Increased odds ratio for erectile dysfunction in COVID-19 patients

Abstract

Purpose

Erectile dysfunction and COVID-19 share similar risk factors, including vascular disruption of integrity, cytokine release, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between erectile dysfunction and COVID-19 patients.

Methods

Odds ratio for erectile dysfunction in patients with a history of COVID-19 with and without comorbidities were calculated using a patients’ registry platform i2b2. ICD-10 diagnoses codes were accessed for queries and data were analyzed using logistic regression.

Results

Patients with COVID-19 were 3.3 times more likely to have erectile dysfunction with 95% CI (2.8, 3.8). The association became stronger with odds ratio 4.8 (95% CI (4.1, 5.7)) after adjusting for age groups. The odds ratio remained the same after adjusting for smoking status with 3.5 (95% CI (3.0, 4.1)). After adjusting for race, COVID-19 patients were 2.6 (95% CI (2.2, 3.1)) times more likely to have erectile dysfunction. The odds ratio were 1.6, 1.8, 1.9 and 2.3 after adjusting for respiratory disease, obesity, circulatory disease and diabetes, respectively.

Conclusion

COVID-19 and erectile dysfunction are strongly associated even after adjustment for known risk factors and demographics.

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction is a multidimensional common male sexual dysfunction that includes organic, relational and psychological factors. Roles for nonendocrine and endocrine pathways have been suggested with proposed roles for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease [1].

The risk factors for erectile dysfunction (ED) and COVID-19 infection share striking similarities. Cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, vitamin D deficiency and generalized anxiety have been all strongly associated with ED [1–3], and with COVID-19 [4–7]. In addition, African-American and smokers have been reported to be disproportionally impacted by both conditions [8, 9]

Since damaged vascular integrity, compromised endothelium and cytokines flush, are common features for both ED and COVID-19 infection [10–13] and may underline the progression of mechanisms of complications in both diseases. We have hypothesized that people affected by COVID-19 have an increased risk for ED as their endothelium has been compromised by the infection. Review of the current literature has identified one publication that has raised the plausibility of the association [14]. Recently, one study used a validated questionnaires and complex statistical analysis to show increased risk of ED in COVID-19 patients [15]. Another study reported on histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings on penile tissue of COVID-19 patients. The authors have demonstrated the presence of the COVID-19 virus in the penis long after the initial infection in humans and suggest that widespread endothelial cell dysfunction from COVID-19 infection can contribute to ED [16].

The testis, sperm and testosterone levels and vascular bed are all affected by COVID-19 [17] and are directly implicated in ED [18]. At the level of testicular tissues, cells have a higher rate of mRNA expression in ACE2 [19]. The testicular expression of ACE2 is age-related and the highest expression of ACE2 has been recorded in younger groups than old [20]. Therefore, the SARS-CoV-2 virus may inflicts detrimental effects on the vascular and endocrine health resulting in erectile dysfunction.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between COVID-19 confirmed patients and ED using a cross-sectional design enabled by a cohort of patients in a large Health Center.

Materials and methods

The aggregated data extracted from Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside (i2b2), http://www.i2b2.org) is an NIH-supported National Center for Biomedical Computing that developed a scalable informatics framework designed for translational research with collaboration of the University of Florida (UF). The i2b2 reports based on electronic health records (HER) were used in logistics regressions. We have used the international coding of diseases (ICD) 10 platform for our queries. The ICD-10 is the recent system used by physicians and other health care providers in the USA to classify and code of all diagnoses, symptoms, medications and procedures recorded in conjunction with a hospital care.

The study population included patients attending the different UF Health centers across the state of Florida in the period of January 2020–June 2021. The electronic records (EPIC) were searched for diagnostic codes ICD-10. ED, N52, cardiovascular diseases (CVD0, 10 I00-199, diabetes Meletus (DM), E08-E13, and generalized anxiety F41.9. The number of positive COVID-19 patients, patients on testosterone or on the PDE5 inhibitors tadalafil, sildenafil, vardenafil, avanafil was provided by the Integrated Data Repository (IDR).

ED diagnoses were made by the treating physicians based on clinical evaluation.

The IDR consists of a secure, clinical data warehouse that aggregates figures from the UF Health various clinical and administrative information systems, including the Epic electronic health record system. The IDR contains more than 1 billion observational facts pertaining to more than 1 million patients.

The IDR also provided the total number of patients, their age and sex distribution and smoking status. In all cases, the occurrence of COVID-19 preceded the diagnosis of ED. We have performed the searches when the first event of COVID-19 diagnosis was preceding the first event of ED diagnosis. The study was exempted by the UF Health Center Institutional Review Board (IRB) as it did not include personal health information (PHI). Logistic regressions were conducted to investigate the associations between ED and other variables of interest. The aggregated counts generated from I2B2 data (instead of individual health records) were used in logistic regressions. Note that fitting logistic regression on aggregate/count data is no different from fitting logistic regression on standard data, given that the aggregated data can always be expanded into the standard form where each row represents an individual record [21]. Therefore, it can be viewed as a standard logistic regression. However, limited by I2b2 data, we can only adjust for one covariate at a time. Respiratory disease, obesity, diabetes, circulatory disease, anxiety, smoking status, and demographics (gender, age groups, and race) was adjusted as covariates one at a time. SAS 9.4, procedure logistic was used to perform the primary analysis.

