Effect of Dental Environment Stressors and Coping Mechanisms on Perceived Stress in Postgraduate Dental Students

ABSTRACT

Aim and objective

To investigate the effect of dental environment stressors and coping mechanisms on perceived stress in postgraduate dental students.

Materials and methods

This cross-sectional study enrolled 250 postgraduate students from four dental colleges. Modified dental environment stress (DES) questionnaire was used to study the dental environment-related stressors, perceived stress score (PSS) to measure the extent of stress perception, and brief COPE (BC) scale to measure the use of various coping strategies deployed to combat stress. An independent T-test was used to determine the associations of these measures with gender and marital status and one-way ANOVA for associations with year of study. Hierarchical regression was used to determine the effect of demographic factors, career-related psychological background, health-related habits, DES, and BC score on PSS.

Results

“Synopsis, thesis, library dissertation” and “lack of adequate infrastructure” were reported as the highest stressors by the postgraduate students. Only 4.8% of respondents perceived low stress, while 65.2% perceived high stress. A high correlation between the DES score and PSS was observed. Active coping, acceptance, and positive reframing were the most commonly utilized coping strategies. Planning and use of emotional support were the only coping strategies that were significant negative predictors of PSS. Problem-focused coping strategies had a positive, but non-significant correlation with PSS, while emotion-focused coping strategies had a significant negative correlation with PSS.

Conclusion

Postgraduate dental environment causes a high-stress perception in students and reactive coping strategies have only a limited role in reducing stress perception.

How to cite this article

Sikka N, Juneja R, Kumar V, et al. Effect of Dental Environment Stressors and Coping Mechanisms on Perceived Stress in Postgraduate Dental Students. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5):681–688.

INTRODUCTION

Stress pervades all professions.¹ Although a moderate amount of stress arising out of deadlines, expectations, and competition acts as a stimulant, and drives one to perform to maximum capacity, overwhelming stress paralyzes the cognitive and behavioral capacities of the individual, affecting his wellbeing.² On the work front, it negatively affects productivity³ and induces absenteeism;⁴ on the personal front, it breeds frustrations, spoils relationships,⁵ and causes one to resort to alcoholism,⁶ smoking,⁷ and drugs to evade the reality.⁸

Stress also adversely affects the academic performances of students.⁹ In medical institutes where academics, research, and patient care are integral parts of post-graduation curriculum, a daunting work routine, urgent need to upgrade knowledge and skills, deadlines for thesis submission, research work publication, with little time for relaxation and recreation create a highly vulnerable environment for stress, anxiety, and depression.¹⁰

Among all health professions, dental students are reported to be more prone to stress.¹¹ Dentistry involves a technically demanding nature of work, requires thorough knowledge of involved biological sciences, and necessitates constant upgradation with upcoming advancements. Therefore, learning and excelling at it involves considerable hard work, mental faculties, emotional resilience, social support, and guidance.

Literature is replete with studies to elucidate the factors associated with an increase in stress in dental undergraduate students.^12–20 Lack of time for leisure activity, neglect of personal life, examination anxiety, workload, patient expectations, and worries about future careers are the most commonly reported stressors for dental students.^12–20

The extent of stress perception, however, depends not only on the environmental stressors but also on various other factors, including sociodemographic factors, personality traits, psychological background, emotional intelligence, occupation,²¹ and ability to utilize coping strategies.²² Stress perception by dental undergraduate students has also been studied by various researchers.^23–30 However, the research work to study the prevalence of stress in postgraduate dental students, the factors perceived most stressful, and the extent of stress perception is relatively scarce.^31,32 Similarly, a few studies have analyzed the effect of different types of coping strategies on stress perception by dental undergraduate students,^33,34 but no similar research on postgraduate dental students could be found.

Owing to the scarcity of studies on stressors, differences in perception, and coping strategies in postgraduate dental students, this study was planned to study various factors causing stress, coping strategies deployed, and the effect of the interplay of these factors on perceived stress in postgraduate dental students.

The null hypotheses tested were: (1) There is no association between dental environment stress (DES) score and perceived stress score (PSS). (2) There is no association between brief COPE (BC) (coping orientation to problems experienced) score and PSS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research was conducted in accordance with ethical principles enshrined in the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. The study was designed as a cross-sectional survey making use of a structured questionnaire to collect data from postgraduate students of four dental colleges of Haryana. With an 80% prevalence level of stress, 95% confidence level with standard normal distribution, and 5% margin of error, a sample size of 246 was considered sufficient. To compensate for the non-responsive participants, and incompletely/incorrectly filled questionnaires, a total of 280 participants were included in the study.

