Abstract
BACKGROUND
The high mortality rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Egypt is due mainly to the increasing prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) and late diagnosis of the carcinoma. MicroRNAs (miRNA), which regulate tumor proliferation and metastasis in HCC, may serve as a useful diagnostic approach for the early detection of HCC, thus decreasing its mortality. Meanwhile, endocan is a protein with angiogenic and inflammatory properties that are associated with tumor progression and poor outcomes.
AIM
To analyze the levels of miRNA 9-3p and endocan in HCV-infected HCC patients and correlate them with clinicopathological parameters.
METHODS
We compared levels of endocan and circulating miRNA 9-3p from 35 HCV-related HCC patients to 33 patients with HCV-induced chronic liver disease and 32 age and gender matched healthy controls recruited from inpatient and outpatient clinics of the National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Egypt in the period from January to March 2021 in a case-control study. Serum samples from all groups were analyzed for HCV. Endocan was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and the expression levels of circulating miRNA 9-3p were measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR.
RESULTS
The levels of circulating miRNA 9-3p were significantly lower in the HCC group compared to the chronic liver disease (P < 0.001) and control (P < 0.001) groups, while levels in the chronic liver disease were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.001). The levels of serum endocan were significantly higher in the HCC group compared to the chronic liver disease (P < 0.001) and control (P < 0.001) groups. Moreover miRNA 9-3p and endocan performed better than α-fetoprotein in discriminating HCC patients from cirrhosis and healthy patients. The levels of miRNA 9-3p were significantly inversely correlated to vascular invasion (P = 0.002), stage of advancement of Barcelona Clinical Liver Cancer (P < 0.001) and the metastatic site (P < 0.001) of the HCC group.
CONCLUSION
Circulating miRNA 9-3p and endocan can be used as novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of HCV-related HCC.
Keywords: MicroRNA 9-3p, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Endocan, Diagnostic, Biomarker, Egypt
Core Tip: The level of circulating microRNA 9-3p was significantly decreased in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients than in chronic liver disease and control groups. The level of serum endocan was significantly increased in HCC patients than in the cirrhotic and control groups, and there was better diagnostic performance of microRNA 9-3p and endocan than α-fetoprotein. The levels of microRNA 9-3p have a significant inverse correlation with endocan and vascular invasion and advanced stage of Barcelona Clinical Liver Cancer in the HCC group. Circulating microRNA 9-3p and endocan could be novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of hepatitis C virus-related HCC patients.
INTRODUCTION
Worldwide, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths[1]. In Egypt, HCC is a significant health problem, as it is the most prevalent and second most prevalent cancer in males and females, respectively. It is the most prevalent malignancy in general, accounting for 32.35% of the total cancer deaths[2,3]. One reason for these high prevalence rates is the high prevalence of hepatitis C in Egypt[4].
Moreover, HCC has been attributed to molecular aberrations, such as errors in regulation of gene expression, which may result in translational repression and/or degradation[5,6]. To improve the overall survival from HCC, extensive research is needed, focusing particularly on more accurate and monitored management of the disease[7].
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (approximately 22 nucleotides long), endogenous, non-protein coding RNAs that are key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression[8]. miRNAs regulate different cellular pathways, including the cell cycle, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Dysregulation of miRNAs can therefore impact cellular processes involved in tumorigenesis and cancer. Thus, serum miRNAs may serve as non-invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of cancer[9].
Three genes encode miRNA 9-3p: MIR9-1, MIR9-2 and MIR9-3, located on chromosomes 1 (1q22), 5 (5q14.3) and 15 (15q26.1), respectively[10]. miRNA 9-3p is expressed abnormally in various types of human cancer, suggesting that it is functionally versatile[11]. miRNA 9-3p has been identified to have a tumor suppressive role by targeting an oncogenic tafazzin expression in HCC cells[12].
Endocan is a 50 kDa soluble proteoglycan that circulates freely in the bloodstream of healthy individuals and is expressed by the vascular endothelium. It has angiogenic and inflammatory properties that may affect vascular permeability, thus it plays crucial roles in regulating major physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as cell adhesion, inflammation and tumor progression[13]. Endocan expression is upregulated in cancer cells derived from the lung, kidney, brain, astrocytes and liver[14].
