TABLE 2.

Simulation parameters

Description	Symbol	Value (reference[s])
Agent length	L	6 μm (10, 65)
Agent width	W	0.5 μm (10, 65)
Agent mass	$m$	1.2 × 10−15 kg
No. of nodes per agent	N	7
Linear spring constant	$k_l$	Managed by Box2D (59)
Angular spring constant	$k_b$	10 pN · μm/rad (65–67)
Total propulsive force per agent	$F_T$	55 pN (28)
Drag coefficient	$c$	22 pN · min/μm
Substrate adhesion spring constant	$k_a$	100 pN/μm (28)
Substrate adhesion break distance	$d_{a\text{,max}}$	0.5 μm (28)
Reversal period	${\tau }_r$	8 min (6)
Direction change period	${\tau }_t$	5 min
Simulation region dimension	$L_{\text{sim}}$	200 μm
Agent density	$\eta$	0.074 cells/μm2
Time step	$\mathit{dt}$	0.0067 min
Adhesion force factor	$k_{\text{adh}}$	0.01 for WT; 0.1 for OE
End-end suppression factor	$\delta R_e$	1
Lateral suppression factor	$\delta R_l$	0.04
Minimum time for suppression activation	${\tau }_{\text{thr}}$	5 min
Maximal adhesion length	$d_{\text{thr}}$	1.5 μm for end-end adhesion; 0.9 μm for lateral adhesion