Women’s experience of pregnancy and birth during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study

Abstract

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed how maternity care services are provided worldwide. To contain the virus, many providers reduced the number of face-to-face visits for women. In addition, partner attendance was prohibited in many circumstances to protect staff, and other service users, from potential infection.

Aims

To explore women’s experience of pregnancy and birth in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

A qualitative study with 14 women was conducted using a grounded theory approach. Data were collected between April and July 2020, and in-depth interviews were conducted either in pregnancy or in the first 12 weeks after the birth.

Results

Six categories emerged: loss of normality, navigating “new” maternity care systems, partners as bystanders, balancing information, uncertainty, and unexpected benefits of pregnancy during the pandemic. While benefits were reported (working from home and additional time spent with partners during the “fourth trimester”), in general, the themes were of increased anxiety and uncertainty.

Conclusion

The pandemic caused additional anxiety for pregnant women. This was exacerbated by uncertainty about the effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy and unclear messaging about restrictions. More interactive and personalized communication is required to support women to cope with uncertainty during a pandemic. The birth partner plays an important role as an advocate for women and excluding them from pregnancy care caused additional anxiety for pregnant women. Containment strategies for a pandemic should be developed with this in mind, to view the family as a unit rather than the woman in isolation.

Introduction

With the declaration of COVID-19 as a Public Health Emergency in January 2020 [1], maternity services had to adapt quickly and change how care was provided. The time-sensitive nature of maternity care meant that the cancellation of services was not an option. Changes made included reducing the number of face-to-face hospital visits, asking partners and visitors to not attend routine appointments and ultrasound assessments, and placing strict visiting restrictions in postnatal wards and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) [2].

Early data on the COVID-19 infection in pregnancy was reassuring [3]; however, initial studies were based on small numbers of cases in China, and there was much uncertainty about the potential impact of the virus on pregnancy, particularly in the early stages of the pandemic. Previous coronavirus health crises were associated with significant morbidity including severe respiratory illness, increased intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality in pregnancy [4]; later research showed that COVID-19 infection in pregnancy is also increased with significant maternal and fetal morbidity [5].

This pandemic has been dubbed an “info-demic” [6], and while the H1N1 pandemic of 2009 was the first of the internet age, social media plays an even greater role in the rapid spread of information, and at times misinformation, about COVID-19. Perceived mixed messages from public health officials can lead to confusion, uncertainty, and fear [7]. While studies have shown that exposure to media or public health-focused advertising during the H1N1 pandemic had a positive impact on health knowledge and behaviors, the impact of social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook at that time was not fully evaluated [8].

“Lockdown,” by which people were ordered to stay in their homes to reduce social contacts and limit the spread of COVID-19, was a strategy adopted by many countries. Social isolation can have profound effects on mental health, and previous studies have identified women and mothers of children under the age of 18 to be particularly vulnerable [9]. In times of disaster, women in the pre- and postnatal period may experience higher rates of mood disorders than the general public [10]. Those with underlying mental health problems are at risk of post-traumatic stress disorder [11]. After the SARS health crisis, an increase in avoidance behaviors, absenteeism from work, and excessive hand washing was observed [12]. Studies have shown high levels of depressive symptoms and generalized anxiety among pregnant and breastfeeding women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe [13, 14].

While pregnancy is a happy time for many, it can be a time of heightened anxiety and uncertainty [15]. Our aim was to understand the lived experience of pregnancy during the pandemic and the effects on the women’s home life and social support system as well as learn from the effects that the hospital restrictions and measures had on women and their families.

Methods

Qualitative approach

A qualitative study was undertaken using a grounded theory approach to explore women’s direct experiences of care during pregnancy and birth and to understand the impact of practices changes due to COVID-19 restrictions on the same. This paper is written in accordance with the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) [16].

Participants and recruitment

Recruitment was open to women of any gestation or those who had given birth since the first lockdown was announced (March 27, 2020), attended obstetric- or midwifery-led antenatal care, were residents of Ireland, had not been diagnosed with COVID-19, and were aged over 18. Participants were invited to participate in the study by posters and handouts in clinics and on social media (Facebook and Twitter). Recruitment started in April 2020 and ran until July 2020.