A single study has reported that miRNA 9-3p expression decreases in bladder cancer patients, resulting in reduced inhibition of endocan, thus increasing its expression, which promotes cell proliferation[15]. These results indicate that the gene encoding endocan is a target of miRNA 9-3p. To the best of our knowledge, simultaneous assessment of the roles of both miRNA 9-3p and inflammatory role of endocan that may induce tumorigenesis and tumor progression have not been evaluated in HCV-related HCC, which is triggered by the viral inflammation. Thus, the current work aimed to study the diagnostic value of circulating levels of miRNA 9-3p and endocan in HCV-related HCC patients and to correlate them with clinicopathological parameters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study subjects
This case-control study included a total of 100 subjects recruited from inpatient and outpatient clinics of the National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Egypt in the period from January to March 2021. Participants were categorized into three groups: Group I: 35 patients with HCV-related HCC; Group II: 33 patients with chronic liver disease due to chronic HCV; and Group III: 32 healthy and free of viral infection volunteers of matched age and gender. Patients were selected based on restrictive inclusion criteria including patients whose age was more than 18 years with confirmed HCV infection by both HCV antibody (anti-HCV) detection and positive HCV RNA. In Group I, HCC was diagnosed (triphasic spiral computed tomography or dynamic magnetic resonance imaging together with elevated α-fetoprotein and/or liver biopsy), and its stage was identified according to the Barcelona Clinical Liver Cancer (BCLC) system[16]. In Group II, chronic liver disease was diagnosed based on history, clinical examination, laboratory results and imaging that included abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography. Liver disease severity was assessed by the Child-Pugh score. Patients with positive hepatitis B surface antigen and/or hepatitis B c antibody, secondary liver cancer, other malignancies, chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis due to any cause other than HCV infection, significant associated comorbidities (such as renal failure or heart failure) and those receiving chemotherapy, radiotherapy or on immunosuppression medication were excluded. Detailed histories of all participants were taken, and they all underwent physical examination, liver imaging (abdominal ultrasound) and routine laboratory tests that included complete blood counts, kidney and liver function tests [albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)], serum levels of α-fetoprotein, and serological tests for hepatitis B virus and HCV. Serum samples from Groups I and II were analyzed for HCV by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR).
Laboratory procedures
Seven milliliters of venous blood were withdrawn by venipuncture; of this, 5 mL were transferred into a plain tube, left to clot and centrifuged for 10 min at 4000 rpm. The serum obtained was stored at -80 ºC until subsequent analyses for serum α-fetoprotein levels, liver function tests, hepatitis viral markers and endocan levels. The remaining 2 mL of blood were placed into an EDTA containing tube for HCV RT-PCR and miRNA 9-3p expression analysis. Anti-HCV levels were determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay using the Cobas immunoassay analyzer.
The hepatitis B surface antigen in serum was determined using (Sorin Biomedica Co. kits, Italy). Serum levels of ALT and AST were determined by the kinetic UV optimized method of the IFCC (ELTEC Kit, England). Serum levels of total bilirubin were measured using the DIAMOND diagnostics Kit, Germany. Serum albumin levels were quantified using a colorimetric method of enhanced specificity of bromocresol green (DIAMOND diagnostics Kit, Germany). Prothrombin time was determined by the STA-Stago Compact computed tomography autoanalyzer. Serum α-fetoprotein levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using the IMMULITE 1000 system (Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics, United States).
Endocan detection
Serum endocan levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the PicokineTM ELISA Kit for human ESMI/Endocan (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., CA, United States, cat# EK0752).
RT-PCR for HCV
Nucleic acids were extracted using the Qiagen viral RNA Mini Extraction Kit.
