or PAD | |||
| Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean±SD | |
| Number of participants, n | 909 | 117 | 360 | 68 | 364 | 1,063 | 392 | 290 | 7 | 374 |
| Age, y | 64.6±7.1 | 55.7±8.8 | 64.9±6.0 | 68.9±4.1 | 66.3±5.6 | 64.8±6.7 | 61.4±7.5 | 67.5±4.4 | 69.3±2.6 | 66.2±5.8 |
| Body mass index, kg/m 2 | 23.9±3.0 | 23.4±3.0 | 23.4±2.6 | 23.9±2.6 | 24.5±3.3 | 23.1±3.5 | 22.4±3.3 | 23.4±3.5 | 25.5±4.6 | 23.6±3.6 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 132±16 | 120±12 | 131±14 | 147±19 | 135±16 | 127±18 | 118±13 | 137±15 | 160±12 | 129±19 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 80±10 | 75±8 | 81±10 | 86±10 | 80±9 | 74±10 | 70±9 | 77±9 | 86±3 | 75±10 |
| Medication for hypertension, % | 41.1 | 17.9 | 36.4 | 44.1 | 52.7 | 33.7 | 19.4 | 40.0 | 14.3 | 44.1 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 194±30 | 191±29 | 196±27 | 210±29 | 190±31 | 208±30 | 201±29 | 215±29 | 234±26 | 209±30 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 63±17 | 67±19 | 66±17 | 61±15 | 60±16 | 73±17 | 75±16 | 72±16 | 62±20 | 71±17 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 117±63 | 110±64 | 111±60 | 110±51 | 126±68 | 93±43 | 84±39 | 96±44 | 114±47 | 100±43 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 107±28 | 101±27 | 109±26 | 127±25 | 104±29 | 117±28 | 109±26 | 124±28 | 149±23 | 118±28 |
| Medication for dyslipidaemias, % | 18.5 | 12.0 | 12.2 | 11.8 | 28.0 | 29.6 | 20.9 | 29.3 | 0 | 39.6 |
| HbA1c (NGSP), % | 5.8±0.7 | 5.5±0.2 | 5.6±0.3 | 5.7±0.3 | 6.2±0.9 | 5.7±0.4 | 5.6±0.3 | 5.7±0.3 | 6.0±0.2 | 5.9±0.6 |
| Medication for diabetes mellitus, % | 13.9 | - | - | - | - | 4.3 | - | - | - | - |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9±0.2 | 0.8±0.1 | 0.8±0.1 | 0.8±0.1 | 1.0±0.2 | 0.7±0.1 | 0.6±0.1 | 0.6±0.1 | 0.6±0.0 | 0.8±0.1 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m 2 | 69±12 | 76±11 | 73±10 | 71±8 | 62±13 | 67±12 | 73±10 | 71±10 | 71±6 | 57±10 |
| Current smoker, % | 18.0 | 16.2 | 18.3 | 22.1 | 17.6 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 0 | 0.3 |
| Current drinker, % | 74.3 | 76.1 | 76.7 | 69.1 | 72.3 | 23.2 | 29.1 | 22.4 | 42.9 | 17.4 |
Table 2 shows the association of the estimated 10 year absolute risk of CAD incidence with CAVI. The mean CAVI was associated with an increase in estimated 10 year absolute risk among both males and females. The proportion of CAVI ≥ 9.0 also increased among males and females, although there were none among the seven females with High risk. The multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% CI) of CAVI ≥ 9.0 among Middle risk and High risk compared with Low risk were 2.96 (1.61–5.43) and 10.1 (4.77–21.3) for males, respectively. The respective ORs among Middle risk was 4.19 (2.67–6.60) for females.
Table 2. CAVI value according to the estimated absolute 10-year risk for CAD incidence.