Setting

This study took place in the metropolitan area of Dublin, Ireland, with all participating women attending one of the three tertiary-level maternity units serving the city. The interviews for this study were conducted between April and July 2020, during the height of, and through to the easing of the first lockdown restrictions. Our research team consisted of four obstetricians, one psychologist, and one academic midwife. None of the clinical staff interviewed women that they were directly involved in providing care to.

Data collection and management

Data were collected through individual interviews, conducted by either NK or MH. In line with restrictions, interviews were carried out via secure, encrypted video conference (Zoom) or telephone call with digital recording. Participants chose their preferred option. Interviews ranged from 21 to 64 min. Open questions were used initially to elicit women’s experiences and views of their care during the restrictions. As the interviews progressed, they became more semi-structured in nature and theoretical sampling and verification of categories progressed. Interviews began with open questions about how their pregnancy/postpartum period has been so far and then moved on to how the pandemic has changed how they envisioned their pregnancy, the impact of the pandemic on the care they received, and how the pandemic has affected their partners/families experience of their pregnancy.

Recordings were transcribed verbatim by two of the researchers (NK and MH). During the transcription stage, anonymization was carried, removing any potentially identifying information. Once anonymization was complete, audio recordings were destroyed.

Data analysis

Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method [17]. Once data are collected, they were analyzed into initial categories. Detailed notes were made after each interview which allowed for interviews to be linked to analysis already performed. Interviews were carried out by two members of the team, keeping the other team members “blinded” thereby maximizing theoretical sensitivity and rigor in the analysis. After each interview was transcribed, it was analyzed which informed the development of questions for the next interview. This was continued until theoretical saturation occurred. One researcher (NK) reviewed all transcripts, analyzing them into categories, with at least one other member of the team (MH/BD/SC/JL) providing a second review for each transcript. The research team met after each interview was analyzed in order to ensure rigor within the process. If discordance on categories was present, a discussion took place between the researchers to reach a consensus and reduce the potential for bias. Three women requested copies of their interview transcripts but did not suggest any changes to be made before or during analysis.

Ethical statement

Ethical approval was granted by the National Maternity Hospital Research Ethics Committee (EC 14.2020). Women were provided with written information, and informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation. Consent forms were collected by email in advance with verbal consent again being obtained prior to beginning the interview and prior to any recording taking place.

Results

Sixteen women contacted the research team expressing their interest and fourteen consented to participate in the study and were interviewed. Of these, two women elected to be interviewed over the phone with the remaining twelve interviews being carried out by the recorded video conference. Demographic information is shown in Table 1, with participant details in Table 2. Six categories were identified as outlined in Table 3 and described in further detail below.

Table 1.

Participant demographics

Characteristics	Number
Age
24–34	4
35–45	10
Parity
Primiparous	9
Multiparous	5
Ethnicity
White Irish	12
White British	2
Pregnancy status at time of interview
Currently pregnant	8
Had given birth since March 2020	6
Planned place of birth
Hospital	13
Home	1
Model of antenatal care
Public, consultant lead	7
Private, consultant lead	5
Midwifery lead	2

Table 2.

