Cutaneous adverse reactions (CARs) from mRNA‐based COVID‐19 vaccines have been reported in the literature. 1 , 2 On the contrary, information regarding Sinovac (CoronaVac), (SV) inactivated virus and adenoviral vector AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19) (AZ) vaccines remains scarce. We have conducted this prospective cohort study to address this issue.
The participants were healthcare workers (persons who deliver services to the patients directly or indirectly 3 ) at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand who agreed to be vaccinated with either SV or AZ COVID‐19 vaccines. All participants with CARs were identified from the questionnaire sent out on day 1 and day 7 via mobile phone application, the self‐reporting system, incident reports of reactions at the vaccination site, emergency room and Dermatology outpatient clinic. Photographic documentation of the skin lesions was obtained from the patients. These photos were assessed by three dermatologists and the skin findings were categorized.
A total of 35 229 injections, 29 907 of SV and 5322 of AZ were given during the study period. The number of cases with CARs was 204 from SV and 36 from AZ (total n = 240). The median (interquartile range (IQR)) age of the cases was 34 (28, 43.5) and 48 (35, 55), from SV and AZ, respectively. A female preponderance was observed (female n = 169 (82.84%) and 27 (75%), SV, AZ). Among 240 cases, there were 302 reactions reported. The number of participants experiencing 1 or more than one CAR from SV was 96.79% and 3.21%, and 97.73% and 2.27% from AZ. The incidence of CARs from SV was 0.94% and 0.70% from the first and second doses, whereas those of AZ were 1% and 0.52%, respectively.
Dermatologic findings were categorized only from cases with available clinical photographs (n = 145 reactions (48.01%)). Urticaria was the most common skin finding (n = 104, 34.44%) followed by eczematous reactions (n = 21, 6.95%) and angioedema (n = 9, 2.98%). Details are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Dermatologic findings reported after first and second Sinovac (CoronaVac) or AstaZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19) vaccinations
| Cutaneous reactions (n = number of incidence reports) | CoronaVac | ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 |
Total n = 302 |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dose 1 n = 162 (53.64%) | Dose 2 n = 95 (31.46%) | Dose 1 n = 34 (11.26%) | Dose 2 n = 11 (3.64%) | ||||||||||||
| n (%) | Median onset (Q1, Q3) hours | Median duration (Q1, Q3) days | n (%) | Median onset (Q1, Q3) hours | Median duration (Q1, Q3) days | n (%) | Median onset (Q1, Q3) hours | Median duration (Q1, Q3) days | n (%) | Median onset (Q1, Q3) hours | Median duration (Q1, Q3) days | n (%) | Median onset (Q1, Q3) hours | Median duration (Q1, Q3) days | |
| Urticaria | 55 (33.95) | 9 (2, 22) | 2 (0.2, 7) | 37 (38.95) | 6 (0.8, 24) | 1 (0.1, 7) | 9 (26.47) | 21 (7, 24) | 4 (2, 18) | 3 (27.27) | 4 (0.5, 5) | 3 (0.2, 29) | 104 (34.44) | 6 (1.5, 24) | 2 (0.2, 8) |
| Eczematous | 9 (5.56) | 24 (24, 120) | 8 (7, 16) | 8 (8.42) | 16 (4.5, 36) | 7 (3.5, 10.5) | 4 (11.76) | 72 (48, 96) | 4.5 (3.5, 6.5) | 0 | – | – | 21 (6.95) | 24 (16, 72) | 7 (4, 14) |