To investigate the odds ratio for ED for patients on PDE5 inhibitors and testosterone as well as to determine prevalence of ED in post COVID -19 patients without circulatory diseases, we used the MedCalc Software Ltd. Odds ratio calculator. https://www.medcalc.org/calc/odds_ratio.php (Version 20.011; accessed September 21, 2021).

Results

From a total population of 1,066,108 patients, 9554 patients were diagnosed with ED. The total number of COVID-19 patients was 7098 (3098 were males), and 146 were diagnosed both with ED and COVID-19 (4.7% of the COVID-19 male population). In all cases, the COVID-19 diagnosis has preceded the diagnosis of ED. Patients with COVID-19 were 3.68 times more likely to have ED than patients without COVID-19 (95% CI 3.33–4.05; P < 0.0001).

The association remained significant after adjusting for age group (OR 5.27; 95% CI 4.77–5.81; P < 0.0001), and anxiety (OR 2.98; 95% CI 2.70–3.29; P < 0.0001).

Age group and anxiety were both significantly associated with ED (P < 0.0001). Note that the risks for ED of patients in the age group 45–64 were almost the same as those of patients in the age group > 65 (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.96–1.03; P > 0.05).

The odds ratio remain the same after adjusting for smoking status with 3.5 (95% CI (3.0, 4.1)). After adjusting for race (white or African- American), COVID-19 patients are 2.6 (95% CI (2.2, 3.1)) times more likely to have ED. The odds ratio is 1.6, 1.8, 1.9 and 2.3 after adjusting for respiratory disease, obesity, circulatory disease and diabetes, respectively (Table1).

Table 1.

Odds ratio for Erectile dysfunction for patients with a history of COVID -19 before and after adjustment for age, race and comorbidities

	Odds ratio	95% wald confidence limits		P value
History of COVID-19 vs. no history before adjustments	3.68	3.33	4.05	< 0.0001
History of COVID-19 vs. no history	5.27	4.77	5.81	< 0.0001
Age 35–44 vs < 34	5.21	4.65	5.83	< 0.0001
Age 45–65 vs < 34	13.18	12.04	14.46	< 0.0001
Age > 65 vs < 34	13.10	11.97	14.37	< 0.0001
History of COVID-19 vs. no history	5.27	4.77	5.81	< 0.0001
Age 35–44 vs < 34	5.21	4.65	5.83	< 0.0001
Age 45–65 vs 35–44	2.53	2.34	2.74	< 0.0001
Age > 65 vs 45–65	0.99	0.96	1.03	0.7735
History of COVID-19 vs. no history	2.626	2.229	3.093	< 0.0001
Race AA vs other	8.978	8.273	9.743	< 0.0001
Race W vs other	7.129	6.637	7.658	< 0.0001
History of COVID-19 vs. no history	2.98	2.70	3.29	< 0.0001
Anxiety vs. No Anxiety	3.70	3.53	3.88	< 0.0001
History of COVID-19 vs. no history	1.862	1.572	2.206	< 0.0001
Circulatory disease vs. no circulatory disease	16.815	16.043	17.623	< 0.0001
History of COVID-19 vs. no history	1.55	1.311	1.834	< 0.0001
Respiratory disease vs. no respiratory disease	5.559	5.337	5.789	< 0.0001
History of COVID-19 vs. no history	3.506	2.972	4.136	< 0.0001
Smoking vs. no smoking	4.64	4.456	4.831	< 0.0001
History of COVID-19 vs. no history	1.796	1.517	2.127	< 0.0001
Obesity vs. no obesity	7.921	7.587	8.27	< 0.0001
History of COVID-19 vs. no history	2.264	1.911	2.682	< 0.0001
Diabetes mellitus vs. no diabetes mellitus	9.273	8.869	9.695	< 0.0001

AA African-American, W White

The prevalence of ED in the patients with a history of COVID-19, total hospital population and patients with COVID-19 History but without circulatory disease was 4.67%, 1.7% and 2.7% respectively.

History of COVID-19 was negatively associated with the use of testosterone and PDE5 inhibitors (Table 2).

Table 2.

Odds ratio for use of PED5 inhibitors in patients with a history of COVID-19 during pandemic period

	Patients with ED	Users of PED5 inhibitors	Users of Testosterone replacement therapy	Patients with ED with no circulatory disease	Hospital
History of COVID-19	528 (4.67%)a	558 (2.32)%	187 (2)%	76 (2.7%)c	17,953 (2.8%)
Hospital	11,283 (1.7%)b	23,983	9146	2765	631,034
Odds ratio		0.7885	0.72
95% CI		0.7230 to 0.8599	0.6213 to 0.8313
p		< 0.0001	< 0.0001

^aPrevalence of ED in patients with a history of COVID-19

^bPrevalence of ED in the total hospital population

^cPrevalence of ED in patients with a history of COVID-19 with no circulatory disease

As registry studies are often prone to error we ran a query on the number of women in the population under ED (ICD-10) N52. No females were identified.