Participant details

Participant number	Ethnicity	Time of interview	Antenatal/postnatal	History
1	White Irish	July	3 months postnatal	P0, emergency Cesarean section in labor for fetal distress
2	White Irish	July	3 months postnatal	P0, postnatal, spontaneous vaginal delivery, Meconium aspiration, neonatal intensive care admission for 2 weeks
3	White Irish	July	39 weeks’ gestation	P1, previous spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD), interview 1 week before planned induction of labor
4	White Irish	July	13 weeks’ gestation	P1- previous termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly, in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle cancelled due to pandemic but conceived spontaneously
5	White Irish	July	3 months postnatal	Postnatal, baby underwent surgery for pyloric stenosis
6	White, UK	July	35 weeks’ gestation	P0, partner is non-native English speaker
7	White Irish	July	28 weeks’ gestation	P0, no medical history
8	White Irish	July	3 months postnatal	P1, previous difficult delivery, changed care to plan for homebirth at 37 weeks due to pandemic
9	White, UK	July	28 weeks’ gestation	P0, Living in Ireland for one year, private antenatal care
10	White Irish	July	8 weeks post-natal	P0, IVF pregnancy, severe pelvic girdle pain, spontaneous vaginal delivery, private consultant lead care
11	White Irish	April	34 weeks’ gestation	P0, same sex couple, IVF pregnancy
12	White Irish	May	21 weeks’ gestation	P0, Clomid pregnancy, interview before anatomy scan
13	White Irish	June	2 weeks postnatal	Previous pre-term delivery, cervical cerclage at 14/40 delivered by spontaneous vaginal delivery at term
14	White Irish	May	31 weeks’ gestation	P0, gestational diabetes mellitus

Table 3.

Categories and subcategories of results

Categories of results	Sub categories	Participant quotes
Loss of normality	Disruption to the normal celebration of pregnancy Lack of peer support Families unable to share in pregnancy	Q1: “It would have been nice to meet other mums who were due their baby at the same time. So all that social element was totally gone”[P10] Q2 “every week my family are like “aw send us a picture of your bump”” P12 Q3: “ in the waiting room there was always a lovely atmosphere, it was gone after the Covid stuff hit” P10
Navigating the “new” maternity care system	Depersonalization of care Disruption to normal antenatal visits Fear of hospital contact Benefit of early transfer home Changes to antenatal education Difficulty of neonatal care restrictions	Q1: “You can’t interact and you can’t ask anyone” P 11 Q2: “Suddenly the risks of the home birth became less than having to spend time in [hospital]” P8 Q3 “I don’t think there was any change in the room, the midwives, anything like that. I didn’t feel I had any less care” P2 Q4 “I just find that was much better in a home setting than in the hospital setting when there’s so much going on” P1 Q5 “I didn’t feel like his mother… my whole day was spent waiting for that 15 min” P2
Partners as bystanders	Loss of reassurance of partner’s presence Loss of advocate Impact of restrictions on couple as a family unit	Q1 “It was just really strange.. I had to go in on my own.. and..I was worried that something had happened to him [baby] and I had to go and sit in the waiting room by myself” P1 Q2 “I didn’t experience the ‘not having your partner there’.. but my god it just terrifies me, the idea that I wouldn’t have anybody that was on my side who knew me while being so very vulnerable which you are in labor” P8 Q3 “it was a team effort and I felt that had been taken away by having to go to the appointments.. by myself” P10 Q4 “I would have benefitted hugely from having him being able to go to the NICU… He would have asked questions” P2 Q5 “It’s this whole thing of… seeing partners as visitors as opposed to partners” P6 Q6 “chances are your birth partner is a member of your household” P3
Balancing information	Information had the potential to empower but also overwhelm Unclear language from hospital and national public health department Lack of up-to-date pregnancy information Reliance on social media in place of traditional information sources	Q1 “the reality is it’s so new I don’t think people know” [P11] Q2 “Initially they were saying ‘no pregnant women aren’t any more high risk than anybody else’ but then.. the HSE are saying to their own pregnant staff ‘you shouldn’t be working near coronavirus patients’” P11 Q3 “I’m getting different messages” P4 Q4 “the phrasing used was.. your birth partner will be allowed in when you’re in active labor… like what does that mean?” P10
Uncertainty	Conflicting information Rapidly changing national public health guidance Difficulty navigating easing of restrictions	Q1 “We didn't have symptoms. We were just pregnant, but we didn't have asthma … or cystic fibrosis. We were just pregnant women. And we were thinking, okay, so, [can] I still go on the Dart [commuter railway network] or will I still go on the bus? “ P11 Q2 “It’s harder to know the right thing to do is…what is being responsible, what is being paranoid” P9
Unexpected benefits	Working from home allowed for better management of pregnancy symptoms No pressure from visitors in postnatal period More time with partner in “fourth trimester” Pregnancy as a positive focus in an otherwise difficult time	Q1 “We brought him home and my plan was to..lock the door, stay in… We definitely benefited from that.” P1 Q2 “…not being overwhelmed with visitors. I’m quite glad that we can kind of have an excuse to say to people ‘actually, not at the moment’ “ P9 Q3 “I think.. one of the advantages to being pregnant.. is that you… feel like there’s an end to it… psychological end… my family and friends are like it’s groundhog day and I’m like no it’s not because I’ve got a new milestone every week or a new thing to look forward to.. so that kind of helps” P9