“Stress analysis and coping questionnaire” used in this survey had sections of demographic and academic details, stress and psychological background, health behavior, DES, perceived stress, stress manifestations, and coping strategies. Care was taken to keep the questionnaire comprehensive to address all areas of interest while keeping it brief at the same time to enhance responsiveness. Demographic and academic factors included age, gender, marital status, dental specialty, and year of study. Stress and psychological background in the context of dental career were assessed based on whether the respondents were satisfied by their choice of the dental profession and post-graduation specialty or not. Health behavior was assessed by seven questions eliciting information on a routine of 8 hours of sleep, physical exercise habits, breakfast habits, snacking in-between meals, taking health supplements, alcohol, and tobacco consumption habits to be responded on a three-point scale of no, sometimes, and yes.

The DES component was a modified version of the DES questionnaire³⁵ adapted to include various factors pertinent to postgraduate learning environments, while keeping it concise. It included 35 questions to evaluate stressors—3 questions to determine self-efficacy beliefs, 7 questions to assess personal and accommodation factors, 8 questions to study curriculum associated factors, 9 questions relating to educational environment factors, and 8 questions to assess the role of various clinical factors using a four-point Likert scale.

Perceived stress scale was used to measure the degree to which situations were appraised as stressful.³⁶ It included 10 questions to assess the respondents’ subjective experiences of feelings during the previous month. Feelings included were: being upset, loss of control over life, nervousness, confidence to handle a problem, feeling of things going the right way, inability to cope with things, inability to control irritations, feeling on top of the world, anger, and feeling of piling up difficulties to the level difficult to overcome. Responses were obtained on a five-point Likert scale from never to very often.

Information on stress manifestations was obtained by general experiences of fatigue, eye strain, back pain, headache, sleep disturbances, stomach upsets, flu-like symptoms, oral ulcers, mood alterations, and affected performance.

Coping strategies were measured using the BC questionnaire which is a multidimensional measure of cognitive and behavioral strategies used to regulate the behavior in response to stressors.³⁷ It included 28 questions relating to stress coping strategies to be answered on a four-point Likert scale from “never” to “very often”. Fourteen coping strategies were included in the questionnaire, i.e., self-distraction, active coping, denial, use of emotional support, behavioral disengagement, venting, use of instrumental support, positive reframing, self-blaming, planning, humor, acceptance, religion, and substance use.

After explaining the purpose of the study to the volunteers, obtaining written consent, and assuring them the confidentiality, the questionnaires were distributed. The participants were requested to return the filled sheets the same day.

Incompletely filled questionnaires were not included in statistical analysis. The data were analyzed using Microsoft excel 2007 and IBM SPSS statistics 19 (IBM Corp., New York, USA). Coding of the data was done for analytical purposes. Mean health behavior score was calculated by coding the responses of “no”, “sometimes”, and “yes” into 1, 2, and 3, respectively, for all factors except alcohol and tobacco consumption. For alcohol and tobacco consumption, the responses were reverse coded (no = 3, sometimes = 2, yes = 1). The average of all health behavior responses was then taken as the “mean health behavior” score. For the DES score, the Likert responses of “not stressful” to “severely stressful” were coded 1 to 4 and the mean score for each item was calculated. For PSS, the Likert responses of “never” to “very often” were coded 0 to 4 for negatively stated items. Positively stated items were reverse-scored and finally summated to remaining items to achieve assessment score. Scores ranging from 0 to 13 were considered low stress, 14 to 26 were considered moderate, and 27 to 40 would be considered high perceived stress.

For the BC score, the coding for responses from “never” to “very often” were assigned as 1 to 4, and the mean was calculated for an individual item. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the internal consistency of various tools of the questionnaire.