| Estimated 10-year absolute risk for CAD incidence | p for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low risk | Middle risk | High risk | ||
| ＜2% | 2 ≤ risk ＜9% | 9% ≤ | ||
| Males | ||||
| Number of participants, n | 117 | 360 | 68 | |
| Mean CAVI value (±SD) | 7.7±1.0 | 8.5±1.1 | 9.1±0.9 | ＜0.001 |
| CAVI ≥ 9.0, % | 12.0 | 28.3 | 55.9 | ＜0.001 |
| Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.91 (1.59 - 5.32) | 9.32 (4.47 - 19.4) | |
| Multivariable OR (95% CI) § | 1.0 | 2.96 (1.61 - 5.43) | 10.1 (4.77 - 21.3) | |
| Females | ||||
| Number of participants, n | 392 | 290 | 7 | |
| Mean CAVI value (±SD) | 7.7±0.9 | 8.4±0.9 | 8.4±0.4 | ＜0.001 |
| CAVI ≥ 9.0, % | 8.4 | 25.9 | 0 | ＜0.001 |
| Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 3.80 (2.44 - 5.91) | - | |
| Multivariable OR (95% CI) § | 1.0 | 4.19 (2.67 - 6.60) | - | |
§ Adjusted for body mass index (continuous) and drinking habit (current or not).
Table 3 shows the association of the categories described in the JAS Guidelines 2017 with CAVI. As shown in Table 3 (A) , there were positive associations of the mean CAVI, proportion of CAVI ≥ 9.0, and ORs of CAVI ≥ 9.0 with management classification among males and females. We further stratified the participants in Category III according to the presence or absence of DM, CKD, or PAD ( Table 3 (B) ) . There were no differences between their presence and absence among both males and females. When analyzing with respect to each disease, the mean CAVI and proportion of CAVI ≥ 9.0 in males with DM, CKD, or PAD were similar to those of Category III excluding DM, CKD, and PAD ( Table 3 (C, D, and E) ) . Conversely, among females, mean CAVI and proportion of CAVI ≥ 9.0 in Category III excluding DM were lower than DM (8.2 versus 8.4, P =0.090 and 20.5% versus 30.4%, P =0.040), and those excluding PAD were higher than PAD (8.3 versus 7.2, P =0.019 and 22.8% versus 0%, P =0.23) ( Table 3 (C and E) ) .
Table 3. CAVI value according to the category for LDL-C management proposed by JAS Guidelines 2017.
| Males | Females | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Management classification | Total | Management classification | |||||||||
| Category I | Category II | Category III | p for trend | Category I | Category II | Category III | p for trend | |||||
| (A) | ||||||||||||
| Number of participants, n | 909 | 117 | 360 | 432 | 1,063 | 392 | 290 | 381 | ||||
| Mean CAVI value (±SD) | 8.6±1.1 | 7.7±1.0 | 8.5±1.1 | 8.9±1.1 | ＜0.001 | 8.1±1.0 | 7.7±0.9 | 8.4±0.9 | 8.3±1.0 | ＜0.001 | ||
| CAVI ≥ 9.0, % | 34.8 | 12.0 | 28.3 | 46.3 | ＜0.001 | 18.3 | 8.4 | 25.9 | 22.6 | ＜0.001 | ||
| Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.91 | 6.34 | 1.0 | 3.79 | 3.17 | ||||||
| (1.59 - 5.31) | (3.52 - 11.4) | (2.44 - 5.91) | (2.06 - 4.87) | |||||||||
| Multivariable OR (95% CI) § | 1.0 | 2.96 | 7.33 | 1.0 | 3.99 | 3.34 | ||||||
| (1.61 - 5.43) | (4.03 - 13.3) | (2.55 - 6.24) | (2.16 - 5.16) | |||||||||
|
III (excluding DM, CKD, or PAD) |
DM, CKD, or PAD |
p for difference |
III (excluding DM, CKD, or PAD) |
DM, CKD, or PAD |
p for difference | |||||||