Women described the “new normal” of a pregnancy during a pandemic. They found it difficult to engage with other pregnant women which added to a sense of isolation. Some felt there was less excitement surrounding the pregnancy. Changes to antenatal clinic visits made it an unpleasant experience for some women. Women had varying experiences of the changes in how care was delivered. One woman felt safe coming to a stand-alone maternity hospital as it felt removed from the pandemic which she associated with general hospitals. Some women had virtual or telephone consults which they felt de-personalized the experience with one woman describing a phone consultation with her obstetrician at 16 weeks as “tokenistic.” One woman found a reduction in clinic visits increased her anxiety, as being in her first pregnancy; she felt she needed the reassurance of a hospital visit.

Many hospitals changed to provide antenatal classes online. One woman felt that doing pre-recorded classes took away from the experience as it was less individualized. One woman changed to a planned home birth at an advanced gestation due to fears about how the hospital would manage a potential outbreak. The three women who did experience hospital birth during the pandemic felt that the birth experience itself was not negatively impacted by the restrictions. Some hospitals expanded early transfer home services to reduce the capacity on the postnatal ward which women found beneficial.

One participant was directly affected by restrictions in NICU when her baby was unexpectedly admitted. For 2 weeks, she was limited to spending 15 min every day with her baby which was extremely difficult. Measures taken by the hospital to make this situation less stressful for her included daily text, picture, and video updates via smartphone.

One of the most distressing aspects of the change in care during the pandemic was the restrictions on partners attending hospital visits, particularly the anomaly scan. One woman described attending out of hours with reduced fetal movements and found this experience particularly difficult to go through alone. While none of the hospitals prevented partners from attending the birth of their children, the potential for tighter restrictions on partners caused a lot of anxiety. Women feared losing their birth partner as an advocate while they were in labor and after the birth. Women described that by partners missing out on appointments, he/she felt disconnected from the process.

Strict NICU restrictions during the initial lockdown meant that partners were not permitted to visit. One woman who was affected by these restrictions felt this added to the stress of having an unwell baby. Not having the baby’s father present in the NICU added to concerns about how he would bond with the infant. The mother also felt more isolated without the support of her partner as an advocate or someone to ask questions on her behalf. One woman pointed out that partners were labelled as “visitors” when they should have been given special status. Many women could not understand the restrictions placed on partners attending when they were often from the same household and felt they should have been viewed as a family unit rather than as individuals.

Many women felt that by keeping informed, they would feel empowered but also appreciated that having too much access to news could feel overwhelming. The sources of information ranged from mainstream news and social media to peer-reviewed medical journals. The lack of up-to-date pregnancy-specific information about the virus and its potential impact on pregnancy was a source of anxiety. Women also feared for the health of their babies and how they would manage to care for other children if they were to become unwell. They looked at hospital websites, but this was often not their primary source of information. The lack of relevant information meant that women were less likely to trust their healthcare providers as a source as they realized that the medical community was uncertain about the effects of COVID-19 in pregnancy. Conflicting information was a source of anxiety for women. Some of the messaging and language used around restrictions by the hospitals were unclear which caused stress amongst women, especially when information related to partners’ presence on delivery suite.

Women received conflicting information about the potential impact of the virus on their health. Many women felt vulnerable and chose to cocoon despite the national recommendation that this was not necessary. While the initial “lockdown” message was clear, the gradual easing of restrictions brought new challenges.