The primary outcome measures were the DES score, PSS, and BC score. Secondary outcome measures were the mean health score and manifestations of stress. Bivariate associations (e.g., based on gender and marital status) were tested for statistical significance using the independent T-test and Pearson's correlations. Variability between independent variable groups—the year of study and specialty of post-graduation—was assessed using univariate ANOVA. Correlations among DES, PSS, and BC were calculated using Pearson moment correlation. To identify the significant predictors of PSS, a hierarchical multiple regression model (method: Enter) was fitted to control the effect of sociodemographic, academic, and health-related factors. Age, gender, and marital status were entered in the first block; year of study, specialty, and career-related background in the second block; health behavior in the third block; and DES and BC in the final block. In general, a two-sided p value <0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

Out of 280 questionnaires distributed, 263 were received back, and 250 were found to be complete and suitable for statistical evaluation. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the questionnaire was 0.882 for the 35-item DES questionnaire, 0.813 for the 10-item perceived stress scale questionnaire, and 0.833 for the 28-item BC inventory reflecting a good internal validity.

The demographic details of all the participants are shown in Table 1. The sample was a composite of nine dental specialties. Most of the participants were of the 26–30 age group and were unmarried. Only 38.4% of the participants had opted for dentistry as their career of the first choice. 81.6% of the participants got admission to the post-graduation specialty of their choice. A T-test revealed that both the DES score and the PSS were significantly higher in the students who did not opt for dentistry as the first career of choice. The DES scores were higher in students who did not get their specialty of choice in post-graduation.

Table 1.

Demographic description of the study population

Variables		N (%)
Gender	Male	107 (42.8)
	Female	143 (57.2)
Year	Year 1	79 (31.6)
	Year 2	87 (34.8)
	Year 3	84 (33.6)
Age (years)	<25	61 (24.4)
	26–30	170 (68.0)
	31–35	16 (6.4)
	36–40	3 (1.2)
Marital status	Single	172 (68.8)
	Married	78 (31.2)
Specialty	Orthodontics	31 (12.4)
	Prosthodontics	30 (12.0)
	Oral Medicine and Radiology	24 (9.6)
	Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics	25 (10.0)
	Pedodontics	30 (12)
	Periodontics	27 (10.8)
	Oral Pathology	29 (11.6)
	Preventive and Community Dentistry	26 (10.4)
	Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	28 (11.2)

Our assessment of health behavior revealed that only 14% of the respondents had a habit of regular exercise, and only 35.2% had an average 8-hour sleep. 20.8% of the respondents skipped breakfast daily; 14.8% consumed alcohol routinely, and 64.4% consumed occasionally; 9.6% used tobacco routinely and 84.8% occasionally; and snacking in-between meals was routine for 35.6% of respondents. There was a significant gender difference in physical exercise behavior—more males engaged in physical exercises (p = 0.000). The habit of alcohol and tobacco consumption also showed gender predilection—these were significantly more in males (p = 0.001). Daily breakfast habit was significantly higher in married students when compared with unmarried ones (p = 0.018). Tobacco consumption was significantly higher in unmarried students (p = 0.019). Taking health supplements had a weak but significant negative correlation with both DES and PSS (p = 0.016 and 0.023, respectively). Routine alcohol drinkers had significantly more PSS than occasional drinkers (p = 0.005). However, the overall mean health behavior score had no significant correlation with DES, PSS, or BC score (p = 0.809, 0.596, and 0.348, respectively).

Table 2 presents the DES score for the five DES domains, and the comparison of DES scores for gender, year of study, and marital status. Overall, synopsis, thesis and library dissertation, and lack of adequate infrastructure were reported as the most stressful factors. Although the gender, the year of study, and the marital status did not influence the overall DES score significantly, self-efficacy beliefs and personal and accommodation factors caused significantly more stress in females than males (Table 2). Unmarried students also had significantly higher stress due to self-efficacy beliefs when compared with married students. Among specializations, postgraduate students in prosthodontics had significantly higher DES scores than other specialties (p = 0.002).

Table 2.