Expression assay for miRNA 9-3p
miRNA was isolated from plasma using the QiagenTM RNA extraction Kit MiRNeasy Kit (QIAGEN). miRNA was purified and then its concentration and purity were quantified using a NanoDrop® N50 nanophotometer (Implant GmbH and Implen, Inc. Schatzbogen 52 81829 München, Germany). Purified miRNA was stored at -80 °C until reverse transcription, which was accomplished using the Qiagen®miScript II RT Kit (QIAGEN) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Each 20-µl reaction tube contained 4 μL 5 × miScript HiSpec Buffer, 2 μL 10 × miScript Nuclease Mix, 2 μL RNase-free water, 2 μL miScript Reverse Transcriptase Mix, and 10 μL template RNA. Reverse transcription was carried out at 37 °C for 60 min and 95 °C for 5 min on an Applied Biosystems 2720 thermal cycler (Bioline, Singapore, United States). The cDNA product was diluted to 5 ng/ul before determining the transcript levels by real-time quantitative PCR. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed using the miScript SYBR Green PCR Kit (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The reaction mixture contained 12.5 μL 2x QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR Master Mix, 2.5 μL 10x miScript Universal Primer based on mRNA sequences obtained from the miRBase database for miRNA 9-3p, 2.5 μL template cDNA and 3.5 μL RNase-free water. The Applied Biosystems®7500 real-time thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, United States) was programmed to run 40 cycles of the following steps: 95 °C for 15 min (initial denaturation step), denaturation at 94 °C for 15 s, annealing for 30 s at 55 °C and extension for 30 s at 70 °C. U6 snRNA was used as an endogenous control. Relative quantification expression levels were calculated using the comparative 2−ΔΔCt method with Applied Biosystems 7500 software version 2.0.1. Each run was completed using melting curve analysis to confirm the specificity of the amplification and absence of primer dimers.
All procedures involving human participants were performed according to the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Menoufia University Faculty of Medicine Research Ethics Committee. Every patient in this research provided their written consent to participate in the research, provided that they were not identified in the paper.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics software version 20 (SPSS Inc. Released 2011. IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 20.0, Armonk, NY, United States: IBM Corp). Quantitative data are presented as means, standard deviations, medians and interquartile ranges, while qualitative data are presented as frequencies and percentages. The relationship between qualitative variables was evaluated by the χ2 test. Pairs of groups of non-normally distributed quantitative data were compared by the Mann–Whitney test, while three groups were compared by the Kruskal–Wallis test (non-parametric analysis of variance). Based on Kruskal–Wallis distribution, a post-hoc test was performed for pairwise comparisons. Correlations were assessed using the Spearman correlation test. The diagnostic values of serum miRNA 9-3p and endocan in HCC patients were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The most independent factor associated with metastasis was identified by logistic regression analysis. P values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
The patients in all three groups did not differ statistically in terms of age and gender. Biochemical analyses results (Table 1) showed that the HCC group and the chronic liver disease group differed in the following: ALT, direct bilirubin, international normalized ratio, endocan and miRNA 9-3p (P = 0.005, P = 0.003, P = 0.002, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively).
Table 1.
Demographic and laboratory data of the study participants
|
Variables
|
Group I
|
Group II
|
Group III
|
P
value
|
|
|
|
HCC
|
Chronic liver disease
|
Control
|
||||
| n = 35 | n = 33 |
n
= 32
|
||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male, n (%) | 30 (85.7) | 23 (69.7) | 27 (84.4) | NS | ||
| Female, n (%) | 5 (14.3) | 10 (30.3) | 5 (15.6) | |||
| Age (yr) | ||||||
| mean ± SD | 55.2 ± 5.2 | 52.7 ± 5.3 | 52.8 ± 5.6 | NS | ||
| ALT (IU/L), median (IQR) | 50.0 (35.0-55.0) | 34.0 (28.0-50.0) | 29.7 (23.5-31.7) | P < 0.001 | a P = 0.005; bP < 0.001; cP = 0.003 | |
| AST (IU/L), median (IQR) | 52.0 (39.0-70.0) | 42.0 (32.0-57.0) | 32.8 (30.0-36.0) | < 0.001 | a P = 0.060; bP < 0.001; cP < 0.001 | |
| Hb (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 13.1 ± 1.7 | 12.5 ± 1.6 | 13.5 ± 1.0 | 0.025 | a P = 0.260; bP = 0.438; cP = 0.019 | |
| Platelets, (× 10³/μL), median (IQR) | 141.0 (104.5-193.5) | 162.0 (134.0-213.0) | 197.5 (180.5-246.0) | 0.002 | a P = 0.225; bP < 0.001; cP = 0.022 | |
| Serum ALB (g/dL), mean ± SD | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 0.001 | a P = 0.382; bP = 0.001; cP = 0.050 | |
| INR, mean ± SD | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 | a P = 0.002; bP = 0.001; cP = 0.001 | |
| α-fetoprotein (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 240.0 (28.2-635.0) | 124.0 (108.9-166.0) | 17.4 (14.0-24.0) | < 0.001 | a P = 0.895; bP < 0.001; cP < 0.001 | |
| Endocan (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 3450.0 (3188.5-4135.0) | 1934.0 (1450.0-2257.0) | 878.5 (850.0-1188.0) | < 0.001 | a P < 0.001; bP < 0.001; cP = 0.001 | |
| microRNA 9-3p, median (IQR) | 0.03 (0.02-0.05) | 0.42 (0.29-1.35) | 1.70 (1.40-2.15) | < 0.001 | a P < 0.001; bP < 0.001; cP < 0.001 | |
P: P value for comparing between HCC and chronic liver disease.