The lockdown has some unexpected benefits. It gave many women the opportunity to work from home which made it easier to manage normal pregnancy symptoms such as fatigue or nausea and gave more time to devote to exercise, rest, or spending with their partners. This was also valuable after the birth as many women felt this extra time allowed for bonding and there was no pressure to see people or bring their new baby out. Many women’s partners continued working from home after the birth which allowed for additional support in the “fourth trimester.” Many women appreciated quieter waiting rooms and benefitted from more community-based care including early transfer home teams. One woman described the positive milestones in her pregnancy as a welcome distraction from the pandemic.

Discussion

The disruption and uncertainty that came with the pandemic caused great anxiety at a time when pregnant women were feeling particularly vulnerable. While understandably a lot of initial research into COVID-19 in pregnancy was on the physical and medical aspects, we are beginning to see the psychological effects that isolation and prolonged restrictions are having on pre- and postnatal psychological wellbeing and depression [18].

We know women have been disproportionately affected by the social and economic consequences of the pandemic [19]. Several studies have now looked at the experiences of pregnant and postnatal women globally, and while their experiences are specific to their location and the timeframe in the pandemic that the research was carried out, recurrent themes are emerging. As with the women in our study, anxiety and fear [14, 20–24] were commonly reported as was the need for reliable information [22–24]. In one study of perinatal anxiety in the USA, 60% of women reported moderate or severe anxiety symptoms [25]. In a study in Italy, which was the epicenter of the pandemic in Europe in the early stages, women with a history of anxiety or depression were at a higher risk of anxiety symptoms or post-traumatic stress disorder during “lockdown” than those without[13]. Disruption to antenatal and postnatal care was seen all over the world [24, 26–28]; however the degree of disruption varied according to the resources, or lack of resources, in that particular country. Low- and middle-income countries are particularly vulnerable to the disruption of routine maternal and neonatal care [27, 29].

Most women in our study sought information as a coping strategy, often from social media or their peers rather than from the hospital itself. When the government in Ireland advised groups considered at risk to “cocoon,” pregnant women were not included on this list, in contrast to guidance in the UK. This caused confusion in our cohort as women were often sourcing their information from the UK. In an international cross-sectional study, a lack of information about COVID-19 in pregnancy was noted to exacerbate fears among women of the risks of the disease in pregnancy [30]. In a study in China, 90% of women questioned considered themselves vulnerable from the effects of COVID-19 [31]. As a result of this perceived risk and the potential for the spread of infection from birth and through breastfeeding, they reported increased rates of requests for planned caesarean birth and higher rates of bottle feeding [31]. While there was no association between information source and level of anxiety in that study, we know that conflicting information in times of humanitarian crises is associated with higher levels of stress [32]. The adverse effects of maternal stress on the fetus and on infant cognitive development are well documented [33–35].

Due to the time-sensitive nature of pregnancy, maternity services had to quickly adapt and pivot to continue to provide care to an acceptable standard. Some aspects of maternity care such as assessing fetal wellbeing cannot adequately be carried out remotely. Some of the strategies adopted by maternity hospitals were to introduce less frequent antenatal appointments and carry out some consultations by telephone [2]. While the women interviewed were largely accepting of the need for restrictions, some felt these changes lead to deficiencies in their care. In one study on women’s experiences of pregnancy during COVID-19 restrictions in Australia, concerns were voiced over telehealth which women felt was impersonal and care felt rushed [21]. While there is a role for developing telemedicine, it is important not to depersonalize care. There is a need for enhanced online support [31] and greater investment to make use of available technologies to improve the antenatal experience for women.