| (B) | ||||||||||||
| Number of participants, n | 68 | 364 | 7 | 374 | ||||||||
| Mean CAVI value (±SD) | 9.1±0.9 | 8.8±1.1 | 0.11 | 8.4±0.4 | 8.3±1.0 | 0.74 | ||||||
| CAVI ≥ 9.0, % | 55.9 | 44.5 | 0.062 | 0 | 23.0 | 0.11 | ||||||
| Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.91 | 9.31 | 5.90 | 1.0 | 3.80 | - | 3.25 | ||||
| (1.59 - 5.31) | (4.46 - 19.4) | (3.25 - 10.7) | (2.44 - 5.91) | (2.11 - 5.00) | ||||||||
| Multivariable OR (95% CI) § | 1.0 | 2.96 | 10.3 | 6.85 | 1.0 | 3.99 | - | 3.41 | ||||
| (1.61 - 5.43) | (4.88 - 21.6) | (3.74 - 12.6) | (2.55 - 6.24) | (2.20 - 5.27) | ||||||||
| III (excluding DM) | DM | p for difference | III (excluding DM) | DM | p for difference | |||||||
| (C) | ||||||||||||
| Number of participants, n | 253 | 179 | 302 | 79 | ||||||||
| Mean CAVI value (±SD) | 8.8±1.0 | 8.9±1.1 | 0.40 | 8.2±1.0 | 8.4±1.0 | 0.090 | ||||||
| CAVI ≥ 9.0, % | 44.7 | 48.6 | 0.38 | 20.5 | 30.4 | 0.040 | ||||||
| Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.91 | 5.93 | 6.95 | 1.0 | 3.79 | 2.81 | 4.75 | ||||
| (1.59 - 5.31) | (3.22 - 10.9) | (3.70 - 13.1) | (2.44 - 5.91) | (1.79 - 4.42) | (2.61 - 8.63) | |||||||
| Multivariable OR (95% CI) § | 1.0 | 2.96 | 6.54 | 8.83 | 1.0 | 4.03 | 2.92 | 5.56 | ||||
| (1.62 - 5.44) | (3.53 - 12.1) | (4.62 - 16.9) | (2.57 - 6.30) | (1.85 - 4.61) | (3.00 - 10.3) | |||||||
| III (excluding CKD) | CKD | p for difference | III (excluding CKD) | CKD | p for difference | |||||||
| (D) | ||||||||||||
| Number of participants, n | 198 | 234 | 66 | 315 | ||||||||
| Mean CAVI value (±SD) | 8.9±1.1 | 8.9±1.1 | 0.77 | 8.2±0.9 | 8.3±1.0 | 0.75 | ||||||
| CAVI ≥ 9.0, % | 47.5 | 45.3 | 0.63 | 18.2 | 23.5 | 0.30 | ||||||
| Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.91 | 6.65 | 6.09 | 1.0 | 3.79 | 2.42 | 3.34 | ||||
| (1.59 - 5.31) | (3.56 - 12.4) | (3.29 - 11.3) | (2.44 - 5.91) | (1.18 - 5.00) | (2.15 - 5.19) | |||||||
| Multivariable OR (95% CI) § | 1.0 | 2.96 | 7.81 | 6.96 | 1.0 | 3.98 | 2.77 | 3.45 | ||||
| (1.61 - 5.43) | (4.14 - 14.7) | (3.73 - 13.0) | (2.55 - 6.23) | (1.33 - 5.76) | (2.20 - 5.39) | |||||||
| III (excluding PAD) | PAD | p for difference | III (excluding PAD) | PAD | p for difference | |||||||
| (E) | ||||||||||||
| Number of participants, n | 424 | 8 | 377 | 4 | ||||||||
| Mean CAVI value (±SD) | 8.9±1.1 | 8.2±0.9 | 0.089 | 8.3±1.0 | 7.2±1.3 | 0.019 | ||||||
| CAVI ≥ 9.0, % | 46.5 | 37.5 | 0.59 | 22.8 | 0 | 0.23 | ||||||
| Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.91 | 6.38 | 4.41 | 1.0 | 3.80 | 3.22 | - | ||||
| (1.59 - 5.31) | (3.54 - 11.5) | (0.95 - 20.5) | (2.44 - 5.91) | (2.09 - 4.94) | ||||||||
| Multivariable OR (95% CI) § | 1.0 | 2.96 | 7.43 | 4.05 | 1.0 | 3.99 | 3.38 | - | ||||
| (1.61 - 5.43) | (4.08 - 13.5) | (0.86 - 19.2) | (2.55 - 6.25) | (2.19 - 5.23) | ||||||||
§ Adjusted for body mass index (continuous) and drinking habit (current or not).
As shown in Table 4 , among participants at ages of ＜65 years, the association between CAVI and the management classification did not change. Conversely, among those at ages of 65 and older, that association became weakened.