Comparison of mean dental environment stress (DES) score for various domains between genders, years of study, and marital status

	Mean (SD)	Gender		Year of study			Marital status
		Male	Female	I	II	III	Unmarried	Married
Self-efficacy beliefs	7.71 (2.28)	7.19 (1.89)	8.09 (2.46)**	7.77 (2.22)	7.91 (1.97)	7.46 (2.59)	7.98 (2.24)**	7.12 (2.28)
Personal and accommodation factors	16.28 (4.39)	15.59 (4.16)	16.7 (4.50)*	16.73 (4.23)	16.31 (4.24)	15.84 (4.68)	16.14 (4.37)	16.59 (4.45)
Curriculum associated factors	18.83 (4.23)	19.32 (4.29)	18.47 (4.16)	18.87 (5.03)	18.67 (3.46)	18.95 (4.16)	18.92 (4.14)	18.63 (4.45)
Education environment factors	20.59 (5.32)	20.81 (4.49)	20.42 (5.87)	20.09 (6.37)	20.20 (3.67)	21.43 (5.56)	20.95 (5.63)	19.81 (4.49)
Clinical factors	19.09 (5.06)	18.39 (4.67)	19.62 (5.29)	18.86 (4.52)	18.93 (4.88)	19.46 (5.69)	19.34 (4.99)	18.54 (5.19)
Total	82.50 (15.14)	81.31 (14.02)	83.39 (15.92)	82.33 (17.56)	82.01 (10.90)	83.14 (16.39)	83.33 (15.46)	80.68 (14.34)

SD standard deviation, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005

Stress was perceived most commonly as a feeling of nervousness or anger. 4.8% of respondents perceived low stress, 30% perceived moderate stress, while 65.2% perceived high stress. PSS comparison for the year of the study showed significantly higher stress perception in first-year students as compared to second- and third-year students. Gender, marital status, and post-graduation specialty did not affect PSS significantly (Table 3).

Table 3.

Comparison of mean perceived stress score (PSS) between genders, years of study, and marital status

Variable	Mean (SD)	Significance (p value)
Gender
Male	20.81 (4.65)	0.586
Female	21.14 (4.72)
Year of study
First year	21.68 (5.25)*	0.017
Second year	19.82 (3.92)
Third year	21.52 (4.66)*
Marital status
Unmarried	21.06 (4.92)	0.749
Married	20.86
Total	21.00 (4.69)

SD, standard deviation, *p < 0.05

Only 3.2% of the respondents reported no stress manifestations. Fatigue was the most common manifestation of stress followed by back pain, mood alteration, and headache. Significantly more females experienced mood alterations (p = 0.000) and reported that their performance was being affected (p = 0.022). Males reported headache as the second most common stress manifestation. Mood alterations were significantly higher in third-year students when compared with both first- and second-year students (p = 0.002), and in married students when compared with unmarried ones (p = 0.054). Sleep disturbances and flu occurrences were significantly more in unmarried students (p = 0.004 and 0.001, respectively).

The most common coping strategy utilized by the students was active coping—efforts and actions to make the situation better, followed by accepting the situation and learning to live with it. Positive reframing strategy—to see the situation in a positive light was third in the order. While significantly more male participants looked for something good in what is happening, they also engaged more in self-criticism and alcohol consumption. On the other hand, significantly more females tried to accept the situation and learn to live with it. Whereas significantly more unmarried candidates turned to work, married candidates, on the other hand, gave up the attempt to cope (Table 4).

Table 4.

Comparison of mean brief COPE (BC) score for various coping strategies between genders, years of study, and marital status