The women in this study relied on their partners for emotional support. The perceived risk that a birth partner would not be present for delivery was a huge source of anxiety. This has been a key finding in several studies in this area [21, 23, 36]. The presence of a supportive birth partner is associated with favorable birth outcomes [37]. Indeed, the World Health Organization (WHO) has upheld that all pregnant women should have a companion of their choice present during birth [38]. In one study of the effects of COVID-19 on women’s birth expectations, women with a history of mental health disorders expressed greater concern for their partner’s health highlighting the important role a partner can have during the pregnancy, birth, and postnatal period [39]. The women interviewed also felt a sense of isolation from friends, family members, and the lack of opportunity to meet other pregnant women which has similarly been noted in other studies [40]. This lack of social support was a significant contributor to perinatal stress during the pandemic (30).

Despite the difficult circumstances, women were, perhaps surprisingly, able to find some positive aspects in their situation. Reduced appointments meant quieter waiting rooms and additional community supports allowed for healthy women to be discharged home earlier postnatally. The ability to work from home while pregnant was a big advantage, eliminating commuting and allowing women to rest and work in their own time while maintaining productivity. Women also benefitted from having their partners work from home in the postpartum period as they were able to provide additional support. This is something that employers may consider going forward as we navigate a “new normal.”

Most of the available literature in this area has been gathered through a survey which allows for larger cohorts. The strength of our study is in the in-depth interviews which took place at the height of restrictions, offering a unique perspective on pregnancy in the pandemic and adding to the growing narrative of the voices of women who gave birth during a global health crisis. This study is limited by the lack of ethnic diversity in the group interviewed despite attempts to reach out to minority groups. Further research is needed on the impact of the pandemic on minority groups.

Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic is a time of great anxiety for pregnant women. This was exacerbated in the beginning by uncertainty about the effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy and unclear messaging about restrictions. The birth partner is an important role as an advocate for women and should be included in antenatal care. Containment strategies for the pandemic should be developed with this in mind and attempt to view the family as a unit rather than the woman in isolation. Going forward there is an opportunity to expand on community delivered care, particularly for low-risk women and an urgent need to improve mental health support to deal with the potential long-term sequelae of this pandemic.

Author contribution

NK has made a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the work, the acquisition analysis, and interpretation of the data; has drafted the work; and has approved the submitted version and agrees to be both personally accountable for her contribution and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy and integrity of any part of the work even ones in which the author was not personally involved are appropriately investigated and resolved and the resolution is documented in the literature. BD has made a substantial contribution to the conception of the work, to the interpretation of the data, has substantially revised it, and has approved the submitted version and agrees to be both personally accountable for his contribution and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy and integrity of any part of the work even ones in which the author was not personally involved are appropriately investigated and resolved and the resolution is documented in the literature. SC has made a substantial contribution to the conception of the work and to the interpretation of the data, has substantially revised it; and has approved the submitted version and agrees to be both personally accountable for her contribution and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy and integrity of any part of the work even ones in which the author was not personally involved are appropriately investigated and resolved and the resolution is documented in the literature. FMcA has made a contribution to the conception and design of the work and to the interpretation of the data, has revised it; and has approved the submitted version and agrees to be both personally accountable for her contribution and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy and integrity of any part of the work even ones in which the author was not personally involved are appropriately investigated and resolved and the resolution is documented in the literature. JL has made a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the work and to the interpretation of the data; has substantially revised it; and has approved the submitted version and agrees to be both personally accountable for her contribution and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy and integrity of any part of the work even ones in which the author was not personally involved are appropriately investigated and resolved and the resolution is documented in the literature. MFH has made a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the work, the acquisition analysis, and interpretation of the data; has drafted the work; and has approved the submitted version and agrees to be both personally accountable for her contribution and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy and integrity of any part of the work even ones in which the author was not personally involved are appropriately investigated and resolved and the resolution is documented in the literature.

Data availability

The anonymized qualitative data set, analyzed during the current study, is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and Research Ethics approval.

Code availability

Not applicable.

Declarations

Ethics

Ethical approval was granted by the National Maternity Hospital Research Ethics Committee (EC 14.2020). Women were provided with written information and informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation.

Consent to participate

All participants gave written consent to participate in this study.

Consent for publication

All participants gave written consent for the anonymous publication of quotes from interviews.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.