Table 4. Age stratified CAVI value according to the category for LDL-C management proposed by JAS Guidelines 2017.
| Males | Females | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Management classification | p for trend | Management classification | p for trend | |||||
| Category I | Category II | Category III | Category I | Category II | Category III | |||
| Age ＜ 65 years old | ||||||||
| Number of participants, n | 99 | 149 | 123 | 258 | 60 | 125 | ||
| Mean CAVI value (±SD) | 7.5±0.8 | 8.0±0.9 | 8.3±1.0 | ＜0.001 | 7.5±0.7 | 8.2±0.7 | 7.7±1.0 | ＜0.001 |
| CAVI ≥ 9.0, % | 7.1 | 15.4 | 20.3 | 0.021 | 2.7 | 11.7 | 8.8 | 0.0049 |
| Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.40 | 3.35 | 1.0 | 4.74 | 3.46 | ||
| (0.99 - 5.83) | (1.38 - 8.12) | (1.59 - 14.1) | (1.31 - 9.16) | |||||
| Multivariable OR (95% CI) § | 1.0 | 2.63 | 4.71 | 1.0 | 4.54 | 3.47 | ||
| (1.07 - 6.48) | (1.86 - 11.9) | (1.52 - 13.6) | (1.30 - 9.29) | |||||
| Age ≥ 65 years old | ||||||||
| Number of participants, n | 18 | 211 | 309 | 134 | 230 | 256 | ||
| Mean CAVI value (±SD) | 8.7±1.0 | 8.8±1.1 | 9.1±1.0 | 0.0012 | 8.2±0.9 | 8.5±0.9 | 8.6±0.9 | ＜0.001 |
| CAVI ≥ 9.0, % | 38.9 | 37.4 | 56.6 | ＜0.001 | 19.4 | 29.6 | 29.3 | 0.070 |
| Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.940 | 2.05 | 1.0 | 1.74 | 1.72 | ||
| (0.350 - 2.53) | (0.775 - 5.44) | (1.04 - 2.91) | (1.04 - 2.85) | |||||
| Multivariable OR (95% CI) § | 1.0 | 0.968 | 2.24 | 1.0 | 1.91 | 1.93 | ||
| (0.359 - 2.61) | (0.840 - 6.00) | (1.14 - 3.22) | (1.15 - 3.23) | |||||
§ Adjusted for body mass index (continuous) and drinking habit (current or not).
When we excluded 30 persons who reported a history of stroke, the results did not change (not shown in tables).
Discussion
We found that the risk stratification of the lipid management guidelines proposed by the JAS Guidelines 2017, which estimated the 10 year absolute risk of CAD incidence using the Suita score, was concordant with the mean CAVI and proportion of CAVI ≥ 9.0.
A previous systematic review, which included prospective studies of high-risk atherosclerosis patients, has reported that there was a modest association between CAVI and incident CVD risk. The pooled adjusted hazard ratio for CVD per one standard deviation increment of CAVI was 1.20 (95% CI: 1.05–1.36) 22) . In the previous study of 109 participants who underwent coronary angiography in Japan, the CAVI was significantly higher in the one-vessel disease (1VD) group than in the 0VD (no lesion) group ( P ＜0.05) and was significantly higher in the two-vessel disease (2VD) and three-vessel disease (3VD) groups than in the 1VD group; the mean±SD of CAVI was 8.6±0.81 for 0VD, 9.29±1.32 for 1VD, 10.34±1.80 for 2VD, and 10.65±1.41 for 3VD 23) . The cross-sectional study, which enrolled 95 participants who underwent cardiac computed tomography angiography in the United States, reported that correlation analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between CAVI and the segment involvement score (SIS) or a segment stenosis score (SSS) ( r 2 =0.4, P ＜0.001 for SIS; r 2 =0.36, P ＜0.001 for SSS) 24) . Therefore, the results of the present study showing that the estimated absolute risk of CAD was concordant with the CAVI are acceptable.
DM 25 , 26) , CKD 27) , and PAD 28) are essential high-risk statuses for CAD incidence; thus, individuals with either of these high-risk statuses were automatically classified into Category III (High risk) in the JAS Guidelines 2017. In the present study, we confirmed that the mean CAVI and proportion of CAVI in the participants with DM, CKD, or PAD were as severe as that observed in the participants in Category III excluding these risk factors among males, which supports the classification of the guidelines. Conversely, among females, the results of the present study showed a difference in the mean CAVI and proportion of CAVI in the participants with calculated ones compared with those in DM, PAD, or CKD. The CAVI of the participants with DM was higher than those in Category III excluding DM, which means that those with DM, especially for females, were at higher risk of atherosclerosis similar to a previous cohort study 29) . By contrast, the CAVI of those with PAD was lower than that of those in Category III excluding PAD. The definition of PAD may have affected this because an ABI of ＜0.9 is a cut-off point for the screening of PAD, and true severe PAD may not be included in our study population, which comprised community residents who participated in the baseline survey by themselves.