	Mean (SD)	Gender		Year of study			Marital status
		Male	Female	I	II	III	Unmarried	Married
Self-distraction	4.65 (1.54)	4.53 (1.51)	4.73 (1.55)	4.35 (1.37)	4.83 (1.68)	4.74 (1.51)	4.84 (1.53)**	4.23 (1.48)
Active coping	5.23 (1.69)	5.03 (1.75)	5.38 (1.64)	5.38 (1.55)	5.56 (1.80)	4.74 (1.63)*	5.19 (1.58)	5.32 (1.92)
Denial	3.76 (1.66)	3.77 (1.52)	3.75 (1.75)	3.69 (1.38)	3.76 (1.77)	3.82 (1.78)	3.73 (1.64)	3.83 (1.69)
Use of emotional support	4.59 (1.58)	4.40 (1.60)	4.73 (1.55)	4.35 (1.24)	4.40 (1.62)	5.01 (1.75)*	4.62 (1.62)	4.52 (1.49)
Behavioral disengagement	4.01 (1.68)	4.07 (1.59)	3.96 (1.75)	3.93 (1.60)	3.80 (1.77)	4.29 (1.65)	3.79 (1.66)	4.50 (1.64)**
Venting	3.99 (1.26)	3.97 (1.17)	4.01 (1.32)	4.10 (1.19)	3.91 (1.27)	3.98 (1.32)	3.93 (1.26)	4.14 (1.27)
Use of instrumental support	4.87(1.46)	4.75 (1.47)	4.96 (1.44)	4.77 (1.47)	4.94 (1.54)	4.88 (1.36)	4.93 (1.50)	4.73 (1.35)
Positive reframing	5.00 (1.63)	5.03 (1.66)*	4.98 (1.60)	5.23 (1.72)	5.14 (1.75)	4.64 (1.33)	4.98 (1.67)	5.05 (1.52)
Self-blaming	4.49 (1.44)	4.75 (1.51)*	4.29 (1.35)	4.24 (1.35)	4.51 (1.56)	4.69 (1.38)	4.50 (1.59)	4.46 (1.05)
Planning	4.86 (1.67)	4.78 (1.72)	4.92 (1.63)	4.79 (1.56)	5.10 (1.79)	4.68 (1.60)	4.80 (1.58)	5.00 (1.85)
Humor	4.87 (1.84)	4.73 (1.89)	4.98 (1.80)	4.63 (1.95)	5.32 (1.87)*	4.63 (1.63)	4.92 (1.85)	4.75 (1.84)
Acceptance	5.06 (1.66)	4.71 (1.49)	5.32 (1.74)**	5.15 (1.79)	5.29 (1.63)	4.74 (1.54)	5.09 (1.67)	4.97 (1.65)
Religion	4.59 (1.84)	4.42 (1.97)	4.71 (1.73)	4.52 (1.69)	4.80 (1.88)	4.43 (1.92)	4.61 (1.80)	4.54 (1.92)
Substance use	2.41 (0.87)	2.77 (1.11)***	2.14 (0.49)	2.38 (0.82)	2.23 (0.73)	2.62 (1.02)*	2.42 (0.86)	2.39 (0.92)

SD, standard deviation, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.001

Dental environment stress, PSS, and BC were found to be strongly correlated in all the domains (p = 0.000 for all domains). Results of hierarchical regression analysis revealed that two components of DES—self-efficacy beliefs and personal and accommodation factors—were significant positive predictors of PSS (Table 5). Hence, the null hypothesis that “there is no association between dental environment stress (DES) score and perceived stress score (PSS)” was rejected. Regression analysis for BC inventory-based coping strategies revealed that the use of emotional support and planning were significant negative predictors of PSS, while self-blaming, humor, and acceptance were significant positive predictors of PSS (Table 5). Analysis for approach-based categorization of coping revealed that problem-focused coping strategies were negative predictors of PSS, although the association was weak and non-significant (Table 6). Emotion-focused coping strategies, on the other hand, were significant positive predictors of PSS (Table 6). Hence, the null hypothesis that “there is no association between BC score and PSS” also stands rejected.

Table 5.

Multiple (hierarchical) regression model for PSS predicted by various study factors (method: enter)

