Figure 5.

GluCer supplementation in vitro and in vivo

(A) Liver homogenates were prepared from WT, Sms2 KO, and Sms1/Sms2 KO female mice. GluCer was measured by LC/MS/MS.

Studies in vitro: (B) Raw 264.7 cells were treated with the indicated dose of GluCer, and activated TGFβ1 (12.5 kDa) was measured in the culture medium.

(C) Huh7 cells and LX2 cells were used to set up a co-culture system, which was treated with the indicated dose of GluCer. TGFβ1 was measured in the co-culture medium, and the level of collagen 1α1 in LX2 cells was measured by Western blot analysis.

(D) LX2 cells were treated with the indicated dose of GluCer, and collagen 1α1 was measured by Western blot analysis.

(E) Fluorogram of Western blots from the macrophages, co-culture system, and LX2 cells. Columns that are labeled with different lowercase letters are statistically different. Studies in vivo: 8-week-old Sms2 KO female mice were injected with vehicle or GluCer (10 μg/g body weight/day) for 2 weeks.

(F) Liver real-time PCR analysis.

(G) Western blot analysis.

(H) Quantification of the Western blots. Data are represented as mean ± SD, n = 3–4, ∗p < 0.01.