Discussion

In the present cross-sectional retrospective study, we have found that patients with COVID-19 are 3.3 times more likely to have ED with 95% CI (2.8, 3.8). The association becomes stronger with OR 4.8 (95% CI (4.1, 5.7)) after adjusting for age groups. The association was still robust after we adjusting for cardiovascular, respiratory, DM, race and smoking.

The interpretation of cross-sectional study cannot include causality, however, it gives an opportunity to investigate the strength of association between the two investigated conditions [22].

Ample evidence supports the notion that erectile function can be used as a marker of systemic health in general, and vascular performance in particular [23] and that erectile function can be a predictor of heart disease [24]. Vascular integrity is necessary for ED [1], and vascular damage associated with COVID-19 is likely to affect the compromised vascular bed of the penis, resulting in impaired erectile function [25]. SARS-CoV-2 infection can significantly affect the heart and exacerbate underlying cardiovascular conditions. Reports of myocarditis in COVID-19 patients have been accumulating recently [26]. Similarly, arrhythmias and acute cardiovascular events have been described in COVID-19 [25]. COVID-19 survivors are, therefore, more likely to develop severe cardiovascular consequences and consecutively ED. Recent evidences suggested that men may be considered as at higher risk of poor prognosis or death once the infection occurred and concerns surfaced in regard of the risk of a possible testicular injury due to SARS-CoV-2 infection [27].

A literature research on the possible mechanisms involved in the development of ED in COVID-19 survivors was recently performed [14]. The study authors summarized that endothelial dysfunction, subclinical hypogonadism, psychological distress and impaired pulmonary hemodynamics, all contribute to the potential onset of ED. According to the authors, COVID-19 might exacerbate cardiovascular conditions; therefore, further increasing the risk of ED.

Furthermore, while it has been confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 could be spread by human-to-human transmission, mainly through respiratory droplets and contact several studies have suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 is found in the semen and testicle in men infected by SARS-CoV-2 at both acute and recovery phases [28].

SARS-CoV-2 binds to the ACE2 receptors and activates the cellular serine protease (TMPRSS2) for S protein priming [29]. ACE2 receptors are established at higher concentrations in the teste and on developing sperm and are involved in production of testosterone, the male sex hormone. High ACE2 expression in testis (both germ cells and somatic cells) suggest potential tropism of COVID-19 to testicular tissues [30].

Lower levels of serum testosterone (total and free) act as predictors of poor prognosis in SARS-CoV-2 men [31] It is not clear whether this hypogonadism is permanent or temporary. Testosterone acts as a modulator for endothelial function [32], and suppresses inflammation by increasing levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-10) and reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β [33]. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that suppression of testosterone levels might be one of the reasons for the large difference in terms of mortality and hospitalization rate between males and females and might also explain why SARS-CoV-2 most commonly infects old men.

Psychological/psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety and depression, which can also contribute to the pathogenesis of ED in the general population—and possibly even more in COVID-19 patients should be considered while evaluating risk factors for ED [7, 34]. In addition, Mollaioli et al. have demonstrated that COVID-19 lockdown dramatically impacted on psychological, relational, and sexual health of the population while sexual activity played a protective effect [35]. To verify whether the ED and COVID -19 association is entirely related to the anxiety and depression associated with the pandemic, we have run an additional computation of the odds ratio while excluding patients that were diagnosed with non-specific anxiety disorder at the time of the pandemic. Although the OR decreased the association remained still robust and statistically significant.

ED is largely known to be an under-reported issue for men due to stigma, shame and lack of awareness. For this reason, we have investigated how many individuals were prescribed PDE5 inhibitors (such as sildenafil or tadalafil) or testosterone therapy following the onset of COVID-19. We did not identify an increased use of these therapies in the ED with positive COVID-19 group. We speculate that the short time elapsed from the beginning of the pandemic in January 2020 is not sufficient to assess whether the use of such drugs might be a surrogate marker of ED in affected individuals.

Our study suffers from few weaknesses. The i2b2 platform uses a patients’ registry platform without a direct access to the individual data that includes all their medical history. In addition, we could not adjust for all the comorbidities at the same time but only one at the time. We were not able to determine whether and to what extent COVID-19 is able to impair sexual and reproductive function more than other serious systemic diseases. This study could not assess the severity of COVID-19 in the study population this introduces a not insignificant source of bias and heterogeneity when the outcome is erectile function. Although the authors have performed regression analyses adjusting for a number of possible confounding factors, the probability that key uncontrolled confounders’ escape evaluation remains high.

Cross-sectional studies are carried out to investigate associations between risk factors and the outcome of interest and do not infer causality [22].

Furthermore, longitudinal and prospective studies are warranted to determine causality and direction of the association.

Declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures associated with this study associated with human subjects were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the University of Florida Institutional Review Board and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its ethical standards.

Informed consent

For this type of study a formal informed consent is not required.