Model	Variables	B (95% CI)	SE B	β	p	R2 change	F model test
1	Age	−0.233 (−0.527, 0.060)	0.149	−0.123	0.119	0.011	0.951
	Gender	−0.024 (−01.284, 1.237)	0.640	−0.002	0.971
	Marital status	0.431 (−1.063, 1.926)	0.759	0.043	0.570
2	Age	−0.196 (−0.494, 0.101)	0.151	−0.104	0.195	0.026	0.149
	Gender	−0.042 (−1.307, 1.222)	0.642	−0.004	0.947
	Marital status	0.896 (−0.659, 2.4520)	0.790	0.089	0.258
	Dental specialty	0.043 (−0.198, 0.284)	0.122	0.022	0.726
	Year of post-graduation	−0.968 (−1.739, −0.197)	0.391	−0.167	0.014
	Career-related psychological background	0.503 (−0.420, 1.425)	0.468	0.073	0.284
3	Age	−0.206 (−0.506, 0.093)	0.152	−0.109	0.176	0.002	0.188
	Gender	−0.009 (−1.278, 1.260)	0.644	−0.001	0.989
	Marital status	0.905 (−0.653, 2.462)	0.791	0.090	0.254
	Dental specialty	0.050 (−0.192, 0.292)	0.123	0.026	0.684
	Year of post-graduation	−0.964 (−1.736, −0.192)	0.392	−0.166	0.015
	Career-related psychological background	0.508 (−0.415, 1.432)	0.469	0.074	0.279
	Mean health score	−0.100 (−0.366, 0.166)	0.135	−0.047	0.460
4	Age	−0.035 (−0.288, 0.218)	0.128	−0.018	0.787	0.425*	0.000*
	Gender	−0.705 (−1.886, 0.477)	0.600	−0.075	0.241
	Marital status	0.672 (−0.610, 1.955)	0.651	0.067	0.303
	Dental specialty	−0.076 (−0.289, 0.137)	0.108	−0.040	0.481
	Year of post-graduation	−0.881 (−1.570, −0.191)	0.350	−0.152	0.013
	Career-related psychological background	0.364 (−0.423, 1.151)	0.399	0.053	0.363
	Mean health score	−0.001 (−0.221, 0.220)	0.112	0.000	0.996
	DES
	Self-efficacy beliefs	0.348 (0.056, 0.639)	0.148	0.169	0.020
	Personal and accommodation factors	0.240 (0.076, 0.405)	0.084	0.225	0.004
	Curriculum factors	−0.015 (−0.196, 0.166)	0.092	−0.013	0.872
	Education environment factors	0.014 (−0.118, 0.145)	0.067	0.015	0.838
	Clinical factors	0.113 (−0.013, 0.238)	0.064	0.122	0.078
	BC
	Self-distraction	−0.055 (−0.469, 0.359)	0.210	−0.018	0.793
	Active coping	0.112 (−0.250, 0.474)	0.184	0.040	0.542
	Denial	0.008 (−0.341, 0.358)	0.177	0.003	0.963
	Use of emotional support	−0.650 (−1.011, −0.289)	0.183	−0.219	0.000
	Behavioral disengagement	0.250 (−0.116, 0.617)	0.186	0.090	0.180
	Venting	0.063 (−0.408, 0.534)	0.239	0.017	0.794
	Use of instrumental support	−0.083 (−0.541, 0.375)	0.232	−0.026	0.721
	Positive reframing	0.094 (−0.304, 0.491)	0.202	0.032	0.643
	Self-blaming	0.596 (0.218, 0.974)	0.192	0.184	0.002
	Planning	−0.629 (−1.051, −0.208)	0.214	−0.224	0.004
	Humor	0.813 (0.457, 1.168)	0.180	0.320	0.000
	Acceptance	0.089 (−0.308, 0.486)	0.201	0.032	0.660
	Religion	0.465 (0.165, 0.765)	0.152	0.182	0.002
	Substance use	−0.514 (−1.149, 0.121)	0.322	−0.096	0.112

B, regression coefficient; CI, confidence interval; SE, standard error; β, standard estimate; p, significance; *p < 0.001

Table 6.

Comparison of mean scores of various coping categories between genders and results of multiple regression for PSS predicted by coping categories after control of demographic factors, academic factors, mean health score, and DES by use of Hierarchical method

	Independent T-test				Regression analysis
	Total Mean (SD)	Male Mean (SD)	Female Mean (SD)	p value	B	SE B	β	p
Maladaptive coping	23.31 (4.83)	23.87 (5.37)	22.89 (4.36)	0.126	0.073	0.069	0.076	0.291
Adaptive coping	39.07 (7.82)	37.85 (7.22)	39.99 (8.13)**	0.032	0.061	0.040	0.102	0.128
Problem-focused coping	14.96 (3.73)	14.56 (3.52)	15.26 (3.86)	0.190	−0.187	0.097	−0.149	0.055
Emotion-focused coping	47.42 (7.94)	47.16 (8.49)	47.62 (7.53)	0.554	0.169	0.048	0.286	0.000***

SD, standard deviation; B, regression coefficient; SE, standard error; β, Standard estimate; p, significance; **p < 8.13; ***p < 0.001

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

DISCUSSION

Stress has generally been considered as a product of an imbalance between external demands and individual capacities.³⁸ This “product of imbalance” has been known to produce a state of burnout in dental students, in turn adversely affecting mental and physical wellbeing.¹⁴ Therefore, it becomes critical to study the stressors responsible and the extent of perception of the stress by the postgraduate students.