| Skin sign associated with the extravasation of blood (Ecchymosis, Petechiae, Purpura) | 5 (3.09) | 10 (3, 24) | 7 (3, 14) | 2 (2.11) | 8 (4, 12) | 13.5 (13, 14) | 3 (8.82) | 48 (6, 336) | 10 (6, 14) | 0 | – | – | 10 (3.31) | 11 (6, 48) | 11.5 (6, 14) |
| Angioedema | 5 (3.09) | 24 (20, 24) | 1 (1, 2) | 4 (4.21) | 24 (13.5, 48) | 1 (0.6, 1.5) | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 9 (2.98) | 24 (20, 24) | 1 (1, 2) |
|
Erythema reaction at/near injection site
|
4 (2.47) 0 |
41.5 (5.8, 108) – |
3 (1.3, 5.5) – |
0 1 (1.05) |
– 216 (–) |
– 5 (–) |
2 (5.88) 1 (2.94) |
13 (2, 24) 240 (–) |
4.5 (4, 5) 3 (–) |
1 (9.09) 0 |
5 (–) – |
7 (–) – |
7 (2.32) 2 (0.66) |
11 (2, 72) 228 (216, 240) |
4 (2, 7) 4.1 (3, 5.2) |
| Papule/Papulovesicle | 4 (2.47) | 72 (48, 108) | 7 (4, 12.5) | 2 (2.11) | 8 (6, 10) | 8 (3, 13) | 1 (2.94) | 240 (–) | 3 (–) | 0 | – | – | 7 (2.32) | 72 (10, 144) | 7 (3, 13) |
| Maculopapular | 4 (2.47) | 11 (9.5, 12) | 2.5 (1.3, 8.5) | 1 (1.05) | 168 (–) | 7 (–) | 0 | – | – | 1 (9.09) | 0.25 (–) | 1 (–) | 6 (1.99) | 11 (9, 12) | 2.5 (1, 7) |
| Anaphylaxis | 2 (1.23) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 1.5 (1, 2) | 0 | – | – | 0 (0) | – | – | 1 (9.09) | 0.25 (–) | 1 (–) | 3 (0.99) | 0.25 (0.1, 0.3) | 1 (2, 1) |
|
Others
|
7 (4.32) 1 (0.62) 0 3 (1.85) 1 (0.62) 1 (0.62) 1 (0.62) |
72 (–) – 48 (6, 336) 4 (–) 24 (–) 2 (–) |
3 (–) – 15 (7, 24) 36 (–) 14 (–) 4 (–) |
3 (3.16) 0 2 (2.11) 0 0 1 (1.05) 0 |
– 108 (48, 168) – – 24 (–) – |
– 5.5 (4, 7) – – 4 (–) – |
2 (5.88) 1 (2.94) 1 (2.94) 0 0 0 0 |
24 (–) 72 (–) – – – – |
14 (–) 40 (–) – – – – |
1 (9.09) 1 (9.09) 0 0 0 0 0 |
– 72 (–) – – – – – |
– 12 (–) – – – – – |
20 (7.28) 3 (0.99) 3 (0.99) 3 (0.99) 1 (0.40) 2 (0.66) 1 (0.40) |
72 (24, 72) 72 (48, 168) 48 (6, 336) 4 (–) 24 (24, 24) 2 (–) |
12 (3, 14) 7 (4, 40) 15 (7, 24) 36 (–) 9 (4, 14) 4 (–) |
| Unidentified** | 67 (41.36) | 8 (4, 24) | 0.5 (0.1, 2) | 37 (38.95) | 20 (7, 24) | 1 (0.5, 3) | 12 (35.29) | 48 (18, 120) | 1.5 (0.3, 2.5) | 4 (36.36) | 5 (2.8, 27) | 1 (0.6, 5) | 120 (39.74) | 10.5 (4.5, 24) | 1 (0.1, 3) |
Insect bite like reaction was defined as an eruption of multiple discrete erythematous papules.
Unidentified referred to cases without available photographs.
When the first and second doses were analysed, 155 and 33 participants who developed CARs cases from the first doses of SV and AZ, respectively, went on to receive a second dose of the same vaccine. Skin reactions were found in 50 (32.26%) and 3 (9.09%) cases in these cases after the second dose of SV or AZ. Table 2 provides information on the recurrence. Compared to those who experienced urticaria >30 minutes after the first vaccination, those who experienced a first reaction within 30 min after the first vaccination had an increased risk of urticaria after the second vaccination (OR 2.9 (95%CI 0.44–19.3); P = 0.27). Although not statistically significant, the 95%CI was consistent with an increased risk of second reaction in this group with an early first reaction. For those with no skin reactions from the first injection, the incidence of CARs occurring only after the second dose was 0.39% (49/12,484) for SV and 0.15% (3/1935) for AZ.
Table 2.