Similar to several Japanese cohort studies, once after adjustment of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia, BMI or waist circumference was not statistically significantly associated with CVD incidence in the Suita study 30) . Accordingly, the Suita score does not include BMI or waist circumference in the equation. However, we thought of BMI as a more principal component of atherosclerosis and added a covariate. In an additional analysis after exclusion for BMI, we observed similar findings in our multivariable analysis (data not shown).
To our best knowledge, this is the first study to report CAVI according to the absolute risk of CAD in the general population. Generally, the baseline hazard ratio of CAD incidence or mortality among a current-day population may differ substantially from those among the people of the past. Actually, from 1980 to 2012, age-adjusted CAD mortality rates in Japan fell by 61%, resulting in 75,700 fewer coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths in 2012 than if the age- and sex-specific mortality rates had remained unchanged 5) . Thus, it is needed to verify whether the degree of subclinical atherosclerosis based on the guideline categories is concordant with a current-day population. However, few studies were observed to examine the above-mentioned concordance. As for JAS Guidelines 2012, Kadota et al. reported that the intima-media thickness and plaque number were concordant with the 10 year absolute risk of CAD and the categories 31) . In the present study, we indicated that the categories in the JAS Guidelines 2017, which estimate the 10 year absolute risk of CAD, were concordant with the degree of arterial stiffness assessed by CAVI. The agreement between the CAD risk classification of the Suita score and the CAVI value is significant in that the CAD prediction score created for the Japanese in the 1990s is still useful for the Japanese in the 2010s, approximately 20 years after the date of the study. In the United States, a previous study reported that the proportion of participants with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 high test values (cardiovascular magnetic resonance, thoracic aortic calcification, coronary artery calcification, and carotid intima-media thickness) differed significantly across the Framingham 10 year CHD risk score strata (0%–9%, 10%–19%, or ≥ 20%) (Kruskal–Wallis test, P ＜0.0001) in men and women 32) .
However, some limitations of the present study warrant discussion. First, non-cardiogenic cerebral infarction and family history were not considered during risk classification in this study. Second, although the JAS Guideline 2017 does not specify the definition for DM, CKD, or PAD in the risk classification flow chart, we only defined PAD by its screening criterion. That’s why the magnitude of CAVI is smaller than that of Category III excluding PAD. Furthermore, clinical conditions of DM and CKD are very heterogeneous because of their severity and complicating diseases such as microvascular damage. Accordingly, the current JAS Guideline that assumes CAD risk of DM (or CKD) equivalent to that of Category III assessed by the Suita score should be revised in the future. Third, the number of females with “High risk,” which was excluded individuals with either DM, CKD, or PAD, was small; thus, there is a possibility that we were not able to accurately evaluate the association between the CAVI and the estimated 10 year absolute risk of CAD incidence using Suita score among females. Finally, the JAS Guideline itself is designed to define the classification of lipid management goals. However, not only in the Suita score but also in the new pooled equation in the United States 1) has failed to include lipid-lowering therapy for their statistical risk assessment model. The risk assessment under lipid-lowering therapy such as statins is very difficult because of selection bias 33) . The present study included 483 patients on lipid treatment; thus, we excluded the participants on lipid treatment. Consequently, we observed almost similar results in Table 3 (A) (data not shown).
In conclusion, the risk stratification described in the comprehensive lipid and risk management guidelines proposed by the JAS Guidelines 2017 are concordant with the mean CAVI and proportion of CAVI ≥ 9.0 as an arterial stiffness parameter. Individuals classified to a higher category should control their risk factors, such as lipid levels and other traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis, through lifestyle modification and medications.
Acknowledgement
We sincerely appreciate the staff of Tsuruoka City and Tsuruoka Kyoritsu Hospital in Yamagata Prefecture for their important contributions. We are also grateful to the members of the Tsuruoka Metabolomic Cohort Study team for their commitment to the project. This study was supported by research funds from the Yamagata Prefectural Government and the city of Tsuruoka, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (grant numbers JP24390168, JP15H04778), Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research (grant number 25670303) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and Grant-in-Aid for Comprehensive Research on Cardiovascular Disease and Life–Related Disease (grant number 20FA1002) from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Health and Labor Sciences research grants, Japan. We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.
Conflict of Interest
None.
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