Results of this study showed a very high level of stress perception by postgraduate students in the dental college environment. We observed that only 38.4% of the participants had opted for dentistry as their career of the first choice. In India, admission to an undergraduate course in dentistry is not through a separate entrance examination, but it is through a common entrance test for medical and dental courses, which tends to make the dental course a second choice for the aspirants. It was also interesting to note that the students who could not get the specialty of choice in post-graduation had significantly higher DES. It is plausible that those students had a low opinion of their current branch and its future scope, which in turn could have affected the score.

It was observed that only 14% of participants had a habit of regular physical exercise, and as high as 79.2% of participants consumed alcohol routinely or occasionally. Lack of physical activity was significantly associated with increased DES score in the present study. Physical activity has, for a long, been reported to decrease depression,³⁹ and anxiety.⁴⁰ However, the experience of stress has also been reported to have a negative impact on physical exercise.⁴¹

Routine alcohol drinkers had significantly more stress than occasional drinkers (p = 0.005). As bi-directional relationships have been reported between alcohol consumption and stress,⁴² whether alcohol consumption caused increased stress or consumption increased because of DES cannot be commented for sure.

“Submission of Synopsis, thesis and Library Dissertation” and “lack of adequate infrastructure” were identified as the most stressful dental environment factors. This is partly in agreement with Divaris et al.³¹ who also reported seminar presentations and inadequate staff in clinics among the top five stressors in dental postgraduates, with lack of leisure time being at the top. Interestingly, among the factors included in the DES questionnaire, competition from other postgraduate students was the least stressful factor in our study.

Factors related to self-efficacy beliefs were identified as significantly more stressful by females and married respondents. Overall stress score was higher for females than males. An explanation for higher reported stress in female students may lie in greater expressivity of thoughts and feelings, particularly the negative ones by them.⁴³

Prosthetic dentistry was identified as the most stressful dental specialty both in terms of DES as well as PSS, as Divaris et al.³¹ also reported. It may be attributed to prolonged working hours due to excessive laboratory work, patient satisfaction challenges, and the absence of proper laboratory facilities in colleges leading to the requirement of more coordination between private laboratories and patients. Oral medicine and radiology was identified as the least stressful branch.

Whereas the DES score was not significantly influenced by the year of study, PSS was highest among the first-year students, followed closely by third-year students. This may be explained by the fact that whereas first-year students face challenges in terms of new people, place, and environment apart from a sudden increase in workload, third-year students have additional stressors in the form of examinations, thesis submission, publication, and future career.

The stress response after a critical event is often modified by the supportive coping processes facilitated by physiological or behavioral mechanisms. Though coping does not directly reduce stress levels, it moderates the impact of stress.⁴⁴ A significant positive correlation between BC score and PSS in this study suggests that whereas overwhelming stress led the students to the deployment of coping strategies to the best of their capabilities, it could not result in the corresponding reduction of PSS. In the present study, adaptive strategies, i.e., active coping, acceptance, and positive reframing were utilized much more than maladaptive coping strategies like substance abuse, denial, and venting. Similar to numerous studies in non-medical academic environments, problem-focused coping strategies were more effective than emotion-focused coping strategies.^44–46 Another point to note is that the COPE score used in this study measures only reactive coping strategies.⁴⁷ It has been reported that proactive coping strategies—ones which are utilized before stress appears—are associated with less stress while reactive coping strategies are associated with more stress.

A limitation of this study is the use of a closed-ended questionnaire to ease coding and statistical analysis of the responses, leading to a possible exclusion of certain potential stressors not mentioned in the questionnaire. Furthermore, stress and psychological background were considered only in the context of dental career while other background factors existing before admission in dental college, or individual personality-related stress factors were not considered. Additionally, perceived stress scale used in this study is a tool of temporal nature, which may be influenced by day-to-day problems and the recruitment of new coping strategies. Relatively small sample size and information bias due to the self-reported nature of data are other limitations of the present study.

This study highlights the need to address the mental health issues of postgraduate students in dental colleges. Efforts should be directed toward resolving infrastructure and equipment issues, thesis and dissertation jitters, and curriculum concerns of postgraduate students. Equally important are efforts directed to enhance the resilience by providing a supporting ecosystem to them lest the resulting burnout erodes all the motivation, severely affecting wellbeing.

CONCLUSION

We found that increased stress due to the dental environment correlated with increased perception of stress by the students. We also observed that the reactive coping strategies deployed by the students to deal with the effects of increased stress had limited efficacy in reducing the stress perception.