P: P value for comparing between HCC and control.
P: P value for comparing between chronic liver disease and control. Statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05. SD: Standard deviation; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; Hb: Hemoglobin; ALB: Albumin; INR: International normalized ratio; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; NS: Not significant; IQR: Interquartile range.
The HCC group differed significantly from the control group in terms of ALT, AST, platelet count, serum albumin, direct bilirubin, international normalized ratio, α-fetoprotein level, endocan and miRNA 9-3p (P < 0.001). The chronic liver disease group differed significantly from the control group in terms of ALT, AST, hemoglobin level, platelet count, international normalized ratio, α-fetoprotein level, endocan and miRNA 9-3p (P = 0.003, P < 0.001, P = 0.019, P = 0.022, P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001 respectively).
Serum endocan levels in the HCC group were significantly higher than those in the chronic liver disease and control groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, serum miRNA 9-3p expression levels in the HCC group were significantly lower than those in the chronic liver disease and control groups (P < 0.001), while levels in the chronic liver disease group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.001).
In the HCC group, 62.9% of patients (22 patients) were classified as grade A and (37.1%) of patients (13 patients) were classified as grade B according to Child-Pugh classifications; 4 (11.4%) patients were classified as grade A in BCLC stage, 18 (51.4 %) patients in stage B and 13 (37.1%) patients were in stage C. Detailed tumor characteristics of the HCC group are shown in Table 2.
Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of tumors in the hepatocellular carcinoma group, n = 35
|
Number of the focal lesions
|
n
(%)
|
| Single | 16 (45.7) |
| Multiple | 19 (54.3) |
| Tumor size in cm | |
| Small < 3 | 7 (20.0) |
| Medium 3-5 | 15 (42.9) |
| Large > 5 | 13 (37.1) |
| Location of the focal lesions | |
| Rt. Lobe | 19 (54.3) |
| Lt. Lobe | 8 (22.9) |
| Both | 7 (20.0) |
| Caudate lobe | 1 (2.9) |
| BCLC stage | |
| A | 4 (11.4) |
| B | 18 (51.4) |
| C | 13 (37.1) |
| Vascular invasion | |
| Negative | 25 (71.4) |
| Positive | 10 (28.6) |
| LN metastasis | |
| Negative | 28 (80.0) |
| Positive | 7 (20.0) |
| Ascites | |
| No | 25 (73.5) |
| Mild | 8 (23.5) |
| Moderate | 1 (2.9) |
| Child Pugh classA | 22 (62.9) |
| B | 13 (37.1) |
| C | 0 (0) |
| Distant metastasis | |
| No | 23 (65.7) |
| Yes | 12 (34.3) |
Rt.: Right; Lt.: Left; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; LN: Lymph node.
The correlations between serum miRNA 9-3p levels and clinical data in HCC patients are shown in Table 3. miRNA 9-3p expression levels were significantly inversely correlated to vascular invasion, BCLC classification and metastatic site. Moreover, miRNA 9-3p expression levels were also significantly inversely correlated to serum endocan levels (Figure 1).
Table 3.