Characteristics of cutaneous adverse reactions of the 1st and 2nd dose vaccination in the same patient. (Unidentified rashes were excluded)
| 1st dose of CoronaVac (n = number of incident self–reports) | 2nd dose | Outcomes | Median Onset 1st Dose (IQR) hours | Median Duration 1st Dose (IQR) days | Median Onset 2nd Dose (IQR) hours | Median Duration 2nd Dose (IQR) days |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urticaria n = 45 | CoronaVac | Same reaction (Urticaria), n = 15 (33.33%) | 12 (3, 36) | 4 (1, 16) | 3 (0.6, 8) | 1 (0.1, 11.5) |
| Different reaction (Papulovesicles, Erythema at injection site), n = 2 (4.44%) | – | – | – | – | ||
| Negative, n = 26 (57.79%) | – | – | – | – | ||
| ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 | Same reaction(Urticaria), n = 2 (4.44%) | 60.1 (30.1, 90) | 27.5 (27.3, 27.8) | 2.8 (1.6, 3.9) | 16 () | |
| Angioedema n = 3 | CoronaVac | Same reaction (Angioedema), n = 2 (66.67%) | 16.5 (12.8, 20.3) | 6.5 (3.8, 9.3) | 48 (36, 60) | 0.6 (0.3, 0.8) |
| Negative, n = 1 (33.33%) | – | – | – | – | ||
| Anaphylaxis n = 1 | ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 | Same reaction (Anaphylaxis), n = 1 (100%) | 0.25 (–) | 1 (–) | 0.25 (–) | 1 (–) |
| Eczematous n = 9 | CoronaVac | Same reaction (Eczematous), n = 2 (22.22%) | 37.5 (20.3, 54.8) | 22.5 (18.3, 26.8) | 14 (9, 19) | 5 (4, 6) |
| Negative, n = 7 (77.78%) | – | – | – | – | ||
| Pityriasis rosea n = 1 | CoronaVac | Same reaction (Eczematous), n = 1 (100%) | 24 (–) | 14 (–) | 24 (–) | 4 (–) |
| Ecchymosis/purpura, n = 4 Erythema injection site, n = 3 Maculopapular, n = 3 Acneiform/pustule, n = 3 Papulovesicle, n = 2 Herpes reactivation, n = 1 Macular erythema, n = 1 | CoronaVac | Negative | – | – | – | – |
| 1st dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 (n = number of incident self‐reports) | 2nd dose | Outcomes | Median Onset 1st Dose (IQR) hours | Median Duration 1st Dose (IQR) days | Median Onset 2nd Dose (IQR) hours | Median Duration 2nd Dose (IQR) days |
| Urticaria n = 7 | ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 | Same reaction (Urticaria), n = 1 (14.29%) | 24 (–) | 53 (–) | 7 (–) | 18 (–) |
| Different reaction (Herpes infection), n = 1 (14.29%) | – | – | – | – | ||
| Negative, n = 4 (57.14%) | – | – | – | – | ||
| CoronaVac | Negative, n = 1 (4.29%) | – | – | – | – | |
|
Eczematous, n = 3 Erythema at injection site, n = 1 Delayed, at injection site, n = 1 Papular, n = 1 Petechiae, n = 1 Ecchymosis, n = 1 Insect bite–like reaction, n = 1 |
ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 | Negative | – | – | – | – |
There were no cases of vaccine‐induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) in our cohort; however, a case with multiple ecchymosis as a sign of secondary immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) was observed post‐AZ. This is in keeping with the reports in the literature of ITP post‐COVID‐19 vaccination. 4 Dermatologists should be aware of the importance of these skin findings. Interestingly, types of CARs associated with SV and AZ are similar to those reported from mRNA vaccines including vasculitis, herpes reactivation and pityriasis rosea. 1 , 2 However, no delayed inflammatory reactions to filler was detected in our cohort. Form this study, we found that most CARs from SV and AZ were non‐serious, and the incidence was ≤ 1%. Such skin reactions should not deter individuals from receiving vaccinations as soon as is practical when they are available.
Conflicts of interest
None.
Funding sources
None.
Acknowledgements
The authors graciously thank the Skin and Allergy Research Unit for their support. The patients in this manuscript have given written informed consent to publication of their case details.
Data availability statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.
References
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.