Correlations between microRNA 9-3p levels and clinical data in hepatocellular carcinoma group
| n |
microRNA 9-3p
|
|||
|
|
Median (IQR)
|
P
value
|
||
| Vascular invasion | ||||
| Negative | 25 | 0.04 (0.02-0.26) | 0.002 | |
| Positive | 10 | 0.02 (0.02-0.02) | ||
| LN metastasis | ||||
| Negative | 28 | 0.04 (0.02-0.17) | 0.072 | |
| Positive | 7 | 0.02 (0.02-0.03) | ||
| Distant metastasis | ||||
| No | 23 | 0.04 (0.03-0.26) | < 0.001 | |
| Yes | 12 | 0.02 (0.02-0.02) | ||
| Child Pugh class | ||||
| A | 22 | 0.03 (0.02-0.04) | 0.389 | |
| B | 13 | 0.04 (0.02-0.26) | ||
| Tumor number | ||||
| Single | 16 | 0.03 (0.02-0.17) | 0.935 | |
| Multiple | 19 | 0.03 (0.02-0.05) | ||
| Tumor size in cm | ||||
| Small < 3 | 7 | 0.03 (0.02-0.15) | 0.852 | |
| Medium 3-5 | 15 | 0.03 (0.02-0.06) | ||
| Large > 5 | 13 | 0.04 (0.02-0.04) | ||
| Tumor site | ||||
| Rt lobe | 19 | 0.04 (0.02-0.06) | 0.432 | |
| Lt lobe | 8 | 0.04 (0.03-0.15) | ||
| Both | 7 | 0.02 (0.02-0.04) | ||
| Caudate lobe | 1 | |||
| BCLC stage | ||||
| A | 4 | 0.26 (0.17-0.26) | < 0.001 | |
| B | 18 | 0.04 (0.03-0.05) | ||
| C | 13 | 0.02 (0.02-0.02) | ||
Rt.: Right; Lt.: Left; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; IQR: Interquartile range; LN: Lymph node.
Figure 1.
Correlation between microRNA 9-3p and endocan levels in the hepatocellular carcinoma group.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses on the HCC group indicated that miRNA 9-3p is an independent predictor factor of metastasis (P = 0.041; 95% confidence interval: 0.089-0.951) (Table 4).
Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate regression analyses for the parameters affecting metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma group
|
|
Univariate
|
Multivariate
|
||
|
P
value
|
OR (95%CI)
|
P
value
|
OR (95%CI)
|
|
| microRNA 9-3p | 0.008 | 0.193 (0.057-0.653) | 0.041 | 0.291 (0.089-0.951) |
| Endocan | 0.023 | 1.002 (1.000-1.003) | 0.358 | 1.001 (0.999-1.002) |
Statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.
ROC analysis of miRNA 9-3p and endocan levels indicated that at a cutoff point of 0.26, miRNA 9-3p can discriminate between patients with HCC and those with chronic liver disease with a sensitivity of 91.43%, a specificity of 87.88%, a positive predictive value of 88.90% and a negative predictive value of 90.60%. Meanwhile, at a cutoff point of 2370 pg/mL, endocan can discriminate between HCC and chronic liver disease patients with a sensitivity of 82.86%, a specificity of 84.85%, a positive predictive value of 85.30% and a negative predictive value of 82.40%. In comparison, α-fetoprotein was less sensitive and specific (60.00% and 33.30%, respectively).
At a cutoff point of 1.01, miRNA 9-3p can discriminate between HCC and control group patients with a sensitivity of 91.43%, a specificity of 87.50%, a positive predictive value of 88.90% and a negative predictive value of 90.30%. Meanwhile, at a cutoff point of 1510 pg/mL, endocan can discriminate between HCC and chronic liver disease patients with a sensitivity of 85.71%, a specificity of 87.50%, a positive predictive value of 88.20% and a negative predictive value of 84.80%. In comparison, α-fetoprotein was less sensitive and specific (80.00% and 71.87%, respectively). Diagnostically, both miRNA 9-3p and endocan performed better than α-fetoprotein at discriminating HCC patients from both chronic liver disease and healthy patients (Figures 2 and 3).
Figure 2.
Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of microRNA 9-3p, endocan and α-fetoprotein for discriminating between hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease.
Figure 3.
Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of microRNA 9-3p, endocan and α-fetoprotein for discriminating between hepatocellular carcinoma and control.
ROC analysis of miRNA 9-3p levels in the HCC group indicated that at a cutoff point of 0.02, miRNA 9-3p can discriminate between metastatic and non-metastatic HCC patients with a sensitivity of 91.67%, a specificity of 82.61%, a positive predictive value of 73.30% and a negative predictive value of 95.00%.
DISCUSSION
The increasing prevalence of HCC worldwide and its associated poor prognosis make it a global health problem. Studies in Egypt shows the increasing role of HCV infection in liver cancer etiology, and among all cancer deaths in Egypt, HCC is the primary cause[17,18].
HCC is often detected late, when it is no longer operable, which limits curative surgical treatment to only a few cases involving small HCC malignancies. Moreover, as a diagnostic tool, α-fetoprotein is limited in its accuracy[19]. In contrast, circulating miRNAs may serve as biomarkers and a useful diagnostic approach for the early detection of HCC[20].
In the present study, clinical and laboratory data from the three different groups of patients revealed that serum α-fetoprotein levels of HCC and chronic liver disease patients was significantly different from those of control patients. α-fetoprotein is known to be overexpressed in HCC[21-23], and the severity of cirrhosis is a significant predictor of elevated serum α-fetoprotein levels; higher serum α-fetoprotein levels are significantly correlated with advanced cirrhosis in patients with chronic HCV[24].
We found that serum α-fetoprotein levels in the HCC group did not differ significantly from those of the chronic liver disease group. This agrees with the results of Massironi et al[25], who reported similar findings in HCC and liver cirrhosis subjects. In our study, at a cutoff value of 23 ng/dL, α-fetoprotein discriminates between HCC and control patients at a sensitivity of 80.00% and a specificity of 71.87%. These results are similar to those of Massironi et al[25] and Metwaly et al[26], who reported a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 80% at a cutoff value of 16.9 ng/dL.
Our findings show higher serum endocan levels in HCC patients than in chronic liver disease patients, which agrees with previous studies by Nault et al[27] and Ozaki et al[28].
Recent studies on HCC show that elevated serum endocan levels and endocan expression by stromal endothelial cells in HCC tissues are correlated with poor survival[29]. Endocan expression in tumors undergoing angiogenesis reflects the processes of angiogenesis and tumor invasion. Structurally, the glycan form and phenylalanine-rich region of endocan are its key effective sections through the nuclear factor-κB/IκB pathway[30]. However, the involvement of endocan in HCC development remains unclear.
We found that plasma miRNA 9-3p levels are significantly lower in HCC patients compared to chronic liver disease and control patients. Overall, the order of miRNA 9-3p expression among the different groups is as follows: HCC < chronic liver disease < control.
This supports the concept of the antitumor function of miRNA 9-3p as reported by Higashi et al[12], Yang et al[31] and Tang et al[32]. In contrast, Sun et al[33] showed that miR-9 increases the levels of migration and invasion of HCC cell lines. It is possible that miR-9 (i.e. miR-9-5p) and miR-9* (miR-9-3p) are two different miRNAs that originate from the same precursor, and they can play either synergistic or opposite roles within one malignancy[34].
Interestingly, we observed significantly lower levels of miRNA 9-3p expression and vascular invasion at the advanced stage of BCLC and at the metastatic site of the HCC group.
In cervical adenocarcinoma, miRNA 9-3p is downregulated and acts as a tumor suppressor. Ectopic expression of miR-9-3p inhibits the JAK/STAT3 pathway by targeting interleukin 6, leading to the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and increased angiogenesis. This results in decreased proliferation and migration and reduced tumor growth in vivo[35]. Moreover, Tang et al[32] reported that exosomal miRNA 9-3p suppresses the development and progression of HCC.
Cai et al[15] reported that increased exosomal miR-9-3p counteracts bladder cancer growth and metastasis and decreases endocan protein expression in nude mice. We similarly observed that miR-9-3p expression is inversely correlated to serum endocan levels in the HCC group.
We performed ROC analysis to compare the diagnostic accuracies of miRNA 9-3p, endocan and the traditional HCC tumor marker, α-fetoprotein. Diagnostically, both miRNA 9-3p and endocan perform better than α-fetoprotein in discriminating patients with HCC from those with or without (i.e. healthy) chronic liver disease. Furthermore, ROC analysis revealed that miRNA 9-3p performed well at discriminating between metastatic and non-metastatic patients in the HCC group. Statistically, miRNA 9-3p is an independent predictor factor of metastasis. This study could be the nucleus of a larger study working on a larger number of patients that may include those with other causes of chronic liver disease like alcoholism as our study was limited to HCV-induced chronic liver disease as it is highly prevalent in Egypt.
CONCLUSION
Endocan and miRNA 9-3p could be biomarkers with potential use for the early diagnosis of HCV-related HCC. In this regard, they are more valuable than α-fetoprotein. Moreover, miRNA 9-3p is an independent predictor of metastasis in HCC patients.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background
The high mortality rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Egypt is due mainly to the increasing prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) and late diagnosis of the carcinoma.
Research motivation
MicroRNAs (miRNA), which regulate tumor proliferation and metastasis in HCC, may serve as a useful diagnostic approach for the early detection of HCC, thus decreasing its mortality. Meanwhile, endocan is a protein with angiogenic and inflammatory properties that are associated with tumor progression and poor outcomes.
Research objectives
To analyze the levels of miRNA 9-3p and endocan in HCV-infected HCC patients and correlate them with clinicopathological parameters.
Research methods
We compared levels of endocan and circulating miRNA 9-3p from 35 HCV-related HCC patients to 33 patients with HCV-induced chronic liver disease and 32 age and gender matched healthy controls.
Research results
The levels of circulating miRNA 9-3p were significantly lower in the HCC group compared to the chronic liver disease (P < 0.001) and control (P < 0.001) groups, while levels in the chronic liver disease were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.001). While the levels of serum endocan were significantly higher in the HCC group compared to the chronic liver disease (P < 0.001) and control (P < 0.001) groups. Moreover, miRNA 9-3p and endocan performed better than α-fetoprotein in discriminating HCC patients from cirrhosis and healthy patients. The levels of miRNA 9-3p are significantly inversely correlated to vascular invasion (P = 0.002), stage of advancement of Barcelona Clinical Liver Cancer (P < 0.001 and the metastatic site (P < 0.001) of the HCC group.
Research conclusions
Endocan and miRNA 9-3p could be biomarkers with potential use for the early diagnosis of HCV-related HCC. In this regard, they are more valuable than α-fetoprotein. Moreover, miRNA 9-3p is an independent predictor of metastasis in HCC patients.
Research perspectives
The findings of this study warrant additional investigation in prospective trials with larger cohorts and longer follow-up for confirming our results and validating the potential clinical use of these markers in early HCC detection.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank all medical staff and technicians of dialysis centers who agreed to participate in this study.
Footnotes
Institutional review board statement: The study was approved by the Menoufia University Faculty of Medicine Research Ethics Committee.
Informed consent statement: Written informed consent was obtained from the patient or his/her guardians prior to the study.
Conflict-of-interest statement: No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-checklist of items.
Provenance and peer review: Invited article; Externally peer reviewed.
Corresponding Author’s Membership in Professional Societies: Egyptian Association for Research and Training in Hepatogastroenterology, 001 Founder and President.
Peer-review started: April 16, 2021
First decision: June 23, 2021
Article in press: September 1, 2021
Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology
Country/Territory of origin: Egypt
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P-Reviewer: Goenka MK, Moldogazieva NT S-Editor: Wang LL L-Editor: Filipodia P-Editor: Yu HG
Contributor Information
Amany Mohamed Salah Eldin Wahb, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt.
Mohamed El Kassas, Department of Endemic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt.m_elkassas@hq.helwan.edu.eg.
Ahmed Kamal Khamis, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom 32512, Menoufia, Egypt.
Mostafa Elhelbawy, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom 32512, Menoufia, Egypt.
Nesreen Elhelbawy, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkoum 3511, Egypt.
Mona Salah Eldin Habieb, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkoum 3511, Egypt.
Data sharing statement
No additional data are available.
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Data Availability Statement
No